RESUMO
Resumen Los tumores cerebrales se caracterizan por su gran morbilidad y mortalidad. La gran mayoría corresponde a tumores secundarios (metástasis). Dentro de los tumores primarios del sistema nervioso central, los gliomas corresponden al 30% de éstos. En EEUU, entre el 2007-2011, se estima una incidencia aproximada de 21,4 casos por 100.000 habitantes. Los recientes avances en la comprensión molecular de la biología de estos tumores han permitido mejorar sustancialmente su clasificación, posibilitando realizar un mejor correlato con los desenlaces clínicos y el pronóstico. En esta línea, hoy en día es posible estratificar a los pacientes por riesgo y entregar tratamientos capaces de prolongar la sobrevida global entre 5-7 años, para los gliomas grado II y III. El presente consenso, elaborado por un panel multidisciplinario de expertos de diversas sociedades científicas chilenas y, por tanto, de todas las especialidades involucradas en el manejo médico-quirúrgico de las personas portadoras de gliomas cerebrales. A la luz de este nuevo conocimiento desarrollado al alero de la oncología molecular, esta propuesta ofrece un insumo de utilidad clínica real, que, articulado a una revisión actualizada en relación con el tratamiento y seguimiento de estos pacientes, permite entender la relevancia de estos biomarcadores en el manejo de precisión de la enfermedad. Cabe señalar que, este manuscrito emerge de la misma fuerza de trabajo, que elaboró el Protocolo Clínico de Gliomas del Adulto 2019, publicado por el Ministerio de Salud, y que ha diferencia de esta, que ofrece los detalles clínicos-operativos, como flujogramas y dosis, nuestra revisión intenta relevar los avances imagenológicos y moleculares y como estos impactan en el manejo actual de la enfermedad.
Brain tumors are characterized by high morbidity and mortality. The vast majority correspond to secondary tumors (metastasis). On the other hand, within the primary tumors of the central nervous system, gliomas correspond to 30% of these. In the US, between 2007-2011, an approximate incidence of 21.4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants was estimated. Recent advances in the molecular understanding of the biology of these tumors have made it possible to substantially improve their classification, allowing a better correlation with clinical outcomes and prognosis. Along these lines, today, it is possible to stratify patients by risk and deliver treatments capable of prolonging global survival between 5-7 years, for grade II and III gliomas. The present consensus, prepared by a multidisciplinary panel of experts from various Chilean scientific societies and, therefore, from all the specialties involved in the medical and surgical therapy. Enlightened from the molecular oncology, this proposal offers an input of clinical utility, which, together with an updated review in relation to the treatment and follow-up of these patients, allows us to understand the relevance of these biomarkers in precision disease management. It should be noted that this manuscript emerges from the same work force, which prepared the Clinical Protocol for Adult Gliomas 2019, published by the Ministry of Health, and that differs from it, which offers clinical-operative details, such as flowcharts and dose, our review attempts to reveal imaging and molecular advances and how they impact the current management of the disease.
Assuntos
Humanos , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/terapia , Glioma/diagnóstico , Glioma/terapia , Chile , ConsensoRESUMO
Hydrocephalus is a common problem in Neurosurgery and Neurology. The usual treatment is the installation of a Ventricular Peritoneal Shunt (VPS). Infection is the most frequent and serious complication. With the aim to identify risk factors associated with infection in the post surgery of VPS in pediatric patients from Carlos Van Buren Hospital a case control study between 1998-2008 was done. Cases were patients with VPS infection reported to the Department of Nosocomial Infections. Results in contingency tables were analyzed to determine Odds Ratio. 264 surgical procedures were studied in 207 patients with 53 infections reported in 26 patients. Significant risk factors were: history of prior ventriculitis, VPS dysfunction and prior external ventricular shunt, concurrent infections at the time of surgery and a neurosurgeon without the specialty of pediatric neurosurgery. We concluded that antibiotic prophylaxis was not an important factor in preventing infection and the neurosurgeon experience is relevant to the development of VPS infections.
Assuntos
Hidrocefalia/cirurgia , Infecções Relacionadas à Prótese/microbiologia , Derivação Ventriculoperitoneal/efeitos adversos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Hydrocephalus is a common problem in Neurosurgery and Neurology. The usual treatment is the installation of a Ventricular Peritoneal Shunt (VPS). Infection is the most frequent and serious complication. With the aim to identify risk factors associated with infection in the post surgery of VPS in pediatric patients from Carlos Van Buren Hospital a case control study between 1998-2008 was done. Cases were patients with VPS infection reported to the Department of Nosocomial Infections. Results in contingency tables were analyzed to determine Odds Ratio. 264 surgical procedures were studied in 207 patients with 53 infections reported in 26 patients. Significant risk factors were: history of prior ventriculitis, VPS dysfunction and prior external ventricular shunt, concurrent infections at the time of surgery and a neurosurgeon without the specialty of pediatric neurosurgery. We concluded that antibiotic prophylaxis was not an important factor in preventing infection and the neurosurgeon experience is relevant to the development of VPS infections.
La hidrocefalia es un problema común en neurocirugía y neurología. Su tratamiento habitual es la instalación de una válvula derivativa ventrículo peritoneal (DVP) cuya complicación más grave y frecuente es la infección. Con el propósito de identificar los factores de riesgo de infección post-operatoria en pacientes con DVP del Hospital Carlos Van Buren (HCVB), se realizó un estudio caso-control en la población pediátrica con DVP instalada entre 1998 y 2008. Los casos fueron pacientes con una infección de DVP notificada en el Departamento de Infecciones Intrahospitalarias (IIH), y controles los que no presentaron infección. Se analizaron los resultados en tablas de contingencia para determinar los Odds Ratio correspondientes. Se estudiaron 264 procedimientos quirúrgicos, 207 pacientes y 53 infecciones notificadas en 26 enfermos. Los factores de riesgo significativos fueron el antecedente de ventriculitis previa, disfunción de DVP previa, derivativa ventricular externa previas, infecciones concomitantes al momento de la cirugía, y que el neurocirujano no tuviera la especialidad en neurocirugía pediátrica. Se concluyó que la profilaxis antimicrobiana no fue un factor importante en la prevención de infecciones y que la experiencia del neurocirujano es relevante en el desarrollo de infecciones de DVP.
Assuntos
Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Hidrocefalia/cirurgia , Infecções Relacionadas à Prótese/microbiologia , Derivação Ventriculoperitoneal/efeitos adversos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is related to insulin resistance and to type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) may also develop this condition. AIM: To determine the prevalence of MS in patients with T1DM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross sectional study of 52 patients with T1DM aged 18 to 72 years (27 females) with 5 years or more since their diagnosis of T1DM. MS presence was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Acanthosis nigricans (AN), waist circumference (WC), daily dose of insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc) and micro albuminuria were evaluated. RESULTS: The prevalence of MS was 25% (13/52). A higher daily dose of insulin was required in patients with MS (p =0.018), with AN (p =0.022) and with obesity (p =0.002). A direct association between WC and the dose of insulin was observed (r =0.51; p <0.0001). No association was observed between MS, time of evolution of T1DM, HbAlc or micro albuminuria. CONCLUSIONS: In this group of patients with T1DM there was a high prevalence of MS.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/complicações , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Chile/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Insulina/efeitos adversos , Insulina/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The malignant mammary pathology can be presented like unifocal or multifocal-multicentric tumors (MFMC). The influence of this factor as prognostic is controversial. Objective: Establish if the presence of MFMC breast cancer, in comparison to the unifocal breast cancer, is associated to worse prognosis. Patients and Method: Combined prospective-retrospective cohort, corresponding to the totality of patients treated by surgery of breast cancer at Hospital FACH between 1972 and 2007 that fulfilled the inclusion criteria, obtaining a total of 589 patients. The statistic analysis was done with Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests and T-student for quantitative variables, chi square for qualitative variables and Kaplan-Meier curves with log rank test for survival. Results: The 93.4 percent of the patients had unifocal breast cancer, while the rest (6.6 percent) had MFMC cancer. There were no significant statistical differences between ages of both groups (57.88 and 54.92 years for unifocal and MFMC, respectively). MFMC cancer group presented more bilateral cancer than unifocal cancer group (7.7 percent versus 1.6 percent; p = 0.04); also, the lymph node affectation was greater in MFMC group (4.06 versus 1.83 lymph nodes; p = 0.001). There were no statistical significant differences in 5 years survival when comparing unifocal and MFMC tumors (81.8 percent and 90.4 percent, respectively; p = 0.223). There were no differences on 5 years free metastasis survival between both groups (Unifocals 86.2 percent; MFMC 75 percent; p = 0.651). Discussion: MFMC breast cancer was associated to bad prognostic factors, nevertheless, there was not significant differences in 5 years metastasis free survival and global survival between both groups, reason why multifocality-multicentricity would not confer worse prognosis to the disease.
La patología mamaria maligna puede manifestarse como tumores unifocales o multifocales-multicéntricos (MFMC). La influencia de este factor en el pronóstico es controversial. Objetivo: Establecer si la presencia de cáncer de mama MFMC se asocia a peor pronóstico. Pacientes y Método: Cohorte combinada prospectiva-retrospectiva de 589 pacientes sometidas a cirugía por cáncer de mama en el Hospital FACH entre los años 1972-2007. El análisis estadístico se realizó con las pruebas de Kolmogorov-Smirnov y T de Student para variables cuantitativas, chi cuadrado para variables cualitativas, curvas de Kaplan-Meier y test de log rank para sobrevida. Resultados: El 93,4 por ciento de las pacientes eran portadoras de cáncer unifocal, mientras el 6,6 por ciento de cáncer MFMC. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a edad entre ambos grupos (57,88 y 54,92 años para unifocales y MFMC, respectivamente). La frecuencia de cáncer bilateral en el grupo MFMC fue mayor que en el unifocal (7,7 por ciento y 1,6 por ciento; p = 0,04); asimismo, el compromiso linfático fue mayor en este grupo (4,06 y 1,83 linfonodos comprometidos; p = 0,001). La sobrevida a 5 años fue de un 81,8 por ciento para cáncer unifocal y 90,4 por ciento para MFMC, sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos, (p = 0,223). La sobrevida libre de metástasis a 5 años no mostró diferencias (Unifocales 86,2 por ciento; MFMC 75 por ciento; p = 0,651). Discusión: El cáncer de mama multifocal se asoció a factores de mal pronóstico; sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en cuanto a sobrevida libre de metástasis y sobrevida global entre ambos grupos, por lo que multifocalidad-multicentricidad no conferiría un peor pronóstico a la enfermedad.