RESUMO
Importance: Hypertension is highly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, and it is an important preventable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Understanding the economic benefits of a hypertension control program is valuable to decision-makers. Objective: To evaluate the long-term cost-effectiveness of a multicomponent hypertension management program compared with usual care among patients with hypertension receiving care in public clinics in Argentina from a health care system perspective. Design, Setting, and Participants: This economic evaluation used a Markov model to estimate the cost-effectiveness of a hypertension management program among adult patients with uncontrolled hypertension in a low-income setting. Patient-level data (743 individuals for multicomponent intervention; 689 for usual care) from the Hypertension Control Program in Argentina trial (HCPIA) were used to estimate treatment effects and the risk of CVD. Three health states were included in each strategy: (1) low risk of CVD, (2) high risk of CVD, and (3) death. The total time horizon was the lifetime, and each cycle lasted 6 months. Main Outcomes and Measures: Model inputs were based on trial data and other published sources. Cost and utilities were discounted at a rate of 5% annually. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) between the multicomponent intervention and usual care was calculated using the difference in costs in 2017 international dollars (INT $) divided by the difference in effectiveness in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). One-way sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were performed to assess the uncertainty and robustness of the results. Results: In the original trial, the 743 participants in the intervention group (349 [47.0%] men) had a mean (SD) age of 56.2 (12.0) years, and the 689 participants in the control group (311 [45.1%] men) had a mean (SD) age of 56.2 (11.7) years. In the base-case analysis, the HCPIA program yielded 8.42 discounted QALYs and accrued INT $3096 discounted costs, while usual care yielded 8.29 discounted QALYs and accrued INT $2473 discounted costs. The ICER for the HCPIA program was INT $4907/QALY gained. The model results remained robust in sensitivity analyses, and the model was most sensitive to parameters of program costs. Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, the HCPIA multicomponent intervention vs usual care was a cost-effective strategy to improve hypertension management and reduce the risk of associated CVD among patients with hypertension who received services at public clinics in Argentina. This intervention program is likely transferable to other settings in Argentina or other lower- and middle-income countries.
Assuntos
Promoção da Saúde/economia , Hipertensão/terapia , Argentina , Análise Custo-Benefício , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/economia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Econômicos , Pobreza , Anos de Vida Ajustados por Qualidade de Vida , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN : El cáncer de colon y recto (CCR) es la tercera neoplasia más frecuente y la cuarta causa de muerte por cáncer a nivel mundial. En Argentina es la segunda neoplasia maligna más frecuente, con el 11,8% de los casos. El objetivo del informe fue evaluar la evidencia sobre la eficacia de intervenciones efectuadas en el ámbito laboral para incrementar el rastreo de CCR. MÉTODOS : Se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos bibliográficas, buscadores genéricos de Internet y sitios ministeriales de salud y educación nacionales. RESULTADOS : Se incluyeron dos estudios clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) por conglomerados, un ECA, cinco estudios de implementación sin grupo control, reportes de programas y guías de prácticas clínicas de rastreo del CCR desarrollados en países de América y una guía europea. Las intervenciones en el ámbito laboral son eficaces para aumentar la tasa de rastreo. La entrega de kits para test de sangre oculta en materia fecal (TSOMF) fue la intervención más utilizada, seguida por distribución de información y sesiones educativas. Se vio mayor eficacia de las intervenciones en quienes contaban con historia familiar de CCR o recibían información sobre el riesgo individual de desarrollar la enfermedad. Los encuentros educativos en ámbitos laborales son un entorno aceptable para difundir información y distribuir kits para TSOMF. DISCUSIÓN : Un abordaje compuesto por intervenciones en el ámbito laboral podría incrementar la tasa de rastreo de CCR en la población general.
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION : Colorectal cáncer (CRC) is the thirdmost frequent neoplasm and the fourth cause of death from cáncer worldwide. In Argentina it is the second most frequent malignancy, with 11.8% of the cases. The objective of the study was to assess the evidence on the effectiveness of workplace interventions aimed at increasing the screening rate of CRC. METHODS : A search was conducted in bibliographic databases, generic Internet search engines, and national health and education ministry websites. RESULTS : Two cluster randomized clinical trials (RCTs), one RCT, five non-control group implementation studies, program reports and clinical practice guidelines for CRC screening developed in American countries as well as a European guideline were included. Workplace interventions are effective for increasing the rate of screening. The delivery of faecal occult blood test (FOBT) kits was the most frequently usedintervention, followed by information distribution and educational meetings. Interventions were more effective in those who had a family history of CRC or who were informed of the individual risk of developing the disease. Educational meetings in the workplace are an acceptable environment for disseminating information and distributing FOBT kits. DISCUSSION : An approach consisting of workplace interventions could increase the rate of CRC screening in the general population.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Around 6% of total deaths are related to alcohol consumption worldwide. Mathematical models are important tools to estimate disease burden and to assess the cost-effectiveness of interventions to address this burden. METHODS: We carried out a systematic review on models, searching main health literature databases up to July 2017. Pairs of reviewers independently selected, extracted data and assessed the quality of the included studies. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus. We selected those models exploring: a) disease burden (main metrics being attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life years, quality-adjusted life years) or b) economic evaluations of health interventions or policies, based on models including the aforementioned outcomes. We grouped models into broad families according to their common central methodological approach. RESULTS: Out of 4295 reports identified, 63 met our inclusion criteria and were categorized in three main model families that were described in detail: 1) State transition -i.e Markov- models, 2) Life Table-based models and 3) Attributable fraction-based models. Most studies pertained to the latter one (n = 29, 48.3%). A few miscellaneous models could not be framed into these families. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings can be useful for future researchers and decision makers planning to undertake alcohol-related disease burden or cost-effectiveness studies. We found several different families of models. Countries interested in adopting relevant public health measures may choose or adapt the one deemed most convenient, based on the availability of existing data at the local level, burden of work, and public health and economic outcomes of interest.
