On the Biochemistry and Biophysics of Living Cell Formation.

A description is given of a sequence of events which would have led to the appearance of the organic compounds and living cells present on Earth, one of which is human cells. The evolutionary events involved are proposed as having taken place in phosphate ion-dominated aqueous pools formed in regions associated with volcanoes. The mechanism involved the unique molecular structure variations and chemical properties of polyphosphoric acid and compounds of this acid producing urea as the first organic compound formed on Earth and derivatives of urea giving rise to DNA and RNA. The occurrence of the process in present times is considered possible.

A hypothesis of bone joint defects.

The work presented proposes origins of the extensive range of observations concerning changes in bone joints associated with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and arthritis urica. These changes are shown to originate with alterations of cell reactions involving four basic cell biochemicals. The proposals allow explanations of, for example, the link between rheumatoid arthritis and anaemia. It is also shown that performic acid is a presently unrecognised cause of degradation of tissue in bone joints. Suggestions are made as to means of control of these changes.

Human body cell membranes and antigen control.

The variables involved in the initiation and operation of the human immune system are considered. It is shown that the number of variations associated with disease and other detrimental conditions exceeds the number of lymphocyte cells available for control of these conditions. It is proposed that the immune system functions by changes in the ionic strength of metabolic fluids which in turn control the formation and stability of cell membranes. The application of these conditions to the control of bacterial, virus particle and other antigens is detailed. Observations supporting the proposals are presented.

Familywise error control in multi-armed response-adaptive trials.

Response-adaptive designs allow the randomization probabilities to change during the course of a trial based on cumulated response data so that a greater proportion of patients can be allocated to the better performing treatments. A major concern over the use of response-adaptive designs in practice, particularly from a regulatory viewpoint, is controlling the type I error rate. In particular, we show that the naïve z-test can have an inflated type I error rate even after applying a Bonferroni correction. Simulation studies have often been used to demonstrate error control but do not provide a guarantee. In this article, we present adaptive testing procedures for normally distributed outcomes that ensure strong familywise error control by iteratively applying the conditional invariance principle. Our approach can be used for fully sequential and block randomized trials and for a large class of adaptive randomization rules found in the literature. We show there is a high price to pay in terms of power to guarantee familywise error control for randomization schemes with extreme allocation probabilities. However, for proposed Bayesian adaptive randomization schemes in the literature, our adaptive tests maintain or increase the power of the trial compared to the z-test. We illustrate our method using a three-armed trial in primary hypercholesterolemia.

Metabolic iodine and tumours.

PURPOSE: Purpose of the work is to highlight a possible connection between metabolic iodine and natural tumour control. METHOD: Method adopted is to use information available in the literature. RESULT: Result indicated a means of the purpose being attained. CONCLUSION: Conclusion drawn is that a tumour control method derives from the relationship studied.

Proposed biochemistry of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.

The formation of brain compounds linked to Parkinson's and Alzheimer's brain diseases are described. Metabolic mechanisms involved in the control of reacting biochemicals are detailed. Relationships are established between the biochemical reactions, biochemical control mechanisms and the onset of Parkinson's, Alzheimer's. Treatments based on these relationships are proposed.

Origin and activities of human lentivirus particles.

It is proposed that human immunodeficiency lentivirus particles (HIV) are of ancient origin and have existed at a low level for centuries. The recent increase in the extent and effects of this lentivirus have occurred principally from change in the saccharide component of the human diet. This increased greatly the supply of oxalic acid required to produce the uracil component of lentivirus RN.

The development of tumor cell characteristics.

The origins of the characteristics associated with cells from both benign and malignant (cancer) tumors are proposed. It is shown that these deviant cells can originate as the result of the failure of the normal biochemical control of the formation of DNA and RNA. This change in characteristics is proposed as occurring in regions of metabolism where fluid movement is altered becoming restricted and giving rise to both physical and chemical changes in the associated cells. Treatment of cancerous cells based on the compounds with properties related to the cellular compounds involved in the control of nucleic acids is proposed.

Percussion circuits and brain function--a hypothesis.

It is proposed that percussion reactions take place in cells of the sensory organs and the brain. The percussion pulses produced by such reactions are the basis of the recording of information and images generated by the five sensory organs. Also proposed and described are the mechanisms by which this information and these images can be recalled for use in the present time.

Biochemical and biomedical aspects of metabolic imidazoles.

The imidazole structure is involved in the formation of several compounds in the human metabolism including methyl imidazole, imidazole acetic acid, histidine, histamine, carnosine and homocarnosine. A number of these compounds are widely distributed metabolites such as histamine which is present in basophil and mast cells as well as being present in muscle and brain cells. This work advances detailed proposals on the metabolic chemical reactions which produce and decompose the compounds. The activity of these compounds in detrimental allergic medical conditions is discussed and the origin of the medical observations of the imidazole based medical compound known as cimetidine is discussed.

The physical chemistry of brain and neural cell membranes: an overview.

The formation of cell membranes through the physical-chemical interaction of two hydrophilic colloidal fluids is applied to the formation of the membranes of brain and neural cells. Also described is the membrane mechanism of transfer of ions and compounds necessary for brain and neural cell functions into the cerebrospinal fluid through the blood-brain barrier. Changes in the cerebrospinal fluid giving rise to degradation of brain and neural cells and the formation of precipitates within the brain are considered. Monitoring of electrolyte changes in metabolic fluids is shown to be a possible method of predicting the onset of degenerate brain conditions.

The chemical reactions in the human stomach and the relationship to metabolic disorders.

Acid hydrolysis of components from the diet in the stomach require the presence of an acid and a hydrolysing agent. The acid involved is hydrochloric acid. The present mechanism of hydrochloric acid production in the stomach is demonstrated to be incompatible with measured intracellular or intercellular concentrations of the relevant ions. An alternative set of chemical reactions whereby hydrochloric acid is formed in the stomach is presented. The hydrolysing agent is identified and a mechanism of transfer of chemical compounds into the metabolism is described. The hypothesis demonstrates that some of chemical compounds produced in the stomach can induce conditions such as asthma and that the conditions of osteoporosis and hemochromatosis can be linked to the function of the stomach. Possible treatments for these and other conditions such as stomach acidity and anaemia are proposed.

Limitations on the cloning of humans and other mammals.

The nature of clones is discussed along with the origin and principles of the concept that human and other mammalian clones can be produced. The physical and chemical properties of living cells are described and it is shown these properties place severe limitations on attempts to bring human and mammalian clones into being. The observed result of such attempts that a large number of distorted and aborted foetii have been produced is demonstrated to have been predictable. Offspring produced by such attempts cannot be classified under any of the normal classifications of human relationships e.g. son, daughter, brother, sister or twin and that such offspring are entirely unnatural and likely to be metabolically unstable. It is concluded that the cloning of humans and other mammals is difficult, certainly dangerous and perhaps impossible.

Cellular formation of DNA and RNA and the relationship to tumour cell development.

A hypothesis concerning the mode of formation of the components of DNA and RNA in living cells is described. This is based on the reversible hydration and dehydration of polyphosphoric acids in the cell. It is shown that formation of DNA in the cell directs reacting chemicals from the outer membrane of the cell towards the centre leading to the conclusion that all cells operate in the same manner. Cell products are therefore a function of the nature and concentration of chemicals in the source of supply. The origin of tumour cells is proposed as the formation of distorted nuclei. Suggestions are advanced as to means of correcting this situation.

The relationship of physical and chemical processes in bone and blood formation.

An hypothesis is presented describing the relationship between the chemical and physical processes involved in the formation bone and blood. It is also advanced that blood cells are normal cells which have been disrupted by these processes and are therefore unstable and subject to disintegration. On the basis of the hypothesis conclusions are drawn concerning the connections between bone and blood formation and particular medical conditions. Possible means of relieving these conditions are advanced.

The percussion reactions involved in brain function.

A hypothesis is presented describing the operation of mammalian brains on the basis of rapid percussion chemical reactions and shock waves generated by such reactions. It is shown that the products of these are various chemical compounds identified as present in the brain. The manner in which the brain deals with various external optical, sonic pressure, and chemical phenomena is described. The origin and possible relief of disabling conditions related to brain action are discussed on the basis of the hypothesis.