Differences in left and right laparoscopic adrenalectomy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The classic belief is that right-sided laparoscopic adrenalectomy is technically more difficult to perform than left-sided. The purpose of this study was to determine whether objective outcomes are different for the right- versus left- sided operation. METHODS: A retrospective review of 163 laparoscopic adrenalectomies was performed to compare outcomes. Variables extracted included age, demographics, body mass index (BMI), laterality, indication, operative time, estimated blood loss (EBL), gland size, complications, open conversion rates, and length of stay. RESULTS: Of the adrenalectomies performed, 109 were on the left and 54 on the right. Age, BMI, and indication were similar for each group. The mean EBL on the left side was 113 mL (range, 2 to 3000) and 84 mL (range, 10 to 700) for the right (P=0.85). The mean operative time on the left side was 187 minutes (range, 62 to 475) and on the right was 156 minutes (range, 50 to 365) (P=0.02). There was no difference in complication or conversion rate. CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in complication or conversion rates between each side, and we observed a trend toward lower blood loss for the right side. Although we report generally similar outcomes, the mean operative time for a right-sided laparoscopic adrenalectomy was significantly less (31 minutes) than the left side.

Decision tree for laparoscopic partial nephrectomy versus laparoscopic renal cryoablation for small renal masses.

PURPOSE: We propose an algorithm to help guide surgeons' decisions between laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) and renal laparoscopic cryoablation (LCA) based on preoperative parameters and outcomes defined in the literature. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From July 2004 to December of 2007, we performed 51 LPNs and 22 LCAs. We formulated an algorithm between LPN and LCA based on outcomes from published series. Candidates for LPN are younger than 70 years; have few comorbidities; masses < or = 7 cm; and solitary, solid, and or cystic masses with an exophytic or mesophytic location. Candidates for LCA are 70 years old or older, with multiple comorbidities, masses < or = 3.5 cm, multiple masses, solid masses only, and include endophytic or hilar tumors. We then applied this decision tree to our series. RESULTS: Our results for LPN are statistically similar to the published series except there was a higher positive margin rate in our series (11.8 v 3.5%). Our LCA series had older patients (71 v 65 y), larger masses (3.2 v 2.5 cm), and a higher rate of bleeding necessitating transfusion (18%). We applied the algorithm to all 73 patients in our series. It estimated that 45 patients should undergo LPN and 28 should undergo LCA. A correlation between the predicted surgery and the surgery performed was seen, but approximately one in five patients would have a change in the surgery performed. CONCLUSIONS: This algorithm validates decisions surgeons are already making between LPN and LCA. While not a perfect model, it can be used to help simplify decisions between these two minimally invasive procedures to achieve optimal outcomes.

A preliminary report on combined penoscrotal and perineal approach for placement of penile prosthesis with corporal fibrosis.

Purpose. This paper aims at describing the combined penoscrotal and perineal approach for placement of penile prosthesis in cases of severe corporal fibrosis and scarring. Materials and methods. Three patients with extensive corporal fibrosis underwent penile prosthesis placement via combined penoscrotal and perineal approach from 1997 to 2006. Follow-up ranged from 15 to 129 months. Results. All patients underwent successful implantation of semirigid penile prosthesis. There were no short- or long-term complications. Conclusions. Results on combined penoscrotal and perineal approach to penile prosthetic surgery in this preliminary series of patients suggest that it is a safe technique and increases the chance of successful outcome in the surgical management of severe corporal fibrosis.

IL-6 does not predict current urolithiasis in stone formers.

INTRODUCTION: Interleukin-6 (IL-6), an inflammatory marker, has previously been found to be elevated in the urine of patients with urolithiasis. Oxalate and other stone precursors have been shown to increase IL-6 production in proximal tubular epithelial cells in vitro. We examined whether urinary IL-6 could be used as a screening test to determine current urolithiasis in individuals who are known to form urinary stones. METHODS: Thirty-five adult patients with current urolithiasis demonstrated on imaging were enrolled in the study. Exclusion criteria included disease known to elevate IL-6. Each patient provided a pre-treatment urine specimen and one month after proven to be stone-free an additional urine specimen was obtained. The urinary IL-6/creatinine ratio was determined for both specimens and compared. RESULTS: Ten patients provided both specimens. The mean pre-operative urinary IL-6/creatinine ratio before the procedure was 1.63 pg/mL. The mean post procedure urinary IL-6/creatinine ratio after the patient was confirmed to be stone-free was 1.81 pg/mL. These were not significantly different (p=0.38). Preoperative urinary IL-6/creatinine ratio did not correlate to stone size (r=0.15) and no correlation was seen between time from treatment and stone free IL-6/creatinine ratio (r=0.48). CONCLUSION: Urinary IL-6 is not a good screening test for current urolithiasis in stone-forming individuals. It is elevated whether the stone is present or not.

Sacral neuromodulation: cost considerations and clinical benefits.

OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the efficacy of sacral neuromodulation and compare voiding-related health care utilization costs before and after receiving an implant. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients receiving InterStim therapy (Medtronic Neurological, Minneapolis, Minn) was completed. Health care utilization was determined for the year before and the year after implantation, and included hospital and clinic visits, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and prescriptions. Utilization costs were derived from Medicare CPT coding and reimbursement data. Drug costs were derived from the actual pharmacy costs. Efficacy was assessed subjectively by patient-reported questionnaire and objectively by voiding diary, pad usage, and number of catheterizations. RESULTS: Sixty-five patients received InterStim therapy. Outpatient visits for urinary symptoms decreased in the 12 months after implantation with a mean decrease of 2.2 visits (P <0.0001). This resulted in a 73% reduction in average yearly office visit expenses from $994 to $265 per patient. After implant, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed decreased by 0.97 (P <0.0001). This translated into a decrease in the cost of therapeutic and diagnostic procedures from $733 to $59 per patient (P <0.0001). Drug costs were significantly decreased (P <0.02) from $693 to $483 per patient. These cost savings represent a 92% reduction in outpatient doctor visits and diagnostic and procedure costs along with and a 30% reduction in drug expenditures. CONCLUSION: After InterStim therapy, voiding-related health care costs are reduced. InterStim therapy is an effective treatment option with high patient satisfaction for medically refractory voiding dysfunction.