Immunodetection of Furcraea Necrotic Streak Virus-FNSV in fique plants (Furcraea macrophylla Baker) using a polyclonal antibody IgY produced in chicken egg yolk.

The necrotic streak of the fique (Furcraea spp.) or "Macana" disease is considered the most limiting disease for this crop in Colombia, whose causal agent is the Furcraea Necrotic Streak Virus - FNSV (RNA+). Currently, there are no strategies to control the disease, being necessary to develop methods for detection of this pathogen in the planting material before being taken to the field. In this study, polyclonal antibodies produced in egg yolk (IgY) were produced and assesses for detection FNSV. Two immunoenzymatic methodologies were standardized: dot blot immunobinding assay (DBIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), determining their specificity and sensitivity. The detection limit by DBIA corresponded to 8 µg/mL of purified virus suspension using 10 µg/mL of primary antibody. In the ELISA test, the primary antibody concentration of 3 µg/mL (1:800 dilution) detected the antigen at concentrations between 10 and 70 µg/mL. The polyclonal antibody anti-FNSV IgY allowed the detection of FNSV in samples of purified virus and extracts of roots and leaves of fique plants with symptoms of "Macana" disease and did not produce any signal with the control samples. Results showed the potential of using egg yolk IgY in immunological tests for the detection of FNSV in fique plants.

Time-domain induced polarization as a tool to image clogging in treatment wetlands.

During the last decade, treatment (artificial) wetlands have flourished all over Europe for the treatment of sewages from small communities thanks to their low cost of operation. The clogging of the filter of these wetlands is an issue affecting their efficiency and considered as their main operational problem. The present work shows the results of the application of a geophysical method called time-domain induced polarization. It is used to non-intrusively image, in 3D, the clogging of the gravel filters in a quick and efficient way. Induced polarization characterizes the ability of a porous material to reversibly store electrical charges when submitted to an electrical field. The material property characterizing this ability is called normalized chargeability. A set of laboratory experiments allows to determine an empirical relationship between the normalized chargeability and the weight amount of clogging. Induced polarization measurements have been performed in the field over a treatment wetland to get a 3D reconstructed image (tomography) of the normalized chargeability. From this tomography and the previously defined relationship, we are able to image in 3D the distribution of clogging and where it is concentrated in the filter. We can therefore identify the areas requiring preventive measures to minimize this clogging issue.

Low Incidence of Advanced Neoplasia in Serrated Polyposis Syndrome After (Sub)total Colectomy: Results of a 5-Year International Prospective Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION: Serrated polyposis syndrome (SPS) is accompanied by a substantially increased colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. To prevent or treat CRC in patients with a very high polyp burden, (sub)total colectomy with ileorectal or ileosigmoidal anastomosis is regularly performed. The CRC risk after (sub)total colectomy might be decreased, but evidence is lacking. We aimed to assess the yield of endoscopic surveillance in patients with SPS who underwent (sub)total colectomy. METHODS: For this post hoc analysis, we used prospectively collected data from a large international prospective cohort study. We included patients diagnosed with SPS (World Health Organization type I and/or III) who underwent (sub)total colectomy. Primary endpoint was the cumulative 5-year incidence of CRC and advanced neoplasia (AN). RESULTS: Forty-eight patients (mean age 61 [±7.8]; 52% men) were included and followed up for a median of 4.7 years (interquartile range 4.7-5.1). None of the patients developed CRC during follow-up. Five patients developed AN, corresponding to a cumulative 5-year AN incidence of 13% (95% confidence interval 1.2-23). In 4 patients, AN was diagnosed at the first surveillance endoscopy after study inclusion, and in 1 patient, AN was detected during subsequent rounds of surveillance. The risk of AN was similar for patients with ileorectal and ileosigmoidal anastomosis (logrank P = 0.83). DISCUSSION: (Sub)total colectomy mitigates much of the excess risk of CRC in patients with SPS. Advanced neoplasms are mainly detected at the first endoscopy after (sub)total colectomy. Based on these results, after the first surveillance, intervals might be extended beyond the currently recommended 1-2 years.

Técnicas quirúrgicas de estadificación (mediastinoscopia, mediastinostomía, videotoracoscopia, TEMLA, VAMLA) / No disponible

No disponible

Metástasis incisional de carcinoma broncogénico tras linfadenectomía mediastínica transcervical extendida / Incisional metastasis from lung cancer after transcervical extended mediastinal lymphadenectomy

No disponible

Las plataformas de aprendizajes, una alternativa a tener en cuenta en el proceso de ense±anza aprendizaje / Learning platforms, an alternative to consider in learning - teaching process

El desarrollo e incorporaci¾n de las tecnologÝas de la informaci¾n y la comunicaci¾n a la docencia, ha potencializado el uso de Entornos Virtuales de Aprendizaje (EVA) apoyados en plataformas e-learning en el ßmbito universitario a nivel mundial, las cuales permiten la gesti¾n del proceso de ense±anza aprendizaje a travÚs de la web. El trabajo que se presenta tiene como objetivo caracterizar las plataformas de aprendizaje mßs utilizadas, basado en un anßlisis de carßcter documental a partir de la bibliografÝa mßs reciente revisada sobre el tema. Los resultados del anßlisis pusieron de manifiesto que las plataformas gratuitas de c¾digo abierto son las mßs utilizadas y aunque las plataformas analizadas cumplen todas con los requerimientos bßsicos que justifican su inclusi¾n en el proceso docente, existi¾ cierta unanimidad a la hora de seleccionar por los docentes e instituciones, la plataforma Moodle(AU)

The development and incorporation of the information and communication technologies to teaching has improved the use of Virtual Learning Environments (EVA, for its Spanish acronyms) supported in e-learning platforms in the university field worldwide. They allow the management of the teaching-learning process through the web. The present work is intended to characterize the most used learning platforms, based on a bibliographical analysis of the most recent literature on the subject. Results of the analysis showed that free open-code platforms are the most used and, even though, all the analyzed platforms meet the basic requirements that justify their inclusion in the teaching process, there was certain unanimity when teachers and institutions selected the Moodle platform(AU)

Deworming is not a risk factor for the development of atopic diseases: a longitudinal study in Cuban school children.

BACKGROUND: Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections have been suggested to protect from allergic sensitization and atopic diseases. Consequently, anthelminthic treatment would increase the prevalence of atopic disease in STH endemic populations. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of deworming on allergic sensitization and atopic diseases in Cuban schoolchildren. METHODS: We followed up 108 STH positive schoolchildren aged 5-13 in six-monthly intervals for 24 months. Four consecutive groups of, respectively, 104, 56, 68, and 53 STH positive children were used as 'untreated' reference groups to assess general time trends. STH infections were diagnosed by stool examination. Asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic dermatitis were diagnosed by International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire and allergic sensitization by skin prick testing (SPT). At each time point, STH positive children were treated with one single dose of 500 mg mebendazole. RESULTS: After deworming, the frequency of asthma significantly decreased (P < 0.001) while the frequency of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic dermatitis was not affected (P = 0.129 and P = 0.751, respectively). The percentage of SPT positives temporarily increased (P < 0.001) and subsequently returned to nearly baseline values (P = 0.093). In the references groups, no change over time was observed in the proportion of children with allergic sensitization and atopic diseases (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION & CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our results indicate that atopic diseases do not increase after anthelminthic treatment. Allergic sensitization on the other hand increases after deworming. As this increase appears only temporarily, deworming of schoolchildren does not seem to be a risk factor for the development of allergic sensitization, nor for atopic diseases.

Pharmacokinetic behavior in sheep and cattle of 5-chloro-2-(methylthio)-6-(1-naphthyloxy)-1H-benzimidazole, a new fasciolicide agent.

The physicochemical properties, pK(a), Log P and solubility of compound alpha, (5-chloro-2-(methylthio)-6-(1-naphthyloxy)-1H-benzimidazole), a new fasciolicide agent, were characterized using conventional methods. Also, its pharmacokinetics was evaluated in sheep and cattle. In both species an oral dose of 12 mg/kg was administered. Blood samples were collected during 144 h and analyzed by using an HPLC assay. Results showed that compound alpha is a weak base with a pK(a) value of 2.87 and log P of 1.44. The solubility was very low in aqueous solvents. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that in both species compound alpha could not be detected at any sampling time. The mean half-life (t(1/2)) values of alpha sulphoxide in sheep and cattle were 19.86 and 29.87 h, while the half-life values of alpha sulphone were 19.43 and 46.32 h respectively. C(max) values of alpha sulphoxide did not differ between species while alpha sulphone values were higher in cattle. Plasma protein binding of alpha sulphoxide was between 82% and 86%. These results, combined with the previous efficacy studies, suggest that compound alpha could be a promising fasciolicide agent.

Evaluación de la actividad antimalárica de algunas plantas utilizadas en la medicina tradicional cubana / Evaluation of the antimalarial activity in some Cuban medicinal plants

The search for new treatments against malaria has a highpriority in the fight to bring this disease under control. The aim of this study was to assess the therapeutic potential of extracts of plants selected on the basis of ethnobotanical information collected from Cuban traditional medicine. Extracts from six plants (Bambusavulgaris, Parthenium hysterophorus, Melaleuca leucadendron, Indigofera suffruticosa, Artemisia absinthium, Simarouba glauca) were tested for their invitro effect against the F32/Tanzania strain ofPlasmodium falciparum. S. glauca, P. hysterophorus, M.leucadendron and A. absinthium exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in the range from 3.1to 50 g/mL, while B. vulgaris and I. suffruticosa showed negative activity against this strain. The highest in vivo activities against Plasmodium berghei NK65 were shownby A. absinthium, with a 65.9% reduction in parasitemia at a dose of 500 mg/kg, M. leucadendron, with 50%reduction at 250 mg/kg, and S. glauca, with 43.2%reduction at 100 mg/kg. The less toxic extracts wereA. absinthium and M. leucadendron. These results demonstrate the antimalarial properties of some Cuban medicinal plants and pave the way to detailed researchon their active chemical constituents.

Cd concentration in the soft tissue vs. the nacreous layer of Mytilus californianus.

The soft tissue of Mytilus californianus has the capacity to decrease its Cd concentration in the order of days. However, for medium-term (months) pollution surveys it is necessary to find alternative structures capable of integrating Cd concentrations during longer periods of time. The recently deposited nacreous layer of the shell of M. californianus is proposed as such a structure. Daily variability of Cd concentration in the soft tissue and in the recently deposited nacreous layer of a natural population of mussels was compared during a period of 26 days in organisms collected from an upwelling zone of British Columbia. Statistical analysis of the Cd concentrations indicated that the nacreous layer presented less significant differences between days than the associated soft tissue. Only one shell sample showed significant differences in Cd concentrations, probably related to environmental conditions and stress arising from mussel population density. Experimental results carried out in the laboratory confirmed that the recently deposited nacreous layer of M. californianus is a better medium-term indicator of Cd in seawater, especially at low concentration exposures of this element, those similar to the ones encountered in natural environments.

Helicobacter pylori eradication does not cause reflux oesophagitis in functional dyspeptic patients: a randomized, investigator-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The protective role of Helicobacter pylori in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease has been widely discussed. AIM: To assess the risk of reflux oesophagitis in patients with functional dyspepsia after treatment for H. pylori infection. METHODS: A randomized, placebo-controlled, investigator-blinded trial was carried out on 157 functional dyspeptic patients. Patients were randomized to receive lansoprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin (antibiotic group) or lansoprazole and identical antibiotic placebos (control group). Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed at baseline, 3 and 12 months after randomization. The primary aim was to detect the presence of reflux oesophagitis. Analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis. RESULTS: A total of 147 patients (94%) and 133 (85%) completed 3 months and 12 months follow-up, respectively. The eradication rate of H. pylori was 90% in the antibiotic group (74 of 82) and 1% (one of 75) in the control group. At 3 months, reflux oesophagitis was diagnosed in 3.7% (three of 82) in the antibiotic group and 4% (three of 75) in the control group (P > 0.2). At 12 months, diagnosis was established in five new cases within the first group and in four within the second (P > 0.2). No difference was found in heartburn symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: H. pylori eradication does not cause reflux oesophagitis in this western population of functional dyspeptic patients.

Liquid chromatographic assay for dicloxacillin in plasma.

A simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of dicloxacillin in plasma has been developed. The method only requires 0.5 ml of plasma, phosphate buffer solution (pH = 4.7), acidification with 0.5N hydrochloride acid and liquid extraction with dichloromethane. Posterior evaporation of organic under nitrogen steam and redissolution in mobile phase is carried out. The analysis was performed on a Spherisorb C18 (5 microm) column, using methanol -0.05 M phosphate buffer, pH = 4.7 (75:25; v/v) as mobile phase, with ultraviolet detection at 220 nm. Results showed that the assay is sensitive: 0.5 microg/ml. The response is linear in the range of 0.5 - 10 microg/ml. Maximum inter-day coefficient of variation was 12.4%. Mean extraction recovery obtained was 96.95%. Stability studies showed that the loss was not higher than 10%, samples are stable at room temperature for 6 h, at -20 Celsius for 2 months, processed samples were stable at least for 24 h and also after two freeze-thaw cycles. The method has been used to perform pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence studies in humans.

Use of atomic force microscopy to reveal sperm ultrastructure in HIV-patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been employed to examine morphological and topographical changes caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on spermatozoon of HIV infected patients. This powerful technique has allowed us to visualize morphological alterations present in the spermatozoa of patients either with or without treatment. In addition to this, even the minute details, such as viral particles, located on the membrane of the spermatozoa, and the merging of such particles on the surface of the spermatozoa were detected with precision. The most important aspect is that AFM, unlike electron microscopy, permits to image virions in their nearly natural environment. Excess of damage of spermatozoon is due to the chemicals involved in HAART rather than the damage made by virus.

[Adrenocortical macronodular hyperplasia with massive enlargement of the gland. A rare variant of autonomous hypercortisolism]. / Hiperplasia macronodular corticosuprarrenal con agrandamiento masivo de la glándula. Una rara variante de hipercortisolismo autónomo.

OBJECTIVE: To present a case of Cushing's syndrome due to massive adrenocortical macronodular hyperplasia that gave the gland the appearance of a pseudotumor. METHODS: In a review of the surgical pathology of the adrenal gland recently performed in our hospital, 82 adrenalectomy specimens obtained from 1978-1998 were found. Of these 82 surgical specimens, 44 (53.6%) were cortical pathologies and 10 of these (12.1%) were hyperplasia. There was only one with massive adrenocortical macronodular hyperplasia. A 53-year-old male, chronic alcoholic with cushingoid obesity and hypercortisolism is described. RESULTS: Ultrasound and CT assessment showed enlarged, asymmetrical adrenal glands and macronodules. The analytical and MRI study of the sella turcica showed primary adrenal hypercortisolism. Adrenalectomy of the dominant gland (the left adrenal whose activity was demonstrated on the 131Iodine scintiscan) was performed. The postoperative cortisol levels returned to normal and remain normal up to the present time, 18 months after surgery. The surgical specimen weighed 104 gms and was completely macronodular. CONCLUSIONS: Massive adrenocortical macronodular hyperplasia is a rare cause of pituitary-independent autonomous primary adrenal hypercortisolism. It is always bilateral. Adrenal weight is significantly increased (total weight of both adrenals 60-180 gms) and present yellow or golden, non-encapsulated nodules of a few millimeters to up to 4 cms, comprised of cells with scanty activity, therefore massive enlargement of the glands is necessary to produce Cushing's syndrome. The clinical, biochemical and surgical aspects can cause confusion and can be suggestive of an adrenocortical neoplasm. Treatment is by adrenalectomy.

[Criteria for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic rhino-sinusitis in family medicine, otorhinolaryngology, and allergy services]. / Criterios de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la rinosinusitis crónica en servicios de medicina familiar, de otorrinolaringología y de alergia.

BACKGROUND: Rhinosinusitis is an inflammatory response affecting mucosa membrane of nasal cavity of one or more paranasal sinus. Its prevalence is of 14 and 5-13% in adults and children, respectively. Rhinosinusitis causes high rate of scholar and labor absenteeism. OBJECTIVE: To know diagnostic and treatment criteria of rhinosinusitis in units of familial medicine, otolaryngology and allergy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A series of 25 patients randomly obtained from familial medicine units 21 and 28 of the IMSS, was studied. Diagnosis was assessed according to 1998 Consensus and computed tomography was considered the gold standard. It was performed to all patients and evaluated by a study-blind radiologist. RESULTS: Diagnosis of rhinosinusitis was done by familial medicine unit in 68%, otolaryngology service in 40% and allergy service in 64%. Clinical criteria most used were nasal congestion and anterior and posterior nasal discharge. The more requested examination was computed tomography (38.7%) and in 30% of cases, medical treatment was not prescribed. CONCLUSIONS: Familial physicians, otolaryngologists and allergists use, with low frequency, international criteria for diagnosis and treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngologists perform other differential diagnosis.

[The use of the International Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Asthma (GINA) in clinical practice among family physicians]. / El uso de las Guías internacionales de Diagnóstico y Tratamiento del Asma (GINA) en la práctica clínica de los médicos familiares.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the degree of knowledge of family physicians related to the International Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment (GINA) of Asthmatic Patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We invited the family physicians from some clinics of Mexico City. A questionnaire was applied to 50 doctors who accepted to participate in the study; they had a 46 year-old age average and a proportion 1:1 between genders. The analysis was carried out with the test r of Pearson. RESULTS: The correlation between general knowledge of asthma and knowledge of GINA was r = 0.022; between the general knowledge of asthma and the specialty of family medicine was r = -0.117; and that among the knowledge on International Guides of Asthma and the specialty of family medicine was r = 0.33. CONCLUSIONS: A scarce knowledge exists on the guides proposed by GINA.