Prevalence of meeting all three 24-h movement guidelines and its correlates among preschool-aged children.

The aim of the present study was twofold: first, to determine the meeting all three 24-h movement guidelines in Colombian preschool-aged children, and second, to explore the associations between different socio-ecological correlates and the meeting of these guidelines. This was a cross-sectional study with data from the Encuesta Nacional de Situación Nutricional (ENSIN-2015) in Colombia, 2015-2016. The sample comprised 3002 low-income preschoolers (3-4 years old, 50.7% boys). Data on physical activity, screen time, and sleep time were collected using the Cuestionario para la Medición de Actividad Física y Comportamiento Sedentario, reported by their parents. In total, 18 potential correlates (individual, interpersonal, organizational, and community level) were analyzed. Backward binary logistic regression analysis was performed with the potential correlates as independent variables and meeting all three 24-h movement guidelines as dependent variables. The prevalence of preschoolers meeting all three 24-h movement guidelines or none was 4.8% and 16.6%, respectively. In the final model, boys (odds ratio [OR] = 1.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-3.50) and those who do not have television in their bedroom (OR = 2.09, 95%CI 1.05-4.14) were more likely to meet all three 24-h movement guidelines compared to with girls and those who have television, respectively. In conclusion, strategies to promote adherence to all 24-h movement guidelines among low-income preschoolers are warranted, and should focus on actions considering the importance of sex and home environment changes to support these movement behaviors.

Factors associated with meeting the WHO physical activity recommendations in pregnant Colombian women.

In the absence of medical contraindications, physical activity (PA) can offer health maternal and fetal health outcomes during pregnancy. However, most pregnant women may not consider PA to be feasible, suitable and safe. Hence, it is essential to determine the prevalence of pregnant women who meet the PA recommendations and the possible factors associated with that meeting, since it might be important from the perspective of pregnant women's health. The aim of the present study was to establish the prevalence of meeting the World Health Organization PA recommendations for Colombian pregnant women, as well as possible factors that may be associated with meeting that recommendations. A cross-sectional study including representative data from the National Nutritional Situation Survey (2015) in Colombia was performed. Data were collected in 2015-2016. From an initial sample of 1140 Colombian pregnant women, 702 participants with complete data were included in the final analysis. PA was assessed by self-reported information through the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Several potential factors were analysed according to four levels of the socioecological model: the individual, interpersonal, organizational and community levels. The prevalence of Colombian pregnant women who met with the PA recommendations was 7.5%. Indigenous and Mestizo pregnant women showed lower probabilities of meeting the PA recommendations [Indigenous: OR 0.05, 95% CI (0.01-0.18); Mestizo: OR 0.12, 95% CI (0.06-0.22)] than Afro-Colombian participants. Additionally, participants who lived near green and safe spaces for PA were more likely to meet the PA recommendations [OR 2.30, 95% CI (1.06-4.79)] than those who did not live near green areas. In conclusion, a low percentage of Colombian pregnant women met the new PA recommendations. The associations found according to race/ethnicity and living near green and safe areas underline the presence of fundamental disparities associated with meeting PA recommendations.

Niveles de actividad física en población adulta del municipio Pereira, Colombia / Levels of physical activity in the adult population of the municipality of Pereira, Colombia

Introducción: En la calidad de vida tiene una fuerte influencia los estilos de vida. A su vez, la inactividad física es uno de los estilos de vida más perjudiciales que genera discapacidad y años de vida perdidos, debido a su papel en la génesis y exacerbación de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Objetivo: Determinar los niveles de actividad física y factores asociados en la población adulta del municipio Pereira. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico. Se estimó una muestra de 1000 participantes entre las edades de 18 a 64 años. Los niveles de actividad física se midieron con el cuestionario internacional de actividad física versión larga. Se realizaron análisis bivariados. Resultados: El total de participantes fue de 996. La prevalencia global del cumplimiento de recomendaciones en actividad física del estudio fue de un 52,9 por ciento, en la que prevaleció el dominio de actividad física moderada. Los sujetos de mayor nivel socioeconómico obtuvieron menores prevalencias de actividad física. En cuanto a nivel de escolaridad, las categorías de tecnólogo (58 por ciento) y secundaria (57 por ciento) alcanzaron la más alta prevalencia de cumplimiento de recomendaciones mínimas. Conclusiones: Un poco más de la mitad de la población adulta pereirana cumple las recomendaciones mínimas de actividad física predominando la actividad de intensidad moderada, no obstante, la media presenta problemas de sobrepeso y obesidad. Es importante promover la práctica de actividad física de moderada a alta intensidad e involucrar a todos los estratos socioeconómicos(AU)

Introduction: Lifestyles have a strong influence on quality of life. In turn, physical inactivity is one of the most harmful lifestyles that generates disability and lost years of life, due to its role in the genesis and exacerbation of chronic non-communicable diseases. Objective: To determine the levels of physical activity and associated factors in the adult population of Pereira municipality. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study. It was estimated a sample of 1000 participants in the ages from 18 to 64. Physical activity levels were measured with the long version of the international questionnaire of physical activity. Bivariate analyses were performed. Results: The total number of participants was 996. The overall prevalence of compliance with recommendations in physical activity of the study was 52.9 percent, in which the domain of moderate physical activity prevailed. Subjects of higher socio-economic status obtained lower prevalences of physical activity. In terms of schooling level, the categories of technologist (58 percent) and secondary school level (57 percent) reached the highest prevalence of compliance with minimum recommendations. Conclusions: A little more than half of the adult population of Pereira meets the minimum recommendations for physical activity, predominating moderate intensity activity; however, the average presents problems of overweight and obesity. It is important to promote the practice of moderate to high intensity physical activity and involve all socio-economic strata(AU)

Handgrip strength: Normative reference values in males and females aged 6-64 Years old in a Colombian population.

BACKGROUND: Handgrip strength (HGS) is an indicator of overall strength; therefore, individual HGS measurements should be interpreted using geographic region and ethnic group references. AIMS: The aim of this study was to develop new normative values for absolute and relative HGS in the Colombian population after stratification by sex, age, and body mass using the large National Representative Nutrition Survey 2015. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 3803 subjects aged 6-64 years. Absolute HGS was measured using a hand dynamometer with an adjustable grip, and normalized HGS was calculated by dividing the HGS by body mass. Smoothed centile tables for the P3, P10, P25, P50, P75, P90, and P97 centiles were calculated using Cole's lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) method. This study used a cutoff at 2 standard deviations (SDs) below the sex-specific peak mean value across the life course to define weak, absolute and relative HGS. RESULTS: In men, HGS peaked at 26-33 years of age (~43.0 kg in P50), especially in the upper centiles, and fell away quickly. The pattern was different in females, where this value peaked at ages 25-33 (~26.0 kg in P50). We found a curvilinear pattern for HGS that declined with age in both sexes. There was significant variation in the slope for HGS in men and women around the age of 25 and 35 years, respectively. CONCLUSION: The normative values presented here are a valuable source of information for the clinical assessment of HGS and for comparison with studies from other countries.

Normal-Weight Obesity Is Associated with Increased Cardiometabolic Risk in Young Adults.

Normal-weight obesity (NWO) has been shown to be associated with cardiometabolic dysfunction. However, little is known regarding this potential relationship in early adulthood. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between NWO and cardiometabolic risk factors in a large population of Colombian young adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1354 subjects (61% women), aged from 18 to 30. Anthropometric data, including body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), were estimated, and the percentage of fat mass was measured through bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Muscular fitness was determined by using a handgrip strength test and normalized grip strength (NGS = handgrip (kg)/body mass (kg)). A cardiometabolic risk Z-score was derived by assessing WC, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) cholesterol, fasting glucose, and systolic blood pressure. NWO was defined by the combination of excess %BF (over 25.5% for men and 38.9% for women) and a BMI < 25 kg/m2. The overall prevalence of NWO was 29.1%. Subjects with NWO have an increased risk of cardiometabolic risk compared to the normal-weight lean group (OR = 3.10). Moreover, NWO was associated with an increased risk of presenting low HDL-C (OR = 2.34), high abdominal obesity (OR = 7.27), and low NGS (OR = 3.30), p < 0.001. There is a high prevalence of NWO in American Latin young adults and this condition is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk, high blood pressure, low HDL-C, high abdominal obesity, and low muscular strength early in life. Screening for adiposity in subjects with a normal BMI could help to identify young adults at a high risk of cardiometabolic abnormalities.

Relative Handgrip Strength Diminishes the Negative Effects of Excess Adiposity on Dependence in Older Adults: A Moderation Analysis.

The adverse effects of fat mass on functional dependence might be attenuated or worsened, depending on the level of muscular strength. The aim of this study was to determine (i) the detrimental effect of excess adiposity on dependence in activities of daily living (ADL), and (ii) whether relative handgrip strength (HGS) moderates the adverse effect of excess adiposity on dependence, and to provide the threshold of relative HGS from which the adverse effect could be improved or worsened. A total of 4169 participants (69.3 ± 7.0 years old) from 244 municipalities were selected following a multistage area probability sampling design. Measurements included anthropometric/adiposity markers (weight, height, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR)), HGS, sarcopenia "proxy" (calf circumference), and ADL (Barthel Index scale). Moderation analyses were performed to identify associations between the independent variable (relative HGS) and outcomes (dependence), as well as to determine whether relative HGS moderates the relationship between excess adiposity and dependence. The present study demonstrated that (i) the adverse effect of having a higher WHtR level on dependence in ADL was moderated by relative HGS, and (ii) two moderation thresholds of relative HGS were estimated: 0.35, below which the adverse effect of WHtR levels on dependency is aggravated, and 0.62, above which the adverse effect of fat on dependency could be improved. Because muscular strength represents a critically important and modifiable predictor of ADL, and the increase in adiposity is inherent in aging, our results underscore the importance of an optimal level of relative HGS in the older adult population.

Normative Values for the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and Their Association With Anthropometric Variables in Older Colombian Adults. The SABE Study, 2015.

Background: The short physical performance battery (SPPB) is a physical performance test of lower extremity function designed for non-disabled older adults. We aimed to establish reference values for community-dwelling Colombian adults aged 60 years or older in terms of (1) the total score; (2) the three subtest scores (walking speed, standing balance performance, and five times sit-to-stand test); and (3) the time to complete the five times sit-to-stand test, s and the walking speed test. Additionally, we sought to explore how much of the variance in the SPPB subtest scores could be explained by anthropometric variables (age, body mass, height, body mass index, and calf circumference). Methods: Participants were men and women aged 60 years or older who participated in the Health and Well-being and Aging Survey in Colombia, 2015. A sample of 4,211 participants (57.3% women) completed the SPPB test, and their anthropometric variables were evaluated. Age-specific percentiles were calculated using the LMS method (3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 97th percentiles). Results: The mean SPPB total score for the entire sample was 8.73 (2.0) points. On average, the total SPPB score was 0.85 points greater in men than in women (p < 0.001). Significant sex differences were observed in all three age groups tested (60-69, 70-79, and 80+ years). In the full sample, our findings suggested that age, body mass, height, body mass index, and calf circumference are significant contributors to walking speed (p < 0.001) after controlling for confounding factors, including ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and urbanicity. Conclusions: Percentile values are of interest to identify target populations for primary prevention and to estimate the proportion of high or low values for SPPB measures in community-dwelling Colombians aged at least 60 years.

Association between the time spent watching television and the sociodemographic characteristics with the presence of overweight and obesity in Colombian adolescents (secondary analysis of the ENSIN 2010).

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between the time spent watching television and the sociodemographic characteristics with the presence of overweight and obesity in Colombian adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Secondary analysis of the information obtained in the National Survey of the Nutritional Situation 2010 of Colombia, in a probabilistic sample of 18177 adolescents with an age range between 13 and 17 years. The time spent watching television and / or videogames and sociodemographic factors was determined. Anthropometric markers and body composition were recorded. Associations were established through logistic regression models. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was 13.0% (95% CI 12.4-13.8) and obesity was 3.0% (95% CI 2.8-3.3). The prevalences of overweight and obesity were higher in adolescent women [16.6% (95% CI 15.8-17.5) and 3.4% (95% CI 3.1-3.7), respectively]. Overweight and obesity were associated with being female [OR 1.94 (95%CI 1.77-2.12) and OR 1.29 (95%CI 1.09-1.53), respectively], high socioeconomic level [OR 1.22 (95%CI 1.10-1.36) and OR 1.47 (95%CI 1.19-1.81), respectively], reside in urban area [OR 1.13 (95%CI 1.03-1.24) and OR 1.47 (95%CI 1.21-1.79), respectively]. Being indigenous was associated with being overweight [OR 1.25 (95%CI 1.10-1.42)], while being Afro-Colombian was associated with obesity [OR 1.33 (95%CI 1.05-1.69)]. Watching television and / or video games for two or more hours a day [OR1.17 (95%CI 1.06-1.30)] was associated with being overweight; whereas watching television every day of the week was associated with obesity [OR 1.66 (95%CI 1.13-2.43)]. CONCLUSIONS: The population studied has a significant prevalence of overweight and obesity, being overweight is associated with being a woman, a high socioeconomic status, residing in an urban area, having an indigenous ethnicity, watching television for three days during the week and looking at more than two hours of television in a day; Obesity is associated with being a woman, a medium-high and high socioeconomic status, residing in an urban area, Afro-Colombian ethnicity, watching television at least once in the last week and watching television every day during the last week.

[Prevalence and sociodemographic factors associated with iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women of Colombia (secondary analysis of the ENSIN 2010)]. / Prevalencia y factores sociodemográficos asociados a anemia ferropénica en mujeres gestantes de Colombia (análisis secundario de la ENSIN 2010).

INTRODUCTION: Objective: iron deficiency anemia is associated with adverse results for health and it is highly prevalent worldwide. The current study evaluated the prevalence and the sociodemographic factors associated with iron deficiency anemia in a sample of Colombian pregnant women. Materials and methods: the secondary analysis for the obtained information at the National Nutrition Survey (ENSIN) 2010 of Colombia in a probabilistic sample of 1,385 pregnant women between 13 and 49 years old. Hemoglobin concentration, ferritin plasmatic levels, sociodemographic levels and factors (age, escolarity, socioeconomic level, geographic area, region, ethnic group, tobacco habits), and body mass index according on the weeks of gestation were determined. There were made normality tests, measure comparisons, and association between logistic regression models. Results: the prevalence of Iron deficiency anemia (hemoglobin < 11 g/dL and ferritin < 12 µg/L) was 11.0% (CI95% = 9.7-12.6). The highest prevalence was found in pregnant women without any escolarity (19.4%; CI95% = 8.0-33.3), women in a socioeconomic level I (12.7%; CI95% = 10.3-14.9), that live in the Atlantic or Pacific regions (16.0%; CI95% = 12.0-20.4 and 12.7%; CI95% = 8,3-17,1 respectively), and Afro-Colombian women (18.6%; IC95% = 12.1-23.9). Iron deficiency anemia was associated with living in the Atlantic region OR 7.21 (CI95% 1.71-30.33), Oriental OR 4.50 (CI95% 1.01-20.04), Pacific OR 5.51 (CI95% 1.27-23.88), national territory OR 4.37 (CI95% 1.03-18.57) and belonging to an Afro-Colombian ethnic group OR 2.19 (CI95% 1.40-3.42). Conclusions: the studied population presents a high prevalence of iron deficiency anemia and it is associated with the residency region and ethnic group.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Objetivo: la anemia ferropénica se asocia con resultados adversos para la salud y es altamente prevalente a nivel mundial. El presente estudio evaluó prevalencia y factores sociodemográficos asociados con anemia ferropénica en una muestra de mujeres embarazadas colombianas. Materiales y métodos: análisis secundario de la información obtenida en la Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional (ENSIN) 2010 de Colombia, en una muestra probabilística de 1.385 mujeres gestantes entre 13 y 49 años. Se determinaron concentración de hemoglobina, niveles plasmáticos de ferritina, niveles y factores sociodemográficos (edad, escolaridad, nivel socioeconómico, área geográfica, región, grupo étnico, hábito tabáquico) e índice de masa corporal según semanas de gestación. Se realizaron pruebas de normalidad, comparación de medias y asociaciones mediante modelos de regresión logística. Resultados: la prevalencia global de anemia ferropénica (hemoglobina < 11 g/dL y ferritina < 12 µg/L) fue de 11,0% (IC95% = 9,7-12,6). Las prevalencias más altas se encontraron en mujeres sin ningún grado de escolaridad (19,4%; IC95% = 8,0-33,3), mujeres del nivel I socioeconómico (12,7%; IC95% = 10,3-14,9) que habitan en la región atlántica o pacífica (16,0%; IC95% = 12,0-20,4 y 12,7%; IC95% = 8,3-17,1, respectivamente) y mujeres afrocolombianas (18,6%; IC95% = 12,1-23,9). Se asoció anemia ferropénica con vivir en la región atlántica OR 7,21 (IC95% 1,71-30,33), oriental OR 4,50 (IC95% 1,01-20,04), pacífica OR 5,51 (IC95% 1,27-23,88), territorios nacionales OR 4,37 (IC95% 1,03-18,57) y pertenecer a etnia afrocolombiana OR 2,19 (IC95% 1,40-3,42). Conclusiones: la población estudiada presenta una alta prevalencia de anemia ferropénica y está asociada con la región de residencia y grupo étnico.

Prevalencia y factores sociodemográfi cos asociados a anemia ferropénica en mujeres gestantes de Colombia (análisis secundario de la ENSIN 2010) / Prevalence and sociodemographic factors associated with iron defi ciency anemia in pregnant women of Colombia (secondary analysis of the ENSIN 2010)

Objetivo: la anemia ferropénica se asocia con resultados adversos para la salud y es altamente prevalente a nivel mundial. El presente estudio evaluó prevalencia y factores sociodemográfi cos asociados con anemia ferropénica en una muestra de mujeres embarazadas colombianas. Materiales y métodos: análisis secundario de la información obtenida en la Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional (ENSIN) 2010 de Colombia, en una muestra probabilística de 1.385 mujeres gestantes entre 13 y 49 años. Se determinaron concentración de hemoglobina, niveles plasmáticos de ferritina, niveles y factores sociodemográficos (edad, escolaridad, nivel socioeconómico, área geográfica, región, grupo étnico, hábito tabáquico) e índice de masa corporal según semanas de gestación. Se realizaron pruebas de normalidad, comparación de medias y asociaciones mediante modelos de regresión logística. Resultados: la prevalencia global de anemia ferropénica (hemoglobina < 11 g/dL y ferritina < 12 μg/L) fue de 11,0% (IC95% = 9,7-12,6). Las prevalencias más altas se encontraron en mujeres sin ningún grado de escolaridad (19,4%; IC95% = 8,0-33,3), mujeres del nivel I socioeconómico (12,7%; IC95% = 10,3-14,9) que habitan en la región atlántica o pacífi ca (16,0%; IC95% = 12,0-20,4 y 12,7%; IC95% = 8,3-17,1, respectivamente) y mujeres afrocolombianas (18,6%; IC95% = 12,1-23,9). Se asoció anemia ferropénica con vivir en la región atlántica OR 7,21 (IC95% 1,71-30,33), oriental OR 4,50 (IC95% 1,01-20,04), pacífi ca OR 5,51 (IC95% 1,27-23,88), territorios nacionales OR 4,37 (IC95% 1,03-18,57) y pertenecer a etnia afrocolombiana OR 2,19 (IC95% 1,40-3,42). Conclusiones: la población estudiada presenta una alta prevalencia de anemia ferropénica y está asociada con la región de residencia y grupo étnico

Objective: iron defi ciency anemia is associated with adverse results for health and it is highly prevalent worldwide. The current study evaluated the prevalence and the sociodemographic factors associated with iron defi ciency anemia in a sample of Colombian pregnant women. Materials and methods: the secondary analysis for the obtained information at the National Nutrition Survey (ENSIN) 2010 of Colombia in a probabilistic sample of 1,385 pregnant women between 13 and 49 years old. Hemoglobin concentration, ferritin plasmatic levels, sociodemographic levels and factors (age, escolarity, socioeconomic level, geographic area, region, ethnic group, tobacco habits), and body mass index according on the weeks of gestation were determined. There were made normality tests, measure comparisons, and association between logistic regression models. Results: the prevalence of Iron defi ciency anemia (hemoglobin < 11 g/dL and ferritin < 12 μg/L) was 11.0% (CI95% = 9.7-12.6). The highest prevalence was found in pregnant women without any escolarity (19.4%; CI95% = 8.0-33.3), women in a socioeconomic level I (12.7%; CI95% = 10.3-14.9), that live in the Atlantic or Pacifi c regions (16.0%; CI95% = 12.0-20.4 and 12.7%; CI95% = 8,3-17,1 respectively), and Afro-Colombian women (18.6%; IC95% = 12.1-23.9). Iron deficiency anemia was associated with living in the Atlantic region OR 7.21 (CI95% 1.71-30.33), Oriental OR 4.50 (CI95% 1.01-20.04), Pacifi c OR 5.51 (CI95% 1.27-23.88), national territory OR 4.37 (CI95% 1.03-18.57) and belonging to an Afro-Colombian ethnic group OR 2.19 (CI95% 1.40-3.42). Conclusions: the studied population presents a high prevalence of iron defi ciency anemia and it is associated with the residency region and ethnic group

Ferritin levels in pregnant Colombian women / Niveles de ferritina en mujeres gestantes de Colombia

Objective: Ferritin deficiency is associated with many adverse health outcomes and is highly prevalent worldwide. The present study assesses the prevalence and socio-demographic factors associated with ferritin deficiency in a representative sample of pregnant women in Colombia. Methods: We used data from the cross-sectional, nationally representative survey National Nutritional Survey (ENSIN, 2010). A total of 1,386, (13-49 years old) pregnant women were enrolled. Serum ferritin a concentration was determined by chemiluminescence and sociodemographic date (age, urbanicity geographic region, ethnicity and socioeconomic level-SISBEN), was assessed by computer-assisted personal interview technology. Multivariate analyses using unordered binomial logistic regression models were conducted in the main analysis. Results: The overall prevalence of ferritin deficiency (serum <12μg/L) was 37.2% (95% CI 35.0% to 39.2%). The multivariate logistic regression no shows associated with a probability of serum ferritin deficiencies. Conclusion: A significant prevalence of ferritin deficiency was found in our study population without an association with the studied sociodemographic factors (AU)

Objetivo: La deficiencia ferritina se asocia con resultados adversos para la salud y es altamente prevalente en todo el mundo. El presente estudio evaluó la prevalencia y los factores sociodemográficos asociados con la deficiencia de ferritina en una muestra representativa de mujeres embarazadas de Colombia. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal, secundario de la información obtenida en la Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional 2010 (ENSIN 2010) en 1.386 mujeres gestantes entre los 13 y 49 años de edad. Los niveles plasmáticos de ferritina se determinaron por quimioluminiscencia, y los factores sociodemográficos evaluados (edad, etnia, puntaje de SISBEN, región y área geográfica) se recogieron por encuesta estructurada. Se establecieron asociaciones mediante la construcción de modelos de regresión binomial y factores asociados. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia global de deficiencia de ferritina (<12μg/L) de 37.2% (IC95% 35.0 a 39.2%). En los modelos de regresión binomial no se encontraron factores sociodemográficos asociados a la deficiencia sérica de ferritina. Conclusiones: A pesar de la importante prevalencia de déficit en los niveles séricos de ferritina en las mujeres gestantes evaluadas, no se observaron factores sociodemográficos asociados a esta deficiencia (AU)

Depresión posparto en mujeres colombianas: análisis secundario de la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud-2010 / Postnatal depression in Colombian women: secondary analysis of the 2010 Colombian Demographic and Health Survey

Objetivo Examinar la prevalencia de depresión posparto (DP) auto-reportada en una muestra representativa de mujeres colombianas. Métodos Estudio transversal secundario de la información obtenida de la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud 2010 (ENDS 2010) en 53 521 mujeres entre los 13 y 49 años de edad. Se definió como variable dependiente el diagnóstico clínico de depresión por auto-reporte entre los primeros 6 meses posparto como una complicación perinatal, mediante entrevista dirigida. Se calcularon prevalencias e intervalos de confianza de 95 % (IC95 %) por variables sociodemográficas y zona geográfica. Se establecieron asociaciones mediante la construcción de modelos de regresión y factores asociados. Resultados A nivel nacional, la prevalencia de DP fue de 12,9 %, siendo mayor en zonas urbanas 15,1 % que en zonas rurales 6,8 %; y en mujeres de 20 a 34 años 13,4 %. Por distribución geográfica, el departamento de Amazonas y Guainía presentan menor prevalencia de DP 3,1 % y 3,5 %, respectivamente, mientras que en la cuidad de Bogotá y el departamento del Quindío la prevalencia de DP fue de 18,1 % y 22,1 %, respectivamente. Tras el ajuste, las mujeres de 20 a 34 años de edad (OR=1,15; IC95 % 1,03-1,28), la primigravidez (OR=1,42; IC95 % 1,28-1,57), el residir en zonas urbanas (OR=2,43; IC95 % 2,06-2,87) y el nivel escolar universitario (OR=2,22 IC95 % 1,98-2,48), permanecieron asociados a la DP. Conclusiones La población estudiada presenta una alta prevalencia de depresión posparto. Diversos factores sociodemográficos y geográficos contribuyeron a la depresión por auto-reporte. Se necesita más investigaciones para apoyar la identificación temprana y la intervención de las mujeres que sufren de DP.

Objective Examining the prevalence of self-reported postpartum depression (PD) in a representative sample of Colombian women. Methods A secondary analysis was made of the Colombian Demographic and Health Survey 2010; the survey included 53 521 women aged 13 to 49 years-old. A clinical diagnosis of depression by self-report, during the first six months’ postpartum as a perinatal complication, was defined as the dependent variable by interview. Logistic regression was used, taking into account the multistage study design and adjusting for potential confounders. The results were presented as adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI). Results Overall PD prevalence was 12.9 %, being higher in urban areas (15.1 %) than in rural areas (6.8 %) and in women aged 20-34 years-old (13.4 %). The Amazonas and Guainía departments had lower PD prevalence (3.1 % and 3.5 % respectively), while the city of Bogotá and the Quindío department had higher prevalence (18.1 % and 22.1 % PD, respectively). After adjustment, women aged 20 to 34 years-old (OR=1.15: 1.03 to 1.28 95 % CI), primigravidae (OR=1.42: 1.28-1.57 95 % CI), residing in urban areas (OR=2.43: 2.06 to 2.87 95 % CI) and having had university level education (OR=2.22: 1.98 to 2.48 95 % CI) were associated with PD. Conclusions A high prevalence of postpartum depression was found in the study population. Socio-demographic and geographic factors contributed towards depression according to self-report. More research is needed to enable early identification of and intervention in women suffering from depression.

Ferritin levels in pregnant Colombian women.

OBJECTIVE: Ferritin deficiency is associated with many adverse health outcomes and is highly prevalent worldwide. The present study assesses the prevalence and socio-demographic factors associated with ferritin deficiency in a representative sample of pregnant women in Colombia. METHODS: We used data from the cross-sectional, nationally representative survey National Nutritional Survey (ENSIN, 2010). A total of 1,386, (13-49 years old) pregnant women were enrolled. Serum ferritin a concentration was determined by chemiluminescence and sociodemographic date (age, urbanicity geographic region, ethnicity and socioeconomic level-SISBEN), was assessed by computer-assisted personal interview technology. Multivariate analyses using unordered binomial logistic regression models were conducted in the main analysis. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of ferritin deficiency (serum.

Objetivo: La deficiencia ferritina se asocia con resultados adversos para la salud y es altamente prevalente en todo el mundo. El presente estudio evaluó la prevalencia y los factores sociodemográficos asociados con la deficiencia de ferritina en una muestra representativa de mujeres embarazadas de Colombia. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal, secundario de la información obtenida en la Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional 2010 (ENSIN 2010) en 1.386 mujeres gestantes entre los 13 y 49 años de edad. Los niveles plasmáticos de ferritina se determinaron por quimioluminiscencia, y los factores sociodemográficos evaluados (edad, etnia, puntaje de SISBEN, región y área geográfica) se recogieron por encuesta estructurada. Se establecieron asociaciones mediante la construcción de modelos de regresión binomial y factores asociados. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia global de deficiencia de ferritina (

[Postnatal depression in Colombian women: secondary analysis of the 2010 Colombian Demographic and Health Survey]. / Depresión posparto en mujeres colombianas: análisis secundario de la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud-2010.

OBJECTIVE: Examining the prevalence of self-reported postpartum depression (PD) in a representative sample of Colombian women. METHODS: A secondary analysis was made of the Colombian Demographic and Health Survey 2010; the survey included 53 521 women aged 13 to 49 years-old. A clinical diagnosis of depression by self-report, during the first six months’ postpartum as a perinatal complication, was defined as the dependent variable by interview. Logistic regression was used, taking into account the multistage study design and adjusting for potential confounders. The results were presented as adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI). RESULTS: Overall PD prevalence was 12.9 %, being higher in urban areas (15.1 %) than in rural areas (6.8 %) and in women aged 20-34 years-old (13.4 %). The Amazonas and Guainía departments had lower PD prevalence (3.1 % and 3.5 % respectively), while the city of Bogotá and the Quindío department had higher prevalence (18.1 % and 22.1 % PD, respectively). After adjustment, women aged 20 to 34 years-old (OR=1.15: 1.03 to 1.28 95 % CI), primigravidae (OR=1.42: 1.28-1.57 95 % CI), residing in urban areas (OR=2.43: 2.06 to 2.87 95 % CI) and having had university level education (OR=2.22: 1.98 to 2.48 95 % CI) were associated with PD. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of postpartum depression was found in the study population. Socio-demographic and geographic factors contributed towards depression according to self-report. More research is needed to enable early identification of and intervention in women suffering from depression.

Determinantes sociales, cuidado prenatal y depresión posparto. Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2010: estudio transversal / Social determinants, prenatal care and postpartum depression. Results from the 2010 National Nutrition Survey: a cross sectional study

Introducción. La depresión es común entre las mujeres embarazadas y se asocia con mayor riesgo de complicaciones prenatales y perinatales. Objetivo. Examinar las asociaciones entre los determinantes sociales y el cuidado prenatal con la presencia de depresión posparto autorreportada, en una muestra representativa de mujeres colombianas. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal, secundario de la información obtenida en la Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional 2010 (ENSIN 2010), en 1.659 mujeres con un rango de edad entre 15 y 45 años. Se recogió información sobre variables sociodemográficas, cuidado obstétrico y autorreporte de depresión posparto mediante encuesta estructurada. Se establecieron asociaciones mediante la construcción de modelos de regresión y factores asociados. Resultados. La prevalencia general de depresión posparto fue del 10,5%. Una vez realizado el ajuste, el residir en el área rural (OR = 2,35; IC del 95%, 2,03-2,73), pertenecer a una etnia (OR = 1,42; IC del 95%, 1,22-1,65), embarazo no planificado (OR = 124; IC del 95% 1,10-1,40), presentar antecedentes de alcoholismo (OR = 1,43; IC del 95% 1,21-1,69), tabaquismo (OR = 1,39; IC del 95% 1,03-1,87), ingesta de calcio (OR = 1,20; IC del 95% 1,06-1,36) y acido fólico (OR = 1,20; IC del 95% 1,07-1,36) permanecieron asociados. Conclusiones. La población estudiada presenta una alta prevalencia de depresión posparto. Diversos factores sociodemográficos y psicosociales contribuyeron a la depresión (AU)

Introduction: Depression is common among pregnant women and is associated with an increased risk of prenatal and perinatal complications. Objective: To examine the associations between social determinants and prenatal care with self-reported postpartum depression in a representative sample of Colombian women. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted of data from the 2010 National Nutrition Survey of Colombia in 1659 women aged between 15 and 45 years. Information was gathered on sociodemographic variables, obstetric care and self-reported postpartum depression by structured interview. Associations were established through a multivariable regression model. Results: The overall prevalence of postpartum depression was 10.5%. After the model was adjusted, the variables associated with postpartum depression were residing in rural areas (OR = 2.35, 95% CI 2.03 to 2.73), belonging to an ethnic group (OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.22 to 1 40), having an unplanned pregnancy (OR = 124, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.14), alcoholism (OR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.69), smoking (OR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.87), calcium intake (OR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.36) and folic acid (OR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.07 -1.36). Conclusions: The study population had a high prevalence of postpartum depression. Several sociodemographic variables and psychosocial factors contributed to depression (AU)