Screening Tool to Determine Risk of Having Muscle Dysmorphia Symptoms in Men Who Engage in Weight Training at a Gym.

OBJECTIVE: Although 2 screening tests exist for having a high risk of muscle dysmorphia (MD) symptoms, they both require a long time to apply. Accordingly, we proposed the construction, validation, and implementation of such a test in a mobile application using easy-to-measure factors associated with MD. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study. SETTING: Gyms in Alicante (Spain) during 2013 to 2014. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred forty-one men who engaged in weight training. ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS: The variables are as follows: age, educational level, income, buys own food, physical activity per week, daily meals, importance of nutrition, special nutrition, guilt about dietary nonadherence, supplements, and body mass index (BMI). A points system was constructed through a binary logistic regression model to predict a high risk of MD symptoms by testing all possible combinations of secondary variables (5035). The system was validated using bootstrapping and implemented in a mobile application. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: High risk of having MD symptoms (Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale). RESULTS: Of the 141 participants, 45 had a high risk of MD symptoms [31.9%, 95% confidence interval (CI), 24.2%-39.6%]. The logistic regression model combination providing the largest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.76) included the following: age [odds ratio (OR) = 0.90; 95% CI, 0.84-0.97, P = 0.007], guilt about dietary nonadherence (OR = 2.46; 95% CI, 1.06-5.73, P = 0.037), energy supplements (OR = 3.60; 95% CI, 1.54-8.44, P = 0.003), and BMI (OR = 1.33, 95% CI, 1.12-1.57, P < 0.001). The points system was validated through 1000 bootstrap samples. CONCLUSIONS: A quick, easy-to-use, 4-factor test that could serve as a screening tool for a high risk of MD symptoms has been constructed, validated, and implemented in a mobile application.

Diagnostic inertia in obesity and the impact on cardiovascular risk in primary care: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Prevalence of diagnostic inertia (DI), defined as a failure to diagnose disease, has not been analysed in patients with obesity. AIM: To quantify DI for cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in patients with obesity, and determine its association with the cardiovascular risk score. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study of people ≥40 years attending a preventive programme in primary healthcare centres in Spain in 2003-2004. METHOD: All patients with obesity attending during the first 6 months of the preventive programme were analysed. Participants had to be free of CVD (myocardial ischaemia or stroke) and aged 40-65 years; the criteria used to measure SCORE (Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation). Three subgroups of patients with obesity with no personal history of CVRF but with poor control of risk factors were established. Outcome variable was DI, defined as poor control of risk factors and no action taken by the physician. Secondary variables were diabetes, fasting blood glucose (FBG), body mass index (BMI), and SCORE. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) was determined using multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: Of 8687 patients with obesity in the programme, 6230 fulfilled SCORE criteria. Prevalence of DI in the three subgroups was: hypertension, 1275/1816 (70.2%) patients affected (95% CI = 68.1 to 72.3%); diabetes, 335/359 (93.3%) patients affected (95% CI = 90.7 to 95.9%); dyslipidaemia subgroup, 1796/3341 (53.8%) patients affected (95% CI = 52.1 to 55.4%. Factors associated with DI for each subgroup were: for hypertension, absence of diabetes, higher BMI, and greater cardiovascular risk; for dyslipidaemia, diabetes, higher BMI, and greater cardiovascular risk (SCORE); and for diabetes, lower FBG levels, lower BMI, and greater cardiovascular risk. CONCLUSION: This study quantified DI in patients with obesity and determined that it was associated with a greater cardiovascular risk.

Anti-adipogenic activity of an olive seed extract in mouse fibroblasts.

UNLABELLED: The administration of different polyphenols protects against increased body weight and fat accumulation. The aim of the study was to determine the anti-adipogenic activity of an olive-seed polyphenolic extract, by means of mouse fibroblast cell line 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cells were incubated and differentiated (6000 cells/cup) in the presence of olive-seed extract at 10 and 50 mg/l biosecure concentrations of polyphenols, and with no extract in the control sample. After 5 to 7 days mature adipocytes are formed. The fat clusters are quantified by means of red-oil staining, 490 nm absorbance, and the expression of the leptin and PPARg genes, and then compared to the values obtained in the cultures before and after adipocyte differentiation. RESULTS: The control samples, with no extract, presented an accumulation of fat of 100%. By contrast, the addition of 50 mg/l of olive-seed extract polyphenols resulted in a 50% accumulation of fat, similar to that of the non-differentiated cells. A 10 mg/l extract concentration had no effect. Anti-adipogenic activity is thus confirmed, as the expression of the PPARg and leptin genes is reduced in adipocyte differentiation in the presence of extract at 50 mg/l. In conclusion, both the formation of fatty substances characteristic of adipogenesis, and the expression of the adipogenic PPARg and leptin genes are found to be inhibited by the prior addition of olive-seed extract polyphenols at a 50 mg/l concentration.

La administración de diferentes polifenoles protege contra el incremento de peso y la acumulación de grasa. Objetivo: comprobar la actividad anti-adipogénica de un extracto polifenólico de huesos de aceituna, utilizando la diferenciación a adipocitos de la línea celular 3T3-L1 de fibroblastos de ratón. Material y métodos: se cultivan y diferencian las células (6.000 células/pocillo) en presencia del extracto de huesos de aceitunas a 10 y 50 mg/l de polifenoles, concentraciones bioseguras, y sin extracto como control. A los 5-7 días se forman los adipocitos maduros. Se cuantifican los cúmulos de grasa formados mediante tinción con Oil- Red y medida de la absorbancia a 490 nm y la expresión de los genes de leptina y PPARg, relacionándolos con los valores en los cultivos antes y después de diferenciarse a adipocitos. Resultados: las muestras control, sin extracto, se consideran el 100% de acumulación de grasas. En contraste, la adición de 50 mg/l de extracto de polifenoles de huesos de aceituna muestra un cúmulo de grasa de alrededor del 50%, semejante a las células no diferenciadas. Con 10 mg/l de extracto no se muestra efecto. Se confirma la actividad antiadipogénica, observándose disminución en la expresión de los genes PPARg y de leptina en la diferenciación a adipocitos en presencia del extracto a 50 mg/l. En conclusión, la formación de los cuerpos grasos característicos de la adipogénesis queda inhibida previa adición de 50 mg/l de polifenoles de extracto de huesos de aceituna, así como la expresión de los genes adipogénicos PPARg y de leptina.

Anti-adipogenic activity of an olive seed extract in mouse fibroblasts / Actividad anti-adipogénica de un extracto de huesos de aceituna en fibroblastos de ratón

The administration of different polyphenols protects against increased body weight and fat accumulation. The aim of the study was to determine the anti-adipogenic activity of an olive-seed polyphenolic extract, by means of mouse fibroblast cell line 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation. Material and methods: cells were incubated and differentiated (6000 cells/cup) in the presence of olive-seed extract at 10 and 50 mg/l biosecure concentrations of polyphenols, and with no extract in the control sample. After 5 to 7 days mature adipocytes are formed. The fat clusters are quantified by means of red-oil staining, 490 nm absorbance, and the expression of the leptin and PPARg genes, and then compared to the values obtained in the cultures before and after adipocyte differentiation. Results: the control samples, with no extract, presented an accumulation of fat of 100%. By contrast, the addition of 50 mg/l of olive-seed extract polyphenols resulted in a 50% accumulation of fat, similar to that of the non-differentiated cells. A 10 mg/l extract concentration had no effect. Anti-adipogenic activity is thus confirmed, as the expression of the PPARg and leptin genes is reduced in adipocyte differentiation in the presence of extract at 50 mg/l. In conclusion, both the formation of fatty substances characteristic of adipogenesis, and the expression of the adipogenic PPARg and leptin genes are found to be inhibited by the prior addition of olive-seed extract polyphenols at a 50 mg/l concentration (AU)

La administración de diferentes polifenoles protege contra el incremento de peso y la acumulación de grasa. Objetivo: comprobar la actividad anti-adipogénica de un extracto polifenólico de huesos de aceituna, utilizando la diferenciación a adipocitos de la línea celular 3T3-L1 de fibroblastos de ratón. Material y métodos: se cultivan y diferencian las células (6.000 células/pocillo) en presencia del extracto de huesos de aceitunas a 10 y 50 mg/l de polifenoles, concentraciones bioseguras, y sin extracto como control. A los 5-7 días se forman los adipocitos maduros. Se cuantifican los cúmulos de grasa formados mediante tinción con OilRed y medida de la absorbancia a 490 nm y la expresión de los genes de leptina y PPARg, relacionándolos con los valores en los cultivos antes y después de diferenciarse a adipocitos. Resultados: las muestras control, sin extracto, se consideran el 100% de acumulación de grasas. En contraste, la adición de 50 mg/l de extracto de polifenoles de huesos de aceituna muestra un cúmulo de grasa de alrededor del 50%, semejante a las células no diferenciadas. Con 10 mg/l de extracto no se muestra efecto. Se confirma la actividad antiadipogénica, observándose disminución en la expresión de los genes PPARg y de leptina en la diferenciación a adipocitos en presencia del extracto a 50 mg/l. En conclusión, la formación de los cuerpos grasos característicos de la adipogénesis queda inhibida previa adición de 50 mg/l de polifenoles de extracto de huesos de aceituna, así como la expresión de los genes adipogénicos PPARg y de leptina (AU)

[Obesity and metabolic syndrome in adolescents]. / Obesidad y síndrome metabólico en adolescentes.

In spite of the lack of a uniform definition for metabolic syndrome in pediatry, recent studies have shown that it develops during childhood and is highly prevalent among children and adolescents who suffer from obesity. In light of the current epidemic of obesity in this age category in western countries, and specifically in Mexico, it becomes essential to know the means to prevent, detect and treat this syndrome. Nurses play an important role in promoting childhood health with regards to metabolic syndrome. To put into practice the strategies which resolve underlying problems related with this syndrome is a priority for the well-being of this age group. These strategies should include the application and management of public policies; the collaboration by health services, social services and schools; but, furthermore, the prevention and the management of this syndrome require a family commitment, while the changes in living habits benefit the entire family. This review article proposes to introduce prevention, diagnostic and treatment strategies which nursing personnel can carry out while dealing with metabolic syndrome in adolescents.

Obesidad y síndrome metabólico en adolescentes / Obesity and metabolic syndrome in adolescents

A pesar de la falta de una definición uniforme del Síndrome Metabólico (SM) en pediatría, estudios recientes han demostrado que se desarrolla durante la niñez y es altamente prevalente entre los niños y adolescentes con obesidad. En vista de la actual epidemia de obesidad en esta franja etaria en los países occidentales, y en concreto en México, es de suma importancia conocer las directrices de prevención, detección y tratamiento. La enfermera tiene un rol importante en la promoción de la salud infantil en el síndrome metabólico, poner en práctica las estrategias que resuelvan problemas de las causas subyacentes relacionados con él es una prioridad para el bienestar de esta población. Las estrategias deben incluir aplicación y gestión de políticas públicas, colaboración de los servicios sanitarios, sociales y escuelas pero, más aún, la prevención y el manejo del síndrome constituyen una cuestión de la familia, y los cambios de la forma de vida beneficiarán a toda ella. El presente trabajo de revisión tiene como propósito dar a conocer las estrategias de prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento que puede realizar el personal de enfermería en relación al síndrome metabólico en los adolescentes(AU)

In spite of the lack of a uniform definition for metabolic syndrome in pediatry, recent studies have shown that it develops during childhood and is highly prevalent among children and adolescents who suffer from obesity. In light of the current epidemic of obesity in this age category in western countries, and specifically in Mexico, it becomes essential to know the means to prevent, detect and treat this syndrome. Nurses play an important role in promoting childhood health with regards to metabolic syndrome. To put into practice the strategies which resolve underlying problems related with this syndrome is a priority for the well-being of this age group. These strategies should include the application and management of public policies; the collaboration by health services, social services and schools; but, furthermore, the prevention and the management of this syndrome require a family commitment, while the changes in living habits benefit the entire family. This review article proposes to introduce prevention, diagnostic and treatment strategies which nursing personnel can carry out while dealing with metabolic syndrome in adolescents(AU)