Effects of condensed tannin-amended cassava silage blend diets on feeding behavior, digestibility, nitrogen balance, milk yield and milk composition in dairy goats.

Condensed tannins (CTs) are phenolic compounds derived from secondary plant metabolism that act as part of the plant's chemical defense system against pathogen invasion and herbivorous attack. This study aimed to evaluate the intake, digestibility, nitrogen (N) balance, production and composition of milk from goats fed cassava silage with added levels of CTs. Eight Anglo-Nubian goats with a mean BW of 40 ±â€¯2.0 kg were distributed in a double Latin square design with four levels of CTs (0, 25, 50 and 75 g/kg DM) with four 20-day periods with 15 days of adaptation and five evaluation days for each period. No differences were observed in DM, NDF, CP intake and feed conversion (grams of DM intake (DMI) per gram of milk produced); however, when expressed as percent of BW, DMI showed a quadratic increase to 29.1 g/kg. As the level of supplemented CTs increased in the diet, the CP digestibility (P = 0.023), NDF (P = 0.044), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC; P = 0.032) and total digestible nutrients (P = 0.033) exhibited a linear decrease. Furthermore, the addition of CTs to cassava silage induced a linear increase in N-fecal excretion (P = 0.014) and a positive quadratic effect on N-retained (P = 0.014) and N-balance (P = 0.024) as well as a positive quadratic trend in N-digested (P = 0.092). Milk urea N (P = 0.023) decreased linearly. The addition of CTs to cassava silage had a positive quadratic effect on ruminating time (P = 0.011). In addition, comparing the use or non-use from the orthogonal contrast test, the inclusion of CTs in goat diet increased water and N-intake, CP and NDF digestibility, spent time eating and ruminating and N-balance and decreased milk production corrected3.5%, fat milk content, milk urea N and dry defatted extract of milk. Thus, adding CTs to cassava silage at 25 g/kg total DM promoted goats' greater use of the diet without impairing feed conversion and the quality of goat milk produced. Dietary levels of 50 and 75 g/kg total DM are not recommended because under the conditions of this study, they reduced the productive efficiency of dairy goats.

Palm kernel cake obtained from biodiesel production in diets for goats: feeding behavior and physiological parameters.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of palm kernel (Elaeis guineensis) cake in diets for goats on feeding behaviors, rectal temperature, and cardiac and respiratory frequencies. Forty crossbred Boer male, non-castrated goats (ten animals per treatment), with an average age of 90 days and an initial body weight of 15.01 ± 1.76 kg, were used. The goats were fed Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) hay and palm kernel supplemented at the rates of 0, 7, 14, and 21% of dry matter (DM). The feeding behaviors (rumination, feeding, and idling times) were observed for three 24-h periods. DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake values were estimated as the difference between the total DM and NDF contents of the feed offered and the total DM and NDF contents of the orts. There was no effect of palm kernel cake inclusion in goat diets on DM intake (P > 0.05). However, palm kernel cake promoted a linear increase (P < 0.05) in NDF intake and time spent feeding and ruminating (min/day; %; period) and a linear decrease in time spent idling. Palm kernel cakes had no effects (P > 0.05) on the chewing, feeding, and rumination efficiency (DM and NDF) or on physiological variables. The use up to 21% palm kernel cake in the diet of crossbred Boer goats maintained the feeding behaviors and did not change the physiological parameters of goats; therefore, its use is recommended in the diet of these animals.

Carcass traits and meat quality of crossbred Boer goats fed peanut cake as a substitute for soybean meal.

This study aimed to determine the impact of replacing soybean meal with peanut cake in the diets of crossbred Boer goats as determined by carcass characteristics and quality and by the fatty acid profile of meat. Forty vaccinated and dewormed crossbred Boer goats were used. Goats had an average age of 5 mo and an average BW of 15.6 ± 2.7 kg. Goats were fed Tifton-85 hay and a concentrate consisting of corn bran, soybean meal, and mineral premix. Peanut cake was substituted for soybean meal at levels of 0.0, 33.33, 66.67, and 100%. Biometric and carcass morphometric measurements of crossbred Boer goats were not affected by replacing soybean meal with peanut cake in the diet. There was no influence of the replacement of soybean meal with peanut cake on weight at slaughter ( = 0.28), HCW ( = 0.26), cold carcass weight ( = 0.23), noncarcass components of weight ( = 0.71), or muscularity index values ( = 0.11). However, regression equations indicated that there would be a reduction of 18 and 11% for loin eye area and muscle:bone ratio, respectively, between the treatment without peanut cake and the treatment with total soybean meal replacement. The weights and yields of the commercial cuts were not affected ( > 0.05) by replacing soybean meal with peanut cake in the diet. Replacing soybean meal with peanut cake did not affect the pH ( = 0.79), color index ( > 0.05), and chemical composition ( > 0.05) of the meat (). However, a quadratic trend for the ash content was observed with peanut cake inclusion in the diet ( = 0.09). Peanut cake inclusion in the diet did not affect the concentrations of the sum of SFA ( = 0.29), the sum of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA; = 0.29), or the sum of PUFA ( = 0.97) or the SFA:UFA ratio ( = 0.23) in goat meat. However, there was a linear decrease ( = 0.01) in the sum of odd-chain fatty acids in the meat with increasing peanut cake in the diet. Soybean meal replacement with peanut cake did not affect the n-6:n-3 ratio ( = 0.13) or the medium-chain fatty acid ( = 0.76), long-chain fatty acid ( = 0.74), or atherogenicity index values ( = 0.60) in the meat. The sensory attributes of the longissimus lumborum did not differ with the inclusion of peanut cake in the diet as a replacement for soybean meal. These results suggest that based on carcass and meat characteristics, peanut cake can completely substitute soybean meal in the diet of crossbred Boer goats.

Intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, performance, and carcass yield of lambs fed licuri cake.

This study aimed to determine the impact of the inclusion of licuri cake in the diets of crossbred Santa Inês lambs, based on intake, digestibility, N balance, urea N, and performance. We used 44 male lambs that were vaccinated and wormed, with an average age of 6 mo and an average BW of 21.2 kg ± 2.7 kg. The lambs were fed a mixture of Tifton-85 hay (40%) and a concentrated mixture (60%) composed of ground corn, soybean meal, and mineral premix. For the treatments, licuri cake was added at levels of 0, 8, 16, and 24% of DM, with the licuri cake replacing soybean meal and ground corn. We used 11 lambs per treatment in a randomized design. The lambs were confined for 70 d, and the digestibility trial occurred between Day 40 and Day 55. The increased level of licuri cake inclusion promoted a linear reduction in DM intake ( = 0.00) with a 39% reduction between treatments with the 0 and 24% cakes. On the other hand, ether extract () consumption showed an initial quadratic increase ( = 0.00). The total weight gain and ADG showed a linear decrease ( = 0.00) with the addition of licuri cake. The inclusion of licuri cake linearly enhanced ( = 0.02) the digestibility of CP and EE, whereas the digestibility of other nutrients in lambs remained unchanged ( > 0.05). The licuri cake increase led to a linear decrease ( < 0.05) in the N intake, fecal N, and retained N in lambs. Urinary N was not changed. The slaughter carcass weight, HCW, cold carcass weight, hot carcass yield, and cold carcass yield showed linear decreases ( < 0.05) with the addition of licuri cake. Carcass morphometric measurements were influenced by experimental diets, showing linear decreases ( < 0.05) with the addition of licuri cake to diets. The fat thickness, conformation, external length, internal length, leg length, rump width, and chest circumference showed linear decreases ( < 0.05) with the inclusion of licuri cake in diets. The inclusion of licuri cake decreased DMI and digestibility, reflecting the lower ADG. Although feed efficiency was not affected, the lambs weighed less at slaughter and the licuri cake had a negative impact on carcass yield. Therefore, the use of the studied levels of licuri cake in diets for finishing lambs cannot be recommended.

Histomorfometria do epitélio ruminal de cabritos 1/2 sangue Boer submetidos a dietas com tortas oriundas da produção do biodiesel / Histomorphometrics of the ruminal epithelium of 1/2 blood Bôer goats submitted to diets with pies from the production of biodiesel

Objetivou-se determinar o melhor nível de inclusão e de substituição das tortas de dendê e amendoim, respectivamente, em dietas para cabritos 1/2 sangue Boer, por meio da avaliação histomorfométrica das papilas ruminais. Foram utilizados 40 cabritos 1/2 sangue Boer, para cada período experimental, machos, não castrados, com idade aproximada de três meses e com peso inicial de 15,01±1,76kg. Os períodos experimentais constaram de 75 dias e 72 dias. As dietas consistiram de volumoso feno de Tifton-85 e de ração em mistura completa, contendo níveis de inclusão da torta de dendê nas proporções de 0,0; 7,0; 14,0; e 21,0% com base na matéria seca; e de mistura completa, contendo níveis de substituição do farelo de soja pela torta de amendoim nas proporções de 0,0; 33,0; 66,0; e 100%, constituindo-se os tratamentos. No epitélio do rúmen, foram avaliadas altura e largura das papilas, assim como densidade papilar e espessura da parede muscular do rúmen. Entre estas, a altura das papilas, no experimento com torta de amendoim, foi a única a sofrer efeito linear decrescente (P<0,0014); as demais variáveis, tanto dos animais alimentados com torta de amendoim quanto daqueles alimentados com torta de dendê, não foram afetadas pela dieta. As médias de altura encontradas foram de 2,6 e 2,3mm para as tortas de amendoim e dendê, respectivamente. Portanto, a inclusão de até 21% de torta de dendê e a substituição de 100% de torta de amendoim no concentrado de cabritos não alteraram a morfometria das papilas ruminais.

The aim of this study was to determine the best level of pies and replacement of palm oil and peanut, respectively, in diets of 1/2 blood Bôer goats from the histomorphometry of the rumen papillae. A total of 40 1/2 blood male, unneutered, aged approximately three months and initial weight of 15.01±1.76kg Bôer goats were used in each experimental period. The experimental periods consisted of 75 days and 72 days. The diets consisted of roughage hay Tifton-85 and total mixed ration containing levels of inclusion of palm kernel cake in the proportions of 0.0, 7.0, 14.0 and 21.0% based on dry matter; and the second experiment consisted of a complete mixture containing substitution levels of soybean meal by groundnut cake in the proportions of 0.0, 33.0, 66.0 and 100%. Epithelial cells were evaluated in the rumen height and width of the papillae, and density and thickness of the papillary muscle of the rumen. Among these, the height of the papillae in the experiment with peanut butter pie was the only one to suffer a negative linear effect (P<0.0014), the other variables, both in animals fed groundnut cake and palm oil, were not affected by the diet. The average heights found were 2.6 and 2.3, for pies, peanut and palm oil, respectively. Therefore, the inclusion of up to 21% palm kernel cake and replacement of 100% peanut cake in the concentrate of kids did not alter the morphology of the rumen papillae.

Histomorfometria do epitélio ruminal de cabritos 1/2 sangue Boer submetidos a dietas com tortas oriundas da produção do biodiesel / Histomorphometrics of the ruminal epithelium of 1/2 blood Bôer goats submitted to diets with pies from the production of biodiesel

Objetivou-se determinar o melhor nível de inclusão e de substituição das tortas de dendê e amendoim, respectivamente, em dietas para cabritos 1/2 sangue Boer, por meio da avaliação histomorfométrica das papilas ruminais. Foram utilizados 40 cabritos 1/2 sangue Boer, para cada período experimental, machos, não castrados, com idade aproximada de três meses e com peso inicial de 15,01±1,76kg. Os períodos experimentais constaram de 75 dias e 72 dias. As dietas consistiram de volumoso feno de Tifton-85 e de ração em mistura completa, contendo níveis de inclusão da torta de dendê nas proporções de 0,0; 7,0; 14,0; e 21,0% com base na matéria seca; e de mistura completa, contendo níveis de substituição do farelo de soja pela torta de amendoim nas proporções de 0,0; 33,0; 66,0; e 100%, constituindo-se os tratamentos. No epitélio do rúmen, foram avaliadas altura e largura das papilas, assim como densidade papilar e espessura da parede muscular do rúmen. Entre estas, a altura das papilas, no experimento com torta de amendoim, foi a única a sofrer efeito linear decrescente (P<0,0014); as demais variáveis, tanto dos animais alimentados com torta de amendoim quanto daqueles alimentados com torta de dendê, não foram afetadas pela dieta. As médias de altura encontradas foram de 2,6 e 2,3mm para as tortas de amendoim e dendê, respectivamente. Portanto, a inclusão de até 21% de torta de dendê e a substituição de 100% de torta de amendoim no concentrado de cabritos não alteraram a morfometria das papilas ruminais.(AU)

The aim of this study was to determine the best level of pies and replacement of palm oil and peanut, respectively, in diets of 1/2 blood Bôer goats from the histomorphometry of the rumen papillae. A total of 40 1/2 blood male, unneutered, aged approximately three months and initial weight of 15.01±1.76kg Bôer goats were used in each experimental period. The experimental periods consisted of 75 days and 72 days. The diets consisted of roughage hay Tifton-85 and total mixed ration containing levels of inclusion of palm kernel cake in the proportions of 0.0, 7.0, 14.0 and 21.0% based on dry matter; and the second experiment consisted of a complete mixture containing substitution levels of soybean meal by groundnut cake in the proportions of 0.0, 33.0, 66.0 and 100%. Epithelial cells were evaluated in the rumen height and width of the papillae, and density and thickness of the papillary muscle of the rumen. Among these, the height of the papillae in the experiment with peanut butter pie was the only one to suffer a negative linear effect (P<0.0014), the other variables, both in animals fed groundnut cake and palm oil, were not affected by the diet. The average heights found were 2.6 and 2.3, for pies, peanut and palm oil, respectively. Therefore, the inclusion of up to 21% palm kernel cake and replacement of 100% peanut cake in the concentrate of kids did not alter the morphology of the rumen papillae.(AU)

Comportamento ingestivo e respostas fisiológicas de cabritos alimentados com dietas contendo torta de girassol oriunda da produção de biodiesel / Ingestive behavior and physiological responses of goats fed with diets containing sunflower cake from biodiesel production

Avaliou-se o efeito de dieta com torta de girassol, oriunda da produção de biodiesel, sobre o comportamento ingestivo e a resposta fisiológica de 32 cabritos ½ sangue Boer, não castrados, com peso médio inicial de 15,3±3,2kg e idade média de 135 dias. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos 0; 8; 16 e 24% de inclusão da torta de girassol e oito repetições. O tempo despendido com ruminação, ócio e mastigação total não foi influenciado pela dieta, e observou-se efeito linear crescente sobre o tempo de ingestão em min/período e em min/dia. A eficiência de ingestão e ruminação da matéria seca e da fibra em detergente neutro também não diferiu entre dietas. Quanto às respostas fisiológicas, as frequências respiratória e cardíaca e as temperaturas retal e superficial não sofreram influência da dieta. Concluiu-se que a torta de girassol pode ser incluída até 24% da matéria seca em dietas de cabritos ½ sangue Boer sem comprometer o comportamento ingestivo e os parâmetros fisiológicos desses animais. O fornecimento de dietas com até 24% de matéria seca de torta de girassol não interfere no estresse calórico de cabritos.

The effect of diets with sunflower cake originated from biodiesel production on the ingestive behavior and physiological responses of 32 crossbred Boer goats, noncastrated, with initial weight of 15.3±3.2 kg and mean age of 135 days was evaluated. A completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 8, 16 and 24% of sunflower cake inclusion) and eight replicates was used. The rumination and idling times and the total chewing time were not affected by diets, but the ingestion time (min/period and min/day) had an increasing linear effect. The rumination and ingestion efficiencies of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber also did not differ among diets. Regarding the physiological responses of animals, the heart and respiratory frequencies and the surface and rectal temperatures were not influenced by diets. Sunflower cake can be included up to 24% DM in diets of crossbred Boer goats without compromising the ingestive behavior and physiological parameter of these animals. Under the climatic conditions evaluated the supply of diets with up to 24% DM of sunflower cake does not mitigate or enhance the heat stress in kids.