Behavioral Therapy for Functional Heartburn: Recommendation Statements.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Brain-gut behavior therapies (BGBT) are increasingly recognized as effective therapeutic interventions for functional heartburn. However, recommendations regarding candidacy for treatment, initial treatment selection, and navigating treatment non-response have not been established for functional heartburn specifically. The aim of this study was to establish expert-based recommendations for behavioral treatment in patients with functional heartburn. METHODS: The validated RAND/University of California, Los Angeles Appropriateness Method was applied to develop recommendations. A 15-member panel composed of 10 gastrointestinal psychologists and 5 esophageal specialists ranked the appropriateness of a series of statements on a 9-point interval scale over 2 ranking periods. Statements were within the following domains: pre-therapy evaluation, candidacy criteria for BGBT, selection of initial BGBT, role of additional therapy for initial non-response to BGBT, and role of pharmacologic neuromodulation. The primary outcome was appropriateness of each intervention based on the recommendation statements. RESULTS: Recommendations for psychosocial assessment (eg, hypervigilance, symptom-specific anxiety, health-related quality of life), candidacy criteria (eg, motivated for BGBT, acknowledges the role of stress in symptoms), and treatment were established. Gut-directed hypnotherapy or cognitive behavioral therapy were considered appropriate BGBT for functional heartburn. Neuromodulation and/or additional BGBT were considered appropriate in the context of non-response. CONCLUSIONS: Gut-directed hypnotherapy and/or cognitive behavioral therapy are recommended as appropriate behavioral interventions for heartburn symptoms, depending on clinical indication, specific gut-brain targets, and preferred treatment modality (pharmacologic vs non-pharmacologic). Pre-therapy evaluation of psychosocial processes and candidacy for BGBT are important to determine eligibility for referral to psychogastroenterology services.

Stigma, Bias, and the Shortfalls of Body Mass Index: A Reflection on the State of Weight Management.

Obesity is a complex, multifactorial chronic disease. With the development of novel endoscopic techniques and devices for the treatment of obesity, combined with expanding indications for medications, gastroenterologists are more involved in weight management than ever before. Despite the modern definition of obesity as a disease, weight bias and stigma are pervasive in the medical community and beyond. These sentiments contribute to worse outcomes for patients. Furthermore, body mass index (BMI), which is the primary metric to define obesity, does not always approximate visceral adiposity in all populations. A weight-centric model of health, which relies on BMI, misclassifies individuals who may be metabolically healthy at elevated weights. This review will summarize the history of BMI, highlight the problems that arise with a weight-centric model of health, and propose alternative weight-inclusive frameworks for assessment and intervention.

Providing Trauma Informed Care During Anorectal Evaluation.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Patients with a history of gastrointestinal (GI) conditions report high rates of psychological trauma. This review discusses the impact of previous trauma, as well as interactions with the medical system, on a patient's physical and mental health. Trauma-informed strategies for improving patient care during gastroenterology procedures are provided. RECENT FINDINGS: History of trauma increases risk of developing GI conditions and re-traumatization during sensitive anorectal procedures (i.e., anorectal manometry, balloon expulsion testing). Trauma-informed strategies include consistent trauma screening for all patients, obtaining consent before and during procedures, creating a safe environment, allowing for privacy, and post-procedure debriefing. Due to high rates of psychological trauma in the gastroenterology setting and the risk of medical trauma from the GI procedures themselves, having an established trauma-informed plan of care for all patients can reduce risk of iatrogenic harm and improve quality of care for patients with GI conditions.

Social Network Diversity and the Daily Burden of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

INTRODUCTION: To examine the association between social network, daily inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) burden, and related cognitive factors such as loneliness and psychological well-being. METHODS: Using survey data, we compared the relationship between social network diversity and daily IBD burden with multivariable linear regression. RESULTS: Patients with IBD with higher social network diversity reported a lower daily IBD burden. This association was more common among those who reported a higher degree of loneliness than those with a low degree of loneliness. DISCUSSION: We should consider diverse social connections as an indicator of risk for higher IBD burden, especially among lonely patients.

Limited Access to Integral Care: Digital Therapeutics Show Promise of Scalable Solutions to Behavioral Interventions.

ABSTRACT: Functional gastrointestinal disorders, or disorders of gut-brain interaction, present significant biological, psychological, and social burdens to the individual and society at large. Emerging research shows that because of the multifactorial nature of these conditions, multidisciplinary treatment is typically needed. Traditional medical approaches now benefit from the addition of nutrition therapy and psychogastroenterology, or the use of evidence-based psychological treatments tailored to gastrointestinal conditions. Currently, there are significant barriers to receiving psychogastroenterology services and it is likely that digital therapeutics have an important place in improving treatment access and outcomes for a select group of patients.

Behavioral Strategies for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Brain-Gut or Gut-Brain?

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disorder of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) that is associated with significant physical, emotional, and occupational burden. Factors such as early life stress, sleep disruption, maladaptive coping strategies, symptom hypervigilance, and visceral hypersensitivity negatively affect gut-brain communication and increase the likelihood of developing IBS or worsen IBS severity. Behavioral strategies, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, gut-directed hypnosis, and mindfulness-based treatments, have shown benefit in improving gastrointestinal (GI)-specific quality of life, as well as reducing GI symptoms. Partnering with a GI-specific mental health provider can assist gastroenterologists in providing comprehensive treatment of IBS and other DGBIs.

Influence of trauma on clinical outcomes, quality of life and healthcare resource utilization following psychogastroenterology intervention.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) are more likely to report a history of psychological trauma, including abuse, compared with controls. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of trauma amongst patients in a GI behavioral health program and assess the impact of trauma on GI-specific quality of life, psychological distress, and healthcare utilization. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis for 205 patients who completed treatment in the GI behavioral health program. Measures included the IBS-QOL and the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18), as well as a retrospective chart review to examine healthcare utilization (HCU). RESULTS: Patients with a trauma history had significantly greater psychological distress on the BSI-18 compared with controls (63.32 vs 57.40, p < .001). Patients with trauma also endorsed significantly poorer GI-specific QOL compared with controls (54.57 vs 64.15, p = .001). Patients with and without trauma demonstrated improvements in distress and GI-specific QOL following behavioral treatment. Comparison of one year pre and post treatment HCU revealed a mean decrease in HCU from 6.87 contacts to 4.21 contacts per year. CONCLUSIONS: In a sample of GI behavioral health patients, those with a history of trauma endorsed higher levels of distress and poorer GI-specific QOL at baseline. Both groups benefitted equally from behavioral treatment. The impact of GI behavioral treatment on patient mental health, GI-specific quality of life and HCU lends support to the assessment of patient trauma history by gastroenterologists in order to provide more comprehensive treatment for their GI health.

Nuances of the psychogastroenterology patient: A predictive model for gastrointestinal quality of life improvement.

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal conditions are multifactorial in nature, and certain patients can benefit greatly from brain-gut psychotherapies delivered by mental health professionals who specialize in psychogastroenterology. This study aimed to identify features associated with improvements in GI-specific quality of life scores following behavioral health interventions (BHI). The second aim was to create a psychogastroenterology referral care pathway incorporating identified characteristics for greatest benefit from GI-specific behavioral therapy. METHODS: We performed a prospective observational study of 101 (63 women; median age, 45 years) gastroenterology patients referred for psychogastroenterology consultation at a single center. Patients attended an average of seven sessions with a single GI psychologist where evidence-based brain-gut psychotherapies were employed. GI-specific quality of life (IBS-QOL) and psychological distress (BSI-18) were assessed before and after BHI. Patients completed self-reported questionnaires. We performed a multivariable analysis to determine predictors associated with IBS-QOL score improvement. KEY RESULTS: A total of 53 (52.5%) patients experienced improvement in IBS-QOL score. Patients with improved IBS-QOL scores had significantly higher baseline BSI general domain T-scores (61.9 vs. 56.9, P = 0.002). Female gender (odds ratio [OR], 3.2), pretreatment BSI somatization T-score ≥63 (OR, 3.7), and a diagnosis of depression (OR, 4.2) were associated with greater odds of IBS-QOL score improvement following BHI. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES: We identified factors associated with response to GI-specific BHI to aid in optimizing the utilization of psychogastroenterology services and provide referring providers with information to inform treatment recommendations. Female patients with disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBIs), high somatization, and depression should be considered a priority for brain-gut psychotherapies.

The Proton Pump Inhibitor Nonresponder: a Behavioral Approach to Improvement and Wellness.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a difficult to treat medical condition, where nearly 40% of patients are refractory to standard medical intervention, which typically begins with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). These PPI nonresponders represent a population of patients, where treatment planning must be individualized; multidisciplinary and psychiatric comorbidities should be considered. This review highlights treatment options that include neuromodulators, lifestyle, and psychological interventions for the PPI nonresponder. RECENT FINDINGS: Mental health specialists in the field of psychogastroenterology can aid in the management of esophageal hypersensitivity, which can drive the symptom experience of a PPI nonresponder. Considerations for comorbid anxiety and depression in this population require careful assessment and treatment. Physicians are encouraged to create realistic expectations for symptom management and offer multidisciplinary options for treatment early in care. Patients will frequently benefit from working with a GI psychologist and find value in behavioral interventions.

Hypnotherapy for Esophageal Disorders.

Hypnotherapy is an evidence based intervention for the treatment of functional bowel disorders, particularly irritable bowel syndrome. While similar in pathophysiology, less is known about the utility of hypnotherapy in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Esophageal disorders, most of which are functional in nature, cause painful and uncomfortable symptoms that impact patient quality of life and are difficult to treat from a medical perspective. After a thorough medical workup and a failed trial of proton pump inhibitor therapy, options for treatment are significantly limited. While the pathophysiology is likely multifactorial, two critical factors are believed to drive esophageal symptoms--visceral hypersensitivity and symptom hypervigilance. The goal of esophageal directed hypnotherapy is to promote a deep state of relaxation with focused attention allowing the patient to learn to modulate physiological sensations and symptoms that are not easily addressed with conventional medical intervention. Currently, the use of hypnosis is suitable for dysphagia, globus, functional chest pain/non-cardiac chest pain, dyspepsia, and functional heartburn. In this article the authors will provide a rationale for the use of hypnosis in these disorders, presenting the science whenever available, describing their approach with these patients, and sharing a case study representing a successful outcome.