Antibiotics susceptibility of quinolones against Salmonella spp. strains isolated and molecularly sequenced for gyrA gene.

Drug-resistant Salmonella is frequently detected in most parts of the world, and its rate of resistance has increased significantly in recent years. However, this study aimed to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, determined with the Kirby-Bauer method) of quinolones in 86 Salmonella spp. strains isolated from pigs. Both the inside and outside of the QRDR region of strains were sequenced. The DNA sequence of the QRDR region of Salmonella spp. revealed the mutations S83F, D87N and S83Y. The region outside the QRDR showed a mutation in L582G. Forty-five isolates of Salmonella ssp. were categorized as quinolone-resistant; out of these, 16 corresponded to Salmonella enterica and isolates showed intermediate resistance (6.25%) to nalidixic acid. Three isolats (18.6%) were resistant to ampicillin; two (12.5%) were resistant to carbenicillin. Moreover, three (18.7%) isolates were resistant to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin and pefloxacin, and 8 (50%) were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Six percent of Salmonella spp. strains showed less resistance to antimicrobial agents compared to S. Thyphimurium (18%). The resistance to individual quinolones varied by serotypes. For S. anatum and S. Reading, it was 12.25%, and for S. choreaeaesuis, S. typhimurium monofasica, 6.25%. In contrast, S. agona, S. bredeney and S. london were sensitive to these antibiotics. In conclusion, quinolones have become the drugs of choice for the treatment of severe Salmonella infections. The study of mutations outside the QRDR region opens up new insights about the resistance of Salmonella to fluoroquinolones.

Antiobesity and hypoglycaemic effects of aqueous extract of Ibervillea sonorae in mice fed a high-fat diet with fructose.

Obesity, type II diabetes, and hyperlipidaemia, which frequently coexist and are strongly associated with oxidative stress, increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. An increase in carbohydrate intake, especially of fructose, and a high-fat diet are both factors that contribute to the development of these metabolic disorders. In recent studies carried out in diabetic rats, authors reported that Ibervillea sonorae had hypoglycaemic activity; saponins and monoglycerides present in the plant could be responsible for the effects observed. In the present study, we determined the effects of an aqueous I. sonorae extract on a murine model of obesity and hyperglycaemia, induced by a high-calorie diet, and the relationship of these effects with hepatic oxidation. A high-fat diet over a period of 8 weeks induced weight gain in the mice and increased triglycerides and blood glucose levels. Simultaneous treatment with I. sonorae aqueous extracts, at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, decreased triglycerides and glycaemia levels, prevented an increase in body weight in a dose-dependent manner, and decreased hepatic lipid oxidation at a dose of 200 mg/kg. These data suggest that the aqueous extract from I. sonorae root prevents obesity, dyslipidaemia, and hyperglycaemia induced by a hypercaloric diet; however, high doses may induce toxicity.