RESUMO
Progressive improvements in antihypertensive drug therapy over the past four decades have provided clear benefits in limiting cardiovascular complications. Unfortunately, and largely inexplicably, the inclusion in meta-analyses of defective trials plus the employment of inappropriate diagnostic criteria for adverse coronary events have led to spurious, exaggerated claims for the advantages of such treatment. The consequence has been a devaluation of the very real worth of prophylactic drug therapy for hypertension.
Assuntos
Anti-Hipertensivos , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/métodos , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Hipertensão , Metanálise como Assunto , Idoso , Anti-Hipertensivos/efeitos adversos , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/normas , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/complicações , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/mortalidade , Masculino , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesAssuntos
Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/fisiologia , Adenoma Adrenocortical/tratamento farmacológico , Adenoma Adrenocortical/etiologia , Adenoma Adrenocortical/fisiopatologia , Anti-Hipertensivos/farmacologia , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão Renal/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão Renal/etiologia , Masculino , GravidezRESUMO
Antihypertensive drug treatment trials and meta-analyses thereof have been reviewed. Disturbing inaccuracies and inconsistencies have been exposed. Some commentators have excluded certain trials from consideration for explicit reasons on one occasion, and then unaccountably relaxed their rigor subsequently. Most problematic and notorious have been the varied evaluations of the large American HDFP study, which compared patients allocated to two quite different health care systems, addressed multiple risk factors additional to hypertension, and employed very questionable definitions of nonfatal coronary events. Data from this large and pervasive study especially have polluted several meta-analyses and treatment guidelines. There have been several exaggerated claims of benefit concerning coronary artery disease and all-cause mortality.
Assuntos
Anti-Hipertensivos , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/métodos , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Anti-Hipertensivos/classificação , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/mortalidade , Masculino , Metanálise como Assunto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Progress in the treatment of hypertension over the past 50 years is reviewed. While achievements have been considerable, they have sometimes been exaggerated by uncritical analyses and meta-analyses of trials. Data of the large but seriously flawed American HDFP study especially have distorted appreciation of therapeutic benefits.
Assuntos
Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Dieta Hipossódica , Hipertensão/terapia , Psicoterapia/métodos , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Humanos , Metanálise como Assunto , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Nebivolol was compared in a dose of 5 mg once daily with enalapril 10 mg once daily over 7 months in a double-blind randomised trial in essential hypertension. The two drugs had very similar sustained effects in lowering both systolic and diastolic pressures; neither had an orthostatic component. Both drugs were well-tolerated. No haematological, biochemical, or urinary abnormalities were seen.
Assuntos
Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/uso terapêutico , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/uso terapêutico , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Benzopiranos/uso terapêutico , Enalapril/uso terapêutico , Etanolaminas/uso terapêutico , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Idoso , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/administração & dosagem , Anti-Hipertensivos/administração & dosagem , Benzopiranos/administração & dosagem , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Peso Corporal , Método Duplo-Cego , Eletrocardiografia/efeitos dos fármacos , Enalapril/administração & dosagem , Etanolaminas/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipotensão Ortostática/prevenção & controle , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nebivolol , Satisfação do Paciente , PlacebosRESUMO
A double-blind, randomised, parallel-group trial was conducted in patients with essential hypertension in British general practices, of nebivolol 5 mg, atenolol 50 mg, and placebo each given once daily. Both active drugs, in comparison with placebo, caused highly significant and similar reductions in systolic and diastolic pressures without orthostatic effect, and small significant falls in heart rate. Both active drugs were well tolerated, nebivolol marginally more so. Nebivolol, a long-acting, cardioselective, vasodilating beta-blocker which acts partly via the l-arginine/nitric oxide mechanism, appears potentially valuable for the treatment of hypertension.
Assuntos
Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/uso terapêutico , Atenolol/uso terapêutico , Benzopiranos/uso terapêutico , Etanolaminas/uso terapêutico , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Atenolol/efeitos adversos , Benzopiranos/efeitos adversos , Método Duplo-Cego , Etanolaminas/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , NebivololRESUMO
The efficacy and acceptability of 5 mg nebivolol once daily, a long-acting, vasodilating cardioselective beta blocker that additionally facilitates the L-arginine/nitric oxide system, was assessed in a double-blind, randomized trial in comparison with 20 mg nifedipine retard twice daily in patients with essential hypertension. At 2 weeks of treatment, nebivolol was significantly more effective. Thereafter, both drugs effectively and similarly lowered systolic and diastolic pressures without orthostatic effect. Nebivolol had a trough-to-peak antihypertensive effect ratio of 90%. Nifedipine gave the expected side effects of headache, flushing, and edema. Nebivolol was well tolerated. Nebivolol slightly but significantly lowered heart rate. Neither drug adversely affected plasma levels of lipids.
Assuntos
Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/uso terapêutico , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Benzopiranos/uso terapêutico , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Cálcio/uso terapêutico , Etanolaminas/uso terapêutico , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Nifedipino/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nebivolol , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
A double-blind placebo-controlled dose-response trial of nebivolol, a cardioselective beta-blocking drug which also induces endothelium-dependent dilatation via nitric oxide, has been performed. Nebivolol reduced blood pressure (BP) in a dose dependent way, and was shown to be effective given once daily, without appreciable differences between peak and trough drug levels. There was no postural component to the BP fall. There was no clear inferiority of efficacy in black patients. A single daily dose of 5 mg was appropriate, with no evident advantage at 10 mg. The drug was well tolerated, even at 10 mg daily. BP control was achieved largely in the absence of typical side effects of beta-blockade. The combination of properties of nebivolol renders it an attractive addition to the antihypertensive repertoire.
Assuntos
Anti-Hipertensivos/administração & dosagem , Benzopiranos/administração & dosagem , Etanolaminas/administração & dosagem , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Administração Oral , Adulto , Idoso , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , NebivololRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A wide range of drug classes, frequently including centrally acting agents, has been used in clinical trials in hypertension which have shown benefit. Although therapy has clearly limited the complications of hypertension, further improvement is needed, especially concerning coronary artery disease. PERSPECTIVES: Future interest therefore centres on drugs that do not worsen diabetes mellitus, do not cause dyslipidaemia, or induce potassium loss, while not provoking drowsiness, depression, other troublesome side-effects, or being associated with rebound hypertension when stopped. The centrally acting imidazoline agonists merit detailed study in this regard.
Assuntos
Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Anti-Hipertensivos/efeitos adversos , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Humanos , Receptores de Imidazolinas , Receptores de Droga/agonistas , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The efficacy and acceptability of nebivolol 5 mg and enalapril 10 mg, each given once daily, were compared in essential hypertension in a multicentre, randomised, double-blind trial over 3 months. For the index pre-declared variable, sitting diastolic pressure at trough drug level, nebivolol achieved greater falls in pressure (-12.3 vs -9.9 mmHg; P = 0.009) and a higher response rate (70% vs 55%; P = 0.002). The trough-to-peak sitting diastolic ratios also favoured nebivolol (84% vs 60%, P = 0.002). Nebivolol, but not enalapril, slightly but significantly lowered heart rate. Both drugs were well-tolerated, although enalapril was accompanied by a significantly higher incidence of coughing.