Parameters of pubertal growth spurt in children and adolescents living at high altitude in Peru

Abstract Objectives: The aim was to estimate the pubertal growth height of children and adolescents living in a high-altitude region of Peru using the Preece-Baines model 1 (1 PB). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in schoolchildren from the department of Puno (Peru) between 3841 and 3874 masl. The age range was between 4 and 17 years. Standing height was evaluated. 1 PB was used to infer the mathematical and biological parameters of stature. Results: Mathematical parameters estimated by the 1 PB model reflected small residual standard error (RSE) values in both sexes (0.25 in boys and 0.27 in girls). In boys, the age at which peak velocity was reached (APHV) was estimated at 13.21 ± 0.33years. While in girls it was 9.96 ± 0.26years (p < 0.05). In general, girls reached APHV (y) 3.25 years earlier than boys. On the other hand, the growth velocity of maximum height [APHV (cm/y)] of boys was higher (6.33 ± 6.06 cm/y) relative to girls (6.06 ± 0.32 cm/y). Estimated final adult height (EFAH) in boys was reached at 166.020 ± 0.99 cm and height at maximum growth velocity (HPHV) was 153.07 ± 0.67 cm, while in girls they were significantly lower (EFAH; 153.74 ± 0.44 cm and HPHV: 139.73 ± 0.84 cm). Conclusions: This study showed that girls living in Puno at a high altitude in Peru reached APHV 3 years earlier than boys and at the same time reflected slower PHV. These results suggest that pubertal growth at high altitudes is slower in both sexes and especially in girls. Thus, modeling physical growth may be an important step in understanding the onset of puberty at different latitudes.

Parameters of pubertal growth spurt in children and adolescents living at high altitude in Peru.

OBJECTIVES: The aim was to estimate the pubertal growth height of children and adolescents living in a high-altitude region of Peru using the Preece-Baines model 1 (1 PB). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in schoolchildren from the department of Puno (Peru) between 3841 and 3874 masl. The age range was between 4 and 17 years. Standing height was evaluated. 1 PB was used to infer the mathematical and biological parameters of stature. RESULTS: Mathematical parameters estimated by the 1 PB model reflected small residual standard error (RSE) values in both sexes (0.25 in boys and 0.27 in girls). In boys, the age at which peak velocity was reached (APHV) was estimated at 13.21 ± 0.33years. While in girls it was 9.96 ± 0.26years (p < 0.05). In general, girls reached APHV (y) 3.25 years earlier than boys. On the other hand, the growth velocity of maximum height [APHV (cm/y)] of boys was higher (6.33 ± 6.06 cm/y) relative to girls (6.06 ± 0.32 cm/y). Estimated final adult height (EFAH) in boys was reached at 166.020 ± 0.99 cm and height at maximum growth velocity (HPHV) was 153.07 ± 0.67 cm, while in girls they were significantly lower (EFAH; 153.74 ± 0.44 cm and HPHV: 139.73 ± 0.84 cm). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that girls living in Puno at a high altitude in Peru reached APHV 3 years earlier than boys and at the same time reflected slower PHV. These results suggest that pubertal growth at high altitudes is slower in both sexes and especially in girls. Thus, modeling physical growth may be an important step in understanding the onset of puberty at different latitudes.

Predicción del porcentaje de grasa por medio antropometríaen niños y adolescentes de chile: propuesta de percentilespara su evaluación / Prediction of fat percentage by anthropometry in children and adolescents in Chile: proposal of percentiles for its evaluation

Introducción: El porcentaje de grasa es determinante enla evaluación de la atención primaria.Objetivo: Comparar ecuaciones antropométricas regio-nales que predicen el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC)con ecuaciones extranjeras y, proponer percentiles para va-lorar el % GC de niños y adolescentes de la región delMaule, Chile. Metodología: Se efectuó un estudio transversal (correla-cional) en escolares de la región del Maule (Chile). Se estudióa 1,126 escolares (588 hombres y 538 mujeres) con un rangode edad desde los 6,0 hasta los 17,9 años. Se evaluó la edad,el peso, estatura, circunferencia del abdomen, dos plieguescutáneos (tricipital y subescapular). Se calculó el índice demasa corporal (IMC), Índice Ponderal (IP, Índice Cintura-Talla(ICT), %GC por dos ecuaciones regionales y tres ecuacionesextranjeras (Boileau, Slaughter y Deuremberg). Resultados: Las ecuaciones regionales de chile presentaronvalores de 26,2±7,1%GC (ecuación 1) y 26,2±7,05%GC (ecua-ción 2) en varones, mientras que en mujeres reflejaron 33,6±4,72%GC (ecuación 1) y 33,6±4,70%GC (ecuación 2).Las ecuaciones extranjeras reflejaron valores similares en varo-nes, por ejemplo, de 19,3%±6,9%GC (Boileau), 20,1±8,7%GC(Slaughter) y 20,6±5,3%GC (Deuremberg), mientras que, enlas mujeres fue de 25,9±6,1%GC (Boileau), 25,2±8,8%GC(Slaughter) y 25,0±5,3%GC (Deuremberg). Hubo diferenciassignificativas entre las ecuaciones regionales con las ecuacio-nes extranjeras en ambos sexos (p<0,05). Los percentiles cal-culados fueron: (P3, P5, P10, P15, P25, P50, P75, P85, P90,P95 y P97). Los valores de %GC en las mujeres a edades avan-zadas (próximas a la adultez) oscilan entre 32 a 34%, y en loshombres entre 19 a 20%. Conclusión: Se evidenció que las tres ecuaciones extran-jeras de Boileau, Slaughter y Deuremberg no son aplicables amuestra de escolares chilenos, además, se desarrolló percen-tiles utilizando ecuaciones antropométricas para estimar el%GC desde los 6 hasta los 17,9 años.(AU)

Introduction: Fat percentage is determinant in primarycare evaluation. Objective: To compare regional anthropometric equationsthat predict body fat percentage (%BF) with foreign equa-tions and to propose percentiles to assess %BF in childrenand adolescents in the Maule region, Chile. Methodology: A cross-sectional (correlational) study wascarried out in schoolchildren from the Maule region (Chile). We studied 1,126 schoolchildren (588 males and 538 fe-males) with an age range from 6.0 to 17.9 years. Age, weight,height, abdomen circumference, and two skinfolds (tricipitaland subscapular) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI),Ponderal Index (PI), Height-Waist Index (WHI), %GC werecalculated by two regional equations and three foreign equa-tions (Boileau, Slaughter and Deuremberg). Results: The Chilean regional equations presented valuesof 26.2±7.1% WC in males, while in females they reflected33.6±4.7% WC (p<0.05). The foreign equations reflectedsimilar values in males, i.e., 19.3%±6.9%GC (Boileau),20.1±8.7%GC (Slaughter) and 20.6±5.3%GC (Deuremberg),whereas, in females it was 25.9±6.1%GC (Boileau), 25.2±8.8%GC (Slaughter) and 25.0±5.3%GC (Deuremberg).There were significant differences between regional equa-tions with foreign equations in both sexes (p<0.05). The cal-culated percentiles were: (P3, P5, P10, P15, P25, P50, P75,P85, P90, P95 and P97). The %GC values in women at ad-vanced ages (close to adulthood) ranged from 32 to 34%,and in men from 19 to 20%. Conclusion: It was shown that the three foreign equationsof Boileau, Slaughter and Deuremberg are not applicable to asample of Chilean schoolchildren. In addition, percentileswere developed using anthropometric equations to estimate%BF from 6 to 17.9 years of age.(AU)

Densidad mineral ósea en adultos: Una revisión sistemática sobre las técnicas de medición / Evaluation of Bone Mineral Density in Older Adults by DXA: A Systematic Review

Fundamentos: Conforme avanza la edad, el sistema esquelético sufre modificaciones estructurales, que afectan la masa muscular (sarcopenia) y masa ósea (osteopenia), por lo que debe ser evaluado periódicamente. El objetivo fue identificar las regiones anatómicas que más se utilizan en la evaluación de la Densidad Mineral Ósea (DMO) en adultos mayores (AM) a través de la absorciometría de rayos X dual energía(DXA), controlando la realización de actividad física. Métodos: Se efectuó un estudio de revisión sistemática, utilizando las bases de datos de PUB MED y SCOPUS. Las palabras claves para la búsqueda de información fueron: aging, elderly, bone mineral density, physical activity, bone health. Se consideró el periodo de años 2016-2020. Resultados: Fueron identificados 12 estudios primarios; 9 estudios reportaron el uso de Columna Lumbar(CL) y Cuello Femoral (CF) para evaluar la DMO como puntos referenciales, además 5 estudios que han utilizado el Cuerpo Total (CT) y CF. En cuanto al control de la Actividad Física (AF), 7 han utilizado acelerómetros y 5 cuestionarios de auto-reporte. Conclusiones: Se demostró que la absorciometría de rayos X dual (DXA) es muy utilizada para evaluar la DMO en AM, cuyos puntos anatómicos preferidos por los estudios son la CL y CF. (AU)

Background: As age progresses, the skeletal system undergoes structural modifications, which affect musclemass (sarcopenia) and bone mass (osteopenia), so it must be evaluated periodically. The objective was to identify the anatomical regions that are most used in the evaluation of Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in older adults (AM) through dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), controlling the performance of physical activity. Methods: A systematic review study was conducted, using the PUB MED and SCOPUS databases. The keywords for the information search were: aging, elderly, bone mineral density, physical activity, bone health. The period of years 2016-2020 was considered. Results: 12 primary studies were identified; 9 studies reported the use of Lumbar Spine (LS) and Femoral Neck (FC) to assess BMD as reference points, in addition to 5 studies that have used Total Body (TC) and CF. As for the control of Physical Activity (PA), 7 have used accelerometers and 5 self-report questionnaires. Conclusions: It was demonstrated that dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is widely used to evaluate BMD inAM, whose anatomical points preferred by the studies are CL and CF. (AU)

Asociación entre relaciones peso-estatura y grasa subcutánea en jóvenes universitarios peruanos / Association between weight-height ratios and subcutaneous fat in young Peruvian university students

Introducción: La distribución de la grasa corporal ha sido asociada significativamente como elemento de predicción del factor de riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares. El objetivo del estudio fueron verificar la aplicabilidad de los índices antropométricos estaturo-ponderales (Índice de masa corporal IMC e índice de masa triponderal IMT) para valorar la adiposidad corporal en jóvenes estudiantes universitarios peruanos. Material y métodos: Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo (correlacional) en jóvenes universitarios. Se investigaron 210 sujetos de ambos sexos (59 varones y 151 mujeres) con un rango de edad de 18 a 25 años de una universal nacional de Arequipa. Se evaluó e peso, la estatura y cuatro pliegues cutáneos (bicipital, tricipital, subescapular y supra iliaco). Se calculó el índice de masa corporal IMC e índice triponderal (IMT). Resultados: Las relaciones entre índices antropométricos con la sumatoria de 4 pliegues cutáneos fueron significativas en ambos sexos. En varones, la relación entre sumatoria de pliegues con IMC fue de R2= 75% y con el IMT fue de R2= 73%. En mujeres, la relación de sumatoria de pliegues con el IMC fue de R2= 63% y con el IMT de R2= 57%. Hubo diferencias significativas entre las tres categorías (alto, medio y bajo), tanto para IMC, como para IMT y en ambos sexos (p<0,05). Conclusión: En ambos sexos, se observó una asociación significativa entre el IMC y el IMT con el sumatorio de pliegues subcutáneos. Estos hallazgos sugieren que tanto el IMC como el IMT resultan útiles para estimar adiposidad corporal en estudiantes universitarios peruanos. (AU)

Introduction: Body fat distribution has been significantly associated as a predictor of cardiovascular disease risk factor. The aim of the study was to verify the applicability of the anthropometric staturo-weight indices (Body Mass Index BMI and Triponderal Mass Index TMI) to assess body adiposity in young Peruvian university students. Material and methods: A descriptive (correlational) study was carried out in young university students. We investigated 210 subjects of both sexes (59 males and 151 females) with an age range of 18 to 25 years from a national university in Arequipa. Weight, height and four skinfolds (bicipital, tricipital, subscapular and supra iliac) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI) and triponderal index (TMI) were calculated. Results: The relationships between anthropometric indices and the sum of 4 skinfolds were significant in both sexes. In men, the relationship between the sum of skinfolds with BMI was R2= 75% and with the TMI was R2= 73%. In females, the relationship between the sum of folds with BMI was R2= 63% and with TMI was R2= 57%. There were significant differences between the three categories (high, medium and low), both for BMI and TMI and in both sexes (p<0.05). Conclusion: In both sexes, there was a significant association between BMI and IMT with the sum of subcutaneous folds. These findings suggest that both BMI and TMI are useful to estimate body adiposity in Peruvian university students. (AU)

Comparación de la adiposidad corporal de jóvenes con y sin síndrome de Down / Comparison of body adiposity in young people with and without Down syndrome

Introducción: La antropometría es una herramienta que sirve para cuantificar la cantidad y proporciones de los compartimentos del tejido corporal, permitiendo realizar la evaluación y seguimiento nutricional de diversas poblaciones. Objetivo: Comparar la adiposidad corporal de jóvenes chilenos con y sin Síndrome de Down (SD) usando técnicas antropométricas. Métodos: Se diseñó un estudio transversal comparativo en66 jóvenes chilenos con y sin SD. El grupo de jóvenes con SD quedó conformado por 16 hombres y 14 mujeres, el grupo control GC (jóvenes sin SD) por 18 hombres y 18 mujeres. El rango de edad oscila desde los 18 a 23 años. Se agruparon los datos en tres rangos de edad (18-19, 20-21 y 22-23 años). Se evaluó el peso, estatura, circunferencia del cuello y cintura. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC) e índice cintura-estatura (ICE). Resultados: Los jóvenes con SD reflejaron mayor circunferencia del cuello (~3,6 a 4,3cm), cintura (~4,1 a 11,7cm) eI CE (~0,03 a 0,05) en todos los rangos de edad en relación al GC (p<0.05). No hubo diferencias significativas en el IMC (p>0.05). Las jóvenes con SD presentaron valores superiores en la circunferencia del cuello (~3,0 a 5,8cm), cintura (~11,4 a 15,1cm), IMC (~5,6 a 7,5cm) e ICE (~0,10 a 0,11) en comparación con el GC (p<0.05). Conclusión: Los resultados han demostrado que los jóvenes con SD presentan elevados niveles de adiposidad corporal en relación a sus contrapartes sin SD. Estos hallazgos sugieren la necesidad de implantar y fomentar programas de estilos de vida saludable para mantener niveles aceptables de adiposidad corporal entre los jóvenes. (AU)

Introduction: Anthropometry is a tool used to quantifythe quantity and proportions of body tissue compartments, allowing nutritional evaluation and follow-up of diverse populations. Objective: To compare body adiposity in young Chileans with and without Down syndrome (DS) using anthropometric techniques. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was designed in 66 Chilean young people with and without DS. The group of young people with DS consisted of 16 males and 14 females, the control group GC (young people without DS) consisted of 18 males and 18 females. The age range ranged from 18 to 23 years. The data were grouped into three age ranges (18-19, 20-21 and 22-23 years). Weight, height, neck circumference and waist circumference were assessed. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHR) were calculated. Results: Young people with DS reflected greater neck circumference (~3.6 to 4.3cm), waist (~4.1 to 11.7cm) and BMI (~0.03 to 0.05) in all age ranges relative to the CG (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in BMI (p>0.05). Young women with DS had higher values in neck circumference (~3.0 to 5.8cm), waist (~11.4 to 15.1cm), BMI (~5.6 to 7.5cm) and ECI (~0.10 to 0.11) compared to CG (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results have shown that youth with DS have elevated levels of body adiposity relative to their non-DS counterparts. These findings suggest the need to implement and encourage healthy lifestyle programs to maintain acceptable levels of body adiposity among youth. (AU)

Composición corporal en niños y adolescentes de Chile: revisión sistemática 2010-2017 / Body composition in children and adolescents in Chile: systematic review 2010-2017

FUNDAMENTOS: la contextualización y caracterización de las técnicas utilizadas para valorar la composición corporal (CC), brinda información sobre las regiones más investigadas en determinadas poblaciones específicas. Los objetivos fueron: a) contextualizar las investigaciones en niños y adolescentes chilenos según variables demográficas, b) verificar las técnicas de evaluación utilizadas para medir la CC y c) identificar las investigaciones efectuadas según región geográfica en Chile. MÉTODOS: Se efectuó una revisión sistemática sobre la CC en niños y adolescentes de Chile. Se consideraron estudios publicados la base de datos PubMed entre los años 2010-2017. Se utilizó una ficha de observación para registrar la información y para sistematizar el proceso de la revisión se utilizó el diagrama de flujo PRISMA. RESULTADOS: Se evidenció, entre los años 2010 y 2017, un total de 30 investigaciones, donde el tamaño de la muestra osciló desde 27 a 3.593 sujetos, desde los cero meses hasta los 18 años. La técnica de evaluación que más utilizada fue la absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DXA) (33%), seguido de la antropométrica de los pliegues cutáneos (28%), ecuaciones de regresión (15%) y dilución isotópica y bio-impedancia (12%). En la región metropolitana se efectuaron más estudios (67%), seguido de la región de la Araucanía (14%), Maule (10%), Valparaíso y Bio-Bio (3%) y un 3% no especifica la región. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados sugieren que es necesario ampliar las investigaciones de CC en el norte y sur de Chile y poner mayor énfasis en las variables demográficas, puesto que hasta donde se sistematizó son muy limitados

BACKGROUND: Contextualization and characterization in relation to the techniques most used to assess body composition (CC), provides information on the most researched regions in certain specific populations. The objectives were: a) contextualize the research carried out in Chilean children and adolescents according to demographic variables, b) verify the evaluation techniques that have been used to measure the CC, and c) identify the investigations that have been carried out according to geographical region in Chile. METHODS: A systematic review study on CC in children and adolescents in Chile was carried out. Studies published in the Pub Med database between the years 2010-2017 was considered. An observation sheet was used to record the information and to systematize the review process the PRISMA flow chart was used. RESULTS: A total of 30 investigations have been carried out between 2010 and 2017. The sample size varied from 27 to 3593 subjects, from zero months to 18 years. The most commonly used evaluation technique was double energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (33%), followed by the anthropometric of skin folds (28%), regression equations (15%) and isotopic dilution and Bio impedance (12%). More studies (67%) have been carried out in the metropolitan region, followed by the Araucanía region (14%), Maule (10%), Valparaíso and Bio-Bio (3%) and 3% do not specify the region where was carried out. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that it is necessary to expand CC research in the north and south of Chile and place greater emphasis on demographic variables, since as far as it was systematized they are very limited

Pruebas de aptitud física que realizan los escolares / Physical fitness tests in schoolchildren

The objective was to determine the types of studies that have been carried out according to year and region and to verify the physical tests used according to physical fitness dimensions from 2010 to 2018. A systematic review was carried out. Physical fitness (study types and physical tests) was studied in Chile. The PubMed database was used, considering the period from 2010 to 2018. The keywords used in Spanish were: aptitud física, niños y adolescentes, Chile, and in English: physical aptitude, children and adolescents. The information was recorded on an observation sheet and for the data, the PRISM flow chart was used. 18 studies were identified. 88.9% are descriptive (cross-sectional) studies, 11.1% quasi-experimental. 38.9% were made in the Metropolitan region, 33.3% in Maule, 11% in Araucanía, 5.6% for each region of Los Lagos, Ñuble, and other unspecified regions. In the muscular dimension, it was determined that 38.9% used the manual clamping force and 50% the horizontal leap. In the cardiorespiratory dimension, 27.8% applied the Course-Navette test, 16.7% the 6-minute walk test, and 11% the 100-meter speed test. A high number of descriptive (cross-sectional) investigations were identified and the most commonly used physical tests were horizontal leap, manual clamping force, Course-Navette test, and 6-minute walk test. These results suggest the need to develop experimental and longitudinal studies, as well as the inclusion of morphological and motor dimensions in their protocols

El objetivo fue determinar los tipos de estudio que se han efectuado según año y región, y verificar las pruebas físicas utilizadas según dimensiones de la aptitud física durante 2010 a 2018. Se efectuó una revisión sistemática. Se estudió la aptitud física (tipos de estudio y pruebas físicas) en Chile. Se utilizó la base de datos PubMed, considerando el período 2010 a 2018. Las palabras clave utilizadas fueron, en español: aptitud física, niños y adolescentes, Chile, y en inglés: physical aptitude, children and adolescents. La información se registró en una ficha de observación y para la organización de datos se utilizó el diagrama de flujo PRISMA. Se identificaron 18 estudios. El 88.9% son de tipo descriptivo (transversales); el 11.1%, cuasiexperimentales. El 38.9% se efectuó en la región Metropolitana; el 33.3%, en El Maule; 11%, en la Araucanía; 5.6% para cada región de Los Lagos, Ñuble y no especificada. En la dimensión muscular, se determinó que el 38.9% utilizó la fuerza de prensión manual y el 50% el salto horizontal. En la dimensión cardiorrespiratoria, el 27.8% aplicó el test de Course Navette; el 16.7%, la caminata de 6 minutos, y el 11%, la prueba de velocidad de 100 metros. Se identificó un elevado número de investigaciones descriptivas (transversales) y las pruebas físicas más utilizadas fueron salto horizontal, fuerza de presión manual prueba de Course Navette y la caminata de 6 minutos. Estos resultados sugieren la necesidad de desarrollar estudios experimentales y longitudinales, así como la inclusión de dimensiones morfológicas y motoras en sus protocolos

Muscle Mass in Children and Adolescents: Proposed Equations and Reference Values for Assessment.

Objectives: The goal of this study was to develop regression equations to estimate LM with anthropometric variables and to propose percentiles for evaluating by age and sex. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted with 2,182 Chilean students (1,347 males and 835 females). Ages ranged from 5.0 to 17.9 years old. A total body scan was carried out with the double energy X-ray anthropometry (DXA) to examine and measure lean muscle mass of the entire body. Weight, height, and the circumference of the relaxed right arm were also measured. Results: Four anthropometric equations were generated to predict lean mass for both sexes (R 2 = 83-88%, SEE = 3.7-5.0%, precision = 0.90-0.93, and accuracy = 0.99). The Lambda-mu-sigma method was used to obtain the sex-specific and age-specific percentile curves of lean mass (p3, p5, p10, p15, p25, p50, p75, p85, p90, p95, and p97). Conclusion: The four proposed equations were acceptable in terms of precision and accuracy to estimate lean mass in children and adolescents. The percentiles were created by means of anthropometric equations and real values for DXA. These are fundamental tools for monitoring LM in Chilean children and adolescents of both sexes.