The link between lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood and metabolic variables in patients with severe obesity.

Background: Obesity, a public health problem, is a state of metainflammation that influences the development of chronic degenerative diseases, particularly in patients with severe obesity. Objective: The objective of this study was to evidence immunometabolic differences in patients with different degrees of obesity, including severe obesity, by determining correlations between lymphocyte subpopulations and metabolic, body composition, and clinical variables. Methods: Peripheral blood immune cells (CD4+, CD8+ memory and effector T lymphocytes) were analyzed, and measures of body composition, blood pressure, and biochemical composition (glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and the lipid profile) were carried out in patients with different degrees of obesity. Results: The patients were classified according to total body fat (TBF) percentage as normal body fat, class 1 and 2 obesity, class 3 obesity, and class 4 obesity. The greater the TBF percentage, the more pronounced the differences in body composition (such as a decrease in the fat-free mass (FFM) that is defined as sarcopenic obesity) and the immunometabolic profile. There was an increase of CD3+ T lymphocytes (mainly CD4+, CD4+CD62-, and CD8+CD45RO+ T lymphocytes) and an increase in the TBF percentage (severity of obesity). Conclusions: The correlations between lymphocyte subpopulations and metabolic, body composition, and clinical variables demonstrated the existence of a chronic, low-intensity inflammatory process in obesity. Therefore, measuring the immunometabolic profile by means of lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with severe obesity could be useful to determine the severity of the disease and the increased risk of presenting obesity-associated chronic degenerative diseases.

Trasplante de microbiota fecal para el tratamiento de la obesidad y de sus comorbilidades asociadas: Revisión

RESUMEN La obesidad es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. Existen evidencias sobre la interacción entre la microbiota intestinal, la regulación metabólica y la obesidad. El problema mundial de la obesidad impulsa el estudio de nuevas propuestas preventivas y/o terapéuticas. El trasplante de microbiota fecal (TMF) se proyecta como un posible tratamiento para la obesidad y sus comorbilidades asociadas. El objetivo de este estudio es sintetizar la documentación actual que existe sobre el efecto en parámetros metabólicos y clínicos que produce el TMF en humanos con obesidad, así como evidenciar la metodología empleada en el TMF. En los resultados primarios se señaló la existencia de cambios significativos en la composición de la microbiota intestinal (MI) y mejoría en marcadores metabólicos como disminución de la resistencia a la insulina (RI) y de la hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c), así como aumento de colesterol de alta densidad (HDL). Además, en marcadores clínicos como la disminución del índice de masa corporal y de la circunferencia de cintura. En los resultados secundarios se sustentó la necesidad de estandarizar el diseño experimental del TMF, iniciando con establecer la correcta selección de donantes hasta determinar el seguimiento del TMF a largo plazo. En conclusión, a pesar de que hay un número limitado de estudios y una falta de estandarización de las metodologías para llevar a cabo TMF, se han podido evidenciar algunas asociaciones metabólicas positivas, por lo que el TMF sigue siendo una opción potencialmente prometedora para el tratamiento coadyuvante de la obesidad.

ABSTRACT Obesity is a worldwide health problem. There is evidence of the interaction between the gut microbiota metabolic regulation, and obesity. The global problem of obesity has prompted the study of new preventive and/or therapeutic proposals. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) is projected as a possible treatment for obesity and its associated comorbidities. The objective of this study is to synthesize the current documentation that exists on the effect in metabolic and clinical parameters produced by FMT in humans with obesity, as well as to make evident the methodology used in FMT. Primary results indicated the existence of significant changes in the composition of gut microbiota and improvement in some metabolic markers such as a decrease in insulin resistance (IR) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), as well as an increase in high-density cholesterol (HDL). Further changed were noted in clinical markers such as the decrease in body mass index and waist circumference. Secondary results supported the need to standardize the experimental design of FMT, starting with establishing the correct selection of donors to determine the long-term follow-up of FMT. In conclusion, even though there is a limited number of studies and a lack of standardization on the methodology to carry out FMT, some positive metabolic associations have been shown, which is why FMT remains a potentially promising option for treatment adjuvant of obesity.