Demanda física y fisiológica de jóvenes futbolistas durante juegos oficiales y reducidos / Physical and physiological demand of youth footballers during match and small-sided game

El presente estudio tiene por objetivo comparar la demanda física y fisiológica en jóvenes jugadores de fútbol en juegos oficiales y juegos reducidos. Participaron 17 jugadores (16,0 ± 0,2 años de edad) siendo evaluados en siete juegos reducidos (3X3+porteros) y dos partidos oficiales. En los juegos reducidos, en 71,9% del tiempo se trabajó al 90% de la FC máx., versus el 44,4% en los juegos oficiales. La FC máx. fue mayor (p <0,01) en la situación oficial del juego y la media de FC no difirió significativamente (p ≥0,05). El número de sprints y la distancia recorrida fueron mayores en los juegos reducidos (p <0,01). Durante ambas situaciones de juego, los jugadores tienen respuestas físicas y fisiológicas intensas. Sin embargo, el modelo 3X3+porteros exige más esfuerzos de alta intensidad y mayores cargas externas por minuto jugado que los juegos oficiales. (AU)

Present study aims to compare the physical and physiological demands of youth football players in official match and small-sided game. 17 players (16.0 ± 0.2 years of age) participated in the study. Seven small-sided games (GK3-3GK) and two official matches were monitored. In small-sided games, 71.9% of the time was spent above 90% of HRmax, against 44.4% in the official matches. The HRmax was higher (p <0.01) in the official match situation and the HRmean did not differ significantly (p ≥0.05). Sprints and total distance were higher in the small-sided game (p <0.01). During both situations, players present intense physical and physiological responses. However, the GK3x3GK elicits more efforts in high intensity and superior external demand per playing minute than official matches. (AU)

Baixos níveis de atividade física em servidores públicos do sul do Brasil: associação com fatores sociodemográficos, hipercolesterolemia e diabetes / Niveles bajos de actividad física en funcionarios públicos del sur de Brasil: asociación con factores sociodemográficos, hipercolesterolemia y diabetes / Low levels of physical activity in public servants in southern Brazil: association with socio-demographic factors, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes

Objetivo. Estimar a prevalência de baixos níveis de atividade física e a associação com fatores sociodemográficos, e a presença isolada e simultânea de hipercolesterolemia e diabetes em servidores de uma universidade pública do estado do Paraná, Brasil. Método. O estudo é caracterizado como analítico transversal, compreendendo amostra de 345 servidores públicos. O nível de atividade física foi avaliado pelo Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos (sexo, idade, nível econômico, escolaridade, situação conjugal e jornada de trabalho) e o autorrelato de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (hipercolesterolemia e diabetes). Utilizou‐se estatística descritiva, teste qui‐quadrado e regressão logística binária bruta e ajustada, para estimar odds ratio e intervalos de confiança de 95% (intervalo de confiança 95%). Resultados. A prevalência de baixos níveis de atividade física foi de 41.86%. Após análise ajustada, os servidores que estudaram mais de doze anos apresentaram maiores chances (Odds Ratio: 1.73; intervalo de confiança 95%: 1.02‐2.95) de serem insuficientemente ativos que aqueles de menor escolaridade. As pessoas que apresentavam simultaneamente hipercolesterolemia e diabetes tiveram maiores chances (Odds Ratio: 5.04; intervalo de confiança 95%: 1.31‐19.25) de serem insuficientemente ativos. Conclusões. Os servidores que apresentaram maiores chances de terem baixos níveis de atividade física foram aqueles com alta escolaridade e com presença simultânea de hipercolesterolemia e diabetes (AU)

Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de niveles bajos de actividad física y su asociación con factores sociodemográficos y presencia aislada y simultánea de hipercolesterolemia y diabetes en funcionarios de una universidad pública en el Estado de Paraná, Brasil. Método. El estudio se caracteriza por ser de sección transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 345 funcionarios. El nivel de actividad física se evaluó mediante el International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Se recolectaron datos sociodemográficos (género, edad, situación económica, la educación, el estado civil y las horas de trabajo) y la presencia de hipercolesterolemia y diabetes. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y la prueba de Chi‐cuadrado y regresión logística binaria para estimar la odds ratio y los intervalos de confianza del 95%. Resultados. La prevalencia de niveles bajos de actividad física fue de 41.86%. Después del análisis ajustado, los funcionarios que estudiaron más de doce años tenían más probabilidades (Odds Ratio: 1.73; Intervalo de Confianza 95%: 1.02‐2.95) de ser insuficientemente activos que aquellos con menor escolaridad. Las personas que tenían hipercolesterolemia y diabetes tenían mayores probabilidades (Odds Ratio: 5.04, Intervalo de Confianza 95%: 1.31‐19.25) de ser insuficientemente activas. Conclusión. Los funcionarios con más probabilidades de tener bajos niveles de actividad física fueron aquellos que estudiaron más de doce años y los que tenían hipercolesterolemia y diabetes (AU)

Objective. To estimate the prevalence of low levels of physical activity and its association with sociodemographic factors and presence of hypercholesterolemia and diabetes among servers of a public university from State of Paraná, Brazil. Method. The sample consisted of 345 public servants. The level of physical activity was assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Socio‐demographic factors (sex, age, economic level, educational level, marital status, and working hours), presence of hypercholesterolemia and diabetes were collected through self‐administered questionnaires. We used descriptive statistics and Chi‐square test and binary logistic regression to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results. The prevalence of low levels of physical activity was 41.86%. After adjusted analysis, the servers with twelve years or more of schooling presented more odds (Odds Ratio: 1.73; 95% confidence intervals: 1.02‐2.95) of being insufficiently active than those with less schooling. People who had both hypercholesterolemia and diabetes had higher odds (Odds Ratio: 5.04, 95% confidence intervals: 1.31‐19.25) of being insufficiently active. Conclusion. The servers were more likely to have low levels of physical activity were those with high education and had concomitant hypercholesterolemia and diabetes (AU)

Metabolic imprinting by maternal protein malnourishment impairs vagal activity in adult rats.

Protein restriction during lactation has been suggested to diminish parasympathetic activity, whereas sympathetic activity is enhanced in adult rats. The present study analyses whether dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system is involved in the impairment of insulin secretion from perinatally undernourished rats. Male neonates were reared by mothers fed a low- (4%) protein (LP group) or normal- (23%) protein diet (NP group). At 81 days of age, LP rats showed less body mass than NP rats (318 ± 4 g versus 370 ± 5 g) (P < 0.001). Fat tissue accumulation decreased in LP [0.8 ± 0.03 g/100 g body weight (BW)] compared to NP rats (1.1 ± 0.04 g/100 g BW) (P < 0.001). LP were glucose-intolerant as registered by the area under the curve of an i.v. glucose tolerance test (37 ± 3) compared to NP rats (29 ± 2) (P < 0.05); however, LP animals showed fasting normoglycaemia (LP, 5.0 ± 0.1; NP, 4.9 ± 0.03 mm) and hypoinsulinaemia (LP, 0.10 ± 0.02 ng/ml; NP, 0.17 ± 0.02 ng/ml). LP also showed glucose tissue uptake 60% higher than NP rats (P < 0.05). Vagus firing rate from LP was lower (7.1 ± 0.8 spikes/5 s) than that in NP rats (12.3 ± 0.7 spikes/5 s) (P < 0.001); however, there was no difference in sympathetic nervous activity. The cholinergic insulinotrophic effect was lower in pancreatic islets from LP (0.07 ± 0.01 ng/min/islet) than in NP rats (0.3 ± 0.06 ng/min/islet), whereas the levels of adrenaline-mediated inhibition of glucose-induced insulin release were similar. Perinatal protein restriction inhibited the activity of the vagus nerve, thus reducing the insulinotrophic effect of parasympathetic pathways on pancreatic ß-cells, which inhibit insulin secretion.

Swimming exercise at weaning improves glycemic control and inhibits the onset of monosodium L-glutamate-obesity in mice.

Swimming exercises by weaning pups inhibited hypothalamic obesity onset and recovered sympathoadrenal axis activity, but this was not observed when exercise training was applied to young adult mice. However, the mechanisms producing this improved metabolism are still not fully understood. Low-intensity swimming training started at an early age and was undertaken to observe glycemic control in hypothalamic-obese mice produced by neonatal treatment with monosodium l-glutamate (MSG). Whereas MSG and control mice swam for 15 min/day, 3 days a week, from the weaning stage up to 90 days old, sedentary MSG and normal mice did not exercise at all. After 14 h of fasting, animals were killed at 90 days of age. Perigonadal fat accumulation was measured to estimate obesity. Fasting blood glucose and insulin concentrations were also measured. Fresh isolated pancreatic islets were used to test glucose-induced insulin release and total catecholamine from the adrenal glands was measured. Mice were also submitted to intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. MSG-obese mice showed fasting hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and glucose intolerance. Severe reduction of adrenal catecholamines content has also been reported. Besides, the inhibition of fat tissue accretion, exercise caused normalization of insulin blood levels and glycemic control. The pancreatic islets of obese mice, with impaired glucose-induced insulin secretion, were recovered after swimming exercises. Adrenal catecholamine content was increased by swimming. Results show that attenuation of MSG-hypothalamic obesity onset is caused, at least in part, by modulation of sympathoadrenal axis activity imposed by early exercise, which may be associated with subsequent glucose metabolism improvement.

Pragmatic comprehension in secondary school-aged students with specific developmental language disorder.

This study explores the hypothesis that there may be particular difficulties for secondary school students with specific developmental language disorder (SDLD) in understanding contextual, pragmatic meaning. Sixty-four SDLD students aged 11+ to 14+ years are compared with chronological-age-matched and language-age-matched non-impaired students. New procedures are used to examine comprehension of two types of ambiguity where the context determines speaker intention: inconsistent messages of emotion and multiple meanings in context. These types of ambiguity are evident in a range of communicative intent, e.g. sarcasm, idiomatic expression, deceit and humour. Preliminary study into adolescent language suggests that at this age there is a growing expectation for students to understand these kinds of communication, both in the classroom and socially. The study finds that the SDLD students were less able than both comparison groups to use context to understand implied meanings. Non-impaired children were also more able to rule out literal interpretations when they did not know the non-literal meaning. These findings were statistically significant. The implications for research and practice are discussed, including those of diagnostic assessment, in the light of the literature survey revealing that many currently available do not assess pragmatic meaning comprehension. There is a challenge to the view that disorders in the semantic and pragmatic domains necessarily co-occur, as suggested by the diagnostic category semantic-pragmatic disorder.