Prophylactic Uterine Artery Embolization in Placenta Accreta Spectrum-An Active Intervention to Reduce Morbidity and Promote Uterine Preservation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of early and proactive involvement of interventional radiology (IR) in the management of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) by performing the cesarean operation and prophylactic uterine artery embolization in the IR angiography suite as a combined procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of prophylactic uterine artery embolization prior to placental separation in cases of antenatally proven or suspected abnormal placentation. Over a 5-year period, 16 consecutive patients with PAS underwent combined IR and obstetric intervention. In all cases, cesarean delivery was performed in the IR angiography suite. Vascular access was obtained prior to surgery with balloon placement into both internal iliac arteries. These balloons were inflated after delivery, followed by uterine artery embolization (14 of 16) if there was evidence of active postpartum bleeding or inability to deliver the placenta. RESULTS: There was no fetal or maternal mortality and no significant IR or surgical adverse events. Mean blood loss was 1900 mL. Seven patients (44%) underwent hysterectomy. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with PAS, cesarean section in the angiography suite preceded by prophylactic balloon placement and followed by uterine artery embolization was feasible, safe, and effective in preventing massive blood loss, with a 56% uterine sparing rate.

Evaluation of a noise reduction imaging technology in iliac digital subtraction angiography: noninferior clinical image quality with lower patient and scatter dose.

PURPOSE: To determine whether equivalent-quality images can be obtained from digital subtraction angiography (DSA) of the iliac artery after implementation of a novel imaging technology that reduces patient and scatter x-ray dose. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Imaging using two randomly ordered DSA runs was performed in 51 adults scheduled for iliac artery angiography or intervention or both. One DSA run used standard acquisition chain and image processing algorithms (referred to as " reference DSA"), and the other DSA run used dose-reduction and real-time advanced image noise reduction technology (referred to as "study DSA"). The quality of each pair of runs, consecutively performed without changes in working projection or injection parameters, was independently rated by five radiologists blinded to the imaging technology used. Patient radiation dose was evaluated using air kerma and dose area product, and scatter dose was evaluated using three dosimeters (DoseAware, Philips Healthcare, Best, The Netherlands), located at fixed positions. RESULTS: Comparable image pairs were available in 48 patients. There were 44 patients undergoing treatment involving the common (n = 33) or external (n = 29) iliac arteries. Study DSA images were rated as equal to or better than reference DSA images for 96% of comparisons, with an average overall agreement among raters of 0.93 (95% confidence interval, 0.65-0.96). Mean patient radiation dose (n = 48) and scatter dose rate for the three dosimeters (n = 50) was 83% ± 5 and 69% ± 10 lower, respectively, using the study technology (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Iliac artery DSA performed using a dose-reduction and real-time advanced image noise reduction technology results in image quality that is noninferior to conventional DSA but with significantly lower patient and scatter radiation exposure (P < .001).

Long-term follow-up of treatment of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations with AMPLATZER Vascular Plug and AMPLATZER Vascular Plug II devices.

PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility, complications, and long-term success of embolization of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) with the AMPLATZER Vascular Plug and AMPLATZER Vascular Plug II. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 15 consecutive patients (19 embolization episodes) who had embolization of PAVMs between April 2004 and April 2009 with an AMPLATZER Vascular Plug or AMPLATZER Vascular Plug II. There were 4 men and 11 women, with a mean age of 56 years (range 24-74 years). A prospective database of all cases of PAVM embolization is kept in the department. Patient history, detailed procedural records, and clinical and radiological follow-up were reviewed. RESULTS: Among the 19 PAVMs, an AMPLATZER Vascular Plug was deployed in 11, and an AMPLATZER Vascular Plug II was deployed in 8. The technical success of the procedure was 100% for PAVM occlusion; 30-day mortality in the group was zero. Successful radiologic follow-up with the AMPLATZER Vascular Plug was a mean of 28 months (range 0-60 months) and with the AMPLATZER Vascular Plug II was a mean of 18 months (range 12-36 months). There was one recanalization of an AMPLATZER Vascular Plug 36 months after embolization giving an annual event rate of 0.03 recanalizations per AMPLATZER Vascular Plug or AMPLATZER Vascular Plug II per year. There were no major complications. Clinically, there was one (1 of 18 cases [5%]) immediate complication of chest pain that resolved in 24 hours with simple analgesia. There were no early or late clinical complications. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment of PAVM with either an AMPLATZER Vascular Plug or an AMPLATZER Vascular Plug II is safe and effective and associated with a low reintervention rate. Further follow-up is ongoing to ensure continued occlusion of treated PAVMs.

Three-year follow-up of fenestrated thoracoabdominal stent graft bridging an endovascular thoracic stent graft and a surgical abdominal aortic graft.

This case report describes repair of a type I endoleak at the distal landing zone of a thoracic aortic stent graft by endovascular placement of a thoracoabdominal fenestrated stent graft (Cook, Brisbane, Australia). The fenestrated stent graft was interposed between a previous abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) Gelsoft tube graft (Sulzer Vascutek Ltd, Inchinnan, United Kingdom) and two overlapping Zenith thoracic endografts (Cook Inc, Bloomington, Indiana). Placement was made more complex because the distal thoracic endograft had rotated into a horizontal position. At 3-year clinical and computed tomography (CT) follow-up, continued clinical and radiologic success was shown with no further intervention required.

Carotid stump syndrome: pathophysiology and endovascular treatment options.

Carotid stump syndrome is one of the recognised causes of recurrent ipsilateral cerebrovascular events after occlusion of the internal carotid artery. It is believed that microemboli arising from the stump of the occluded internal carotid artery or the ipsilateral external carotid artery can pass into the middle cerebral artery circulation as a result of patent external carotid-internal carotid anastomotic channels. Different pathophysiologic causes of this syndrome and endovascular options for treatment are discussed.

Long-term outcomes of low-dose catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy: a 5-year single-center experience.

PURPOSE: To determine immediate and long-term outcomes following catheter-directed intraarterial thrombolysis of occluded native arteries and infrainguinal vein grafts by using low-dose tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) in patients with lower limb ischemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred eleven intraarterial thrombolysis procedures were performed in 96 patients during the 2-year study period. Patient records were available for retrospective review in 85 thrombolytic procedures performed in 74 (77%) of the 96 patients. Forty-one native vessels (four iliac, 24 superficial/common femoral, and 13 popliteal/below-knee vessels), six iliac stents, and 38 infrainguinal vein grafts were treated by using a low-dose (0.5 mg/h recombinant tPA) catheter-directed thrombolytic regimen. Procedural success was based on angiographic and clinical outcomes, and the need for further reconstructive surgery or amputation was documented. RESULTS: Intraarterial thrombolysis was successful in 76%, was partially successful in 11%, and failed in 13%. Adjunctive angioplasty was performed in 33 of 55 patients (60%) with successful lysis, and immediate reconstructive surgery was required in five patients. There was one episode of puncture site bleeding and one gastrointestinal hemorrhage but no procedure-related deaths at 30 days. After a median follow-up of 6.5 years, 30 of the 55 patients (55%) who underwent successful thrombolysis required no further surgical intervention; however, further surgery was required in 45% of patients after a mean interval of 301 days (range, 2-1,344 days), including 10 (18%) amputations (six major and four minor). CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose intraarterial thrombolysis is safe and effective, delaying and dramatically reducing the need for surgical intervention in lower limb ischemia due to native vessel or infrainguinal graft occlusion.

Popliteal venous aneurysm: a rare cause of recurrent pulmonary emboli and limb swelling.

Popliteal venous aneurysm is a rare cause of recurrent pulmonary embolism, although the true incidence of aneurysm is probably underestimated. One-third of patients suffer further embolic events despite therapeutic anticoagulation. We report the case of a 59-year-old male who presented with recurrent PEs over a period of 12 years despite anticoagulation therapy. A thrombophilia screen and abdominal ultrasound were normal at that time. He reattended with recurrent pulmonary emboli, left calf swelling, and a mass in his left popliteal fossa causing limitation of knee movement. Venous duplex and MRI of his popliteal fossa demonstrated a thrombosed true popliteal venous aneurysm with popliteal and superficial femoral vein occlusion. In view of the mass effect we proceeded to surgical excision of his aneurysm after prophylactic placement of an IVC filter. The patient regained normal knee function with intensive inpatient physiotherapy. He has been recommenced on lifelong anticoagulant. The presentation, investigation, and management of the condition are briefly discussed. We suggest that a bilateral lower limb duplex is performed to exclude venous aneurysm in all patients presenting with pulmonary embolism in which an underlying source cannot otherwise be identified and no thrombophilic tendency is detected.