Proton Pump Inhibitors and Oncologic Treatment Efficacy: A Practical Review of the Literature for Oncologists.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the most commonly used anti-acid drugs worldwide, including among cancer patients. However, drug-drug interactions between PPIs and other agents may lead to decreased drug absorption with possible reduced therapeutic benefit, or even increased toxicity. Unfortunately, only scarce data exist regarding the safety of concomitant PPI use with anti-cancer agents. We aim at reviewing current evidence on this possible interaction by dividing anti-cancer agents by class. Until further data is available, we encourage healthcare providers to limit unnecessary PPI overuse.

Antibiotics, cancer risk and oncologic treatment efficacy: a practical review of the literature.

Antibiotics have been extensively used to treat infectious diseases over the past century and have largely contributed to increased life expectancy over time. However, antibiotic use can impose profound and protracted changes to the diversity of the microbial ecosystem, affecting the composition of up to 30% of the bacterial species in the gut microbiome. By modifying human microbiota composition, antibiotics alter the action of several oncologic drugs, potentially leading to decreased efficacy and increased toxicities. Whether antibiotics interfere with cancer therapies or even increase the risk of cancer development has been under investigation, and no randomised trials have been conducted so far. The aim of the current review is to describe the possible effects of antibiotic therapies on different oncologic treatments, especially immunotherapies, and to explore the link between previous antibiotics use and the development of cancer.

Which patients with diabetes should undergo ambulatory blood pressure monitoring?

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the daytime ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) value corresponding to the target office blood pressure (BP; 130/80 mmHg) for diabetic patients and to identify which patients with diabetes may benefit from ABPM. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. ABPM (Spacelabs90207) and office BP were measured. Target ABPM was estimated by linear regression equation using daytime ABPM and office BP. Office BP values corresponding to ABPM hypertension were determined by receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: A total of 554 patients (type 1: n = 200, 36 ± 11 years, diabetes duration 17 ± 9 years; type 2: n = 354; 57 ± 9 years, diabetes duration 10 ± 7 years) were evaluated. Regression equations for SBP and DBP were ABPM = 64.3 + (0.50 office BP) and ABPM = 45.4 + (0.42 office BP), respectively. Daytime ABPM corresponding to the target office BP was 129.3/79 mmHg. Office BP less than 120 for systolic and less than 70 mmHg for diastolic had 90% sensitivity to rule out hypertension diagnosed by ABPM; office BP at least 145 for systolic or at least 90 mmHg for diastolic had 90% specificity to confirm ABPM hypertension. Within these values, 38% of patients were misclassified if only office values were considered. CONCLUSION: In type 1 and type 2 diabetes, the recommended upper limit of daytime ABPM is 130/80 mmHg. Patients with office BP at least 120 for systolic or at least 70 for diastolic and less than 145 for systolic and less than 90 mmHg for diastolic should undergo ABPM to correctly determine their BP status.

Controle inadequado da pressão arterial em pacientes com diabete melito tipo 2 / Inadequate blood pressure control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

FUNDAMENTO: Existem evidências indicando que o controle pressórico é mais efetivo na redução de complicações macrovasculares do diabete melito (DM) do que o controle glicêmico. No entanto, a redução da PA para os níveis recomendados pelas diretrizes é difícil na prática clínica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o percentual de pacientes que apresentavam simultaneamente DM tipo 2 e hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), atendidos em hospital terciário, com controle pressórico adequado, e determinar os fatores clínicos e laboratoriais associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 348 pacientes com DM tipo 2 e HAS atendidos no ambulatório de Endocrinologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Os pacientes foram submetidos à anamnese, exame físico, com medida da pressão arterial (PA), e foi coletada amostra de sangue e urina para análise laboratorial. Os pacientes foram divididos em três grupos: controle pressórico ideal (< 130/80 mmHg), regular (130-139/80-89 mmHg) ou inadequado (≥ 140/90 mmHg). RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi de 61,2 ± 10,1 anos (46 por cento homens, 80 por cento brancos) e a duração do DM, 14,8 ± 9,5 anos. Do total de pacientes, 17 por cento apresentavam valores ideais de PA, 22 por cento regulares e 61 por cento inadequados. Os pacientes com controle inadequado da PA apresentavam maior duração do DM, cintura abdominal e glicemia de jejum. As demais variáveis foram semelhantes nos três grupos. CONCLUSÃO: A maioria dos pacientes avaliados apresentou controle inadequado da PA. Valores mais elevados de PA estão associados a um perfil clínico adverso, representado por maior duração do DM, obesidade abdominal, maior glicemia de jejum e complicações crônicas do DM.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence indicating that blood pressure control is more effective in reducing macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) than glycemic control. However, the reduction in BP to levels recommended by international guidelines is difficult in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: To assess the percentage of patients with both type 2 diabetes and hypertension (HBP) assisted in a tertiary hospital with adequate blood pressure control and to determine the clinical and laboratory factors related. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 348 patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension assisted in the outpatient clinic of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Patients underwent history assessment, physical examination, with measurement of blood pressure (BP), and samples were collected from blood and urine for laboratory analysis. Patients were divided into 3 three groups: optimal (< 130/80 mmHg), regular (130-139/80-89 mmHg) or inadequate blood pressure control (≥ 140/90 mmHg). RESULTS: The mean age was 61.2 ± 10.1 years (46 percent men, 80 percent white) and DM duration, 14.8 ± 9.5 years. Eighteen per cent of the patients studied, 17 percent of patients had optimal BP value, 22 percent regular BP value and 61 percent inadequate BP value. Patients with inadequate BP control had longer diabetes duration, waist circumference and fasting glucose. The other variables were similar in 3 groups. CONCLUSION: Most patients assessed had inadequate BP control. Higher BP values are associated with an adverse clinical profile, represented by longer diabetes duration, abdominal obesity, higher fasting glucose and chronic complications of diabetes.

[Inadequate blood pressure control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus]. / Controle inadequado da pressão arterial em pacientes com diabete melito tipo 2.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence indicating that blood pressure control is more effective in reducing macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) than glycemic control. However, the reduction in BP to levels recommended by international guidelines is difficult in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: To assess the percentage of patients with both type 2 diabetes and hypertension (HBP) assisted in a tertiary hospital with adequate blood pressure control and to determine the clinical and laboratory factors related. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 348 patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension assisted in the outpatient clinic of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Patients underwent history assessment, physical examination, with measurement of blood pressure (BP), and samples were collected from blood and urine for laboratory analysis. Patients were divided into 3 three groups: optimal (< 130/80 mmHg), regular (130-139/80-89 mmHg) or inadequate blood pressure control (> or = 140/90 mmHg). RESULTS: The mean age was 61.2 +/- 10.1 years (46% men, 80% white) and DM duration, 14.8 +/- 9.5 years. Eighteen per cent of the patients studied, 17% of patients had optimal BP value, 22% regular BP value and 61% inadequate BP value. Patients with inadequate BP control had longer diabetes duration, waist circumference and fasting glucose. The other variables were similar in 3 groups. CONCLUSION: Most patients assessed had inadequate BP control. Higher BP values are associated with an adverse clinical profile, represented by longer diabetes duration, abdominal obesity, higher fasting glucose and chronic complications of diabetes.

Does bacteriuria interfere with albuminuria measurements of patients with diabetes?

BACKGROUND: Urinary albumin is the main parameter employed to diagnose diabetic nephropathy (DN). The exclusion of bacteriuria has been recommended at the time of DN diagnosis. This approach has been debated and information on this suggestion in patients with diabetes is scarce. The present case-control study was conducted to investigate the interference of bacteriuria in the interpretation of urinary albumin measurements in random urine samples of diabetic patients. METHODS: Urinary albumin concentration (UAC) was measured in random urine samples twice in diabetic patients with and without bacteriuria (> or =10(5) colony-forming units/mL). Cases (n = 81) were defined as patients who had baseline UAC measurement in the presence of bacteriuria and had the second UAC measured in a sterile urine sample. Controls (n = 80) had the two UAC measured in sterile urine specimens. RESULTS: Baseline UAC was not different between case [15.4 (1.5-2148) mg/L] and control groups [14.2 (1.5-1292) mg/L; P = 0.24], nor was the proportion of patients with normo-, micro- and macroalbuminuria. In cases, UAC measurements in the presence of bacteriuria and in sterile urine specimens were not different [15.4 (1.5-2148) versus 13.7 (1.5-2968) mg/L; P = 0.14)], nor was the proportion of normo- (51.9% versus 61.5%), micro- (40.7% versus 32.1%) and macroalbuminuria (7.4% versus 6.4%; P = 0.46). In the control group, UAC values were also not different in the two urine samples: [14.2 (1.5-1292) versus 9.7 (1.5-1049) mg/L, P = 0.22]. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of bacteriuria does not interfere significantly with urinary albumin measurements and its exclusion is not necessary to diagnose DN.