Physical activity, sedentary behaviour and screen time among youths with Down syndrome during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19-related restrictions hampered habitual physical activity (PA), particularly affecting the more vulnerable, such as people with Down syndrome (DS). The study aimed to investigate changes in PA, sedentary behaviour (SB) and screen time (ST) of youths with DS, before, during and after the restrictions, also in relation to parental PA levels. METHODS: A cross-sectional design with a retrospective assessment of variables for the before and during restrictions periods was adopted. Parents of youths with DS completed an online questionnaire. Sociodemographic aspects, weekly PA levels and youths' daily SB and ST were investigated, referring to three time-points: before the pandemic, during the restrictions and the restrictions-easing phase. RESULTS: A total of 57 parents voluntarily participated in the study, proxy-reporting on their child (male = 41, female = 16, age = 21.4 ± 7.7 years). A repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance showed negative effects of restrictions (P < 0.05) on PA levels, SB and ST, independently from sociodemographic characteristics. In the restrictions-easing phase, PA levels did not return to before the pandemic values (P < 0.05). A positive correlation between parents and their child's PA was detected before the pandemic (r = 0.38; P < 0.01), no longer reported in the restrictions-easing phase. CONCLUSIONS: The findings showed the negative impact of restrictions on youths with DS lifestyle. Moreover, the importance of addressing the needs of the disabled community including the whole family is highlighted.

Physical Exercise for Late-Life Major Depression.

(Reprinted with permission from Br J Psychiatry 2005; 207: 235-242).

Telomere length elongation after weight loss intervention in obese adults.

INTRODUCTION: Telomeres may be considered markers of biological aging, shorter telomere length is associated with some age-related diseases; in several studies short telomere length has also been associated to obesity in adults and adolescents. However the relationship between telomere complex functions and obesity is still not clear. Aim of the study was to assess telomere length (TL) in adults' obese subjects before and after weight loss obtained by placement of bioenteric intragastric balloon (BIB) for 6months. METHODS: We enrolled 42 obese subjects before and after BIB placement as weight loss intervention. Blood samples were collected in order to obtain DNA from leukocyte to measure TL by quantitative PCR. RESULTS: Data were analyzed only in 37 subjects with complete data; all presented important body weight loss (124.06±26.7 vs 105.40±23.14, p<0.001) and more interesting they presented a significant increase in TL (3.58±0.83 vs 5.61±3.29, p<0.001). Moreover we observed a significant positive correlation between TL elongation and weight loss (r=0.44, p=0.007) as well as an inverse correlation between TL at baseline and TL elongation (r=-0.35, p=0.03).The predictors of TL elongation were once again weight loss and short TL at baseline (respectively p=0.007 and p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that weight loss is associated to telomere lengthening in a positive correlation: the greater weight loss the greater telomere lengthening; moreover telomere lengthening is more significant in those subjects with shortest telomeres at baseline.

Maternal creatine supplementation affects the morpho-functional development of hippocampal neurons in rat offspring.

Creatine supplementation has been shown to protect neurons from oxidative damage due to its antioxidant and ergogenic functions. These features have led to the hypothesis of creatine supplementation use during pregnancy as prophylactic treatment to prevent CNS damage, such as hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Unfortunately, very little is known on the effects of creatine supplementation during neuron differentiation, while in vitro studies revealed an influence on neuron excitability, leaving the possibility of creatine supplementation during the CNS development an open question. Using a multiple approach, we studied the hippocampal neuron morphological and functional development in neonatal rats born by dams supplemented with 1% creatine in drinking water during pregnancy. CA1 pyramidal neurons of supplemented newborn rats showed enhanced dendritic tree development, increased LTP maintenance, larger evoked-synaptic responses, and higher intrinsic excitability in comparison to controls. Moreover, a faster repolarizing phase of action potential with the appearance of a hyperpolarization were recorded in neurons of the creatine-treated group. Consistently, CA1 neurons of creatine exposed pups exhibited a higher maximum firing frequency than controls. In summary, we found that creatine supplementation during pregnancy positively affects morphological and electrophysiological development of CA1 neurons in offspring rats, increasing neuronal excitability. Altogether, these findings emphasize the need to evaluate the benefits and the safety of maternal intake of creatine in humans.

Physical exercise for late-life major depression.

BACKGROUND: Interventions including physical exercise may help improve the outcomes of late-life major depression, but few studies are available. AIMS: To investigate whether augmenting sertraline therapy with physical exercise leads to better outcomes of late-life major depression. METHOD: Primary care patients (465 years) with major depression were randomised to 24 weeks of higher-intensity, progressive aerobic exercise plus sertraline (S+PAE), lower-intensity, non-progressive exercise plus sertraline (S+NPE) and sertraline alone. The primary outcome was remission (a score of ≤10 on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression). RESULTS: A total of 121 patients were included. At study end, 45% of participants in the sertraline group, 73% of those in the S+NPE group and 81% of those in the S+PAE group achieved remission (P = 0.001). A shorter time to remission was observed in the S+PAE group than in the sertraline-only group. CONCLUSIONS: Physical exercise may be a safe and effective augmentation to antidepressant therapy in late-life major depression.

Narrow band imaging with magnification endoscopy for celiac disease: results from a prospective, single-center study.

In celiac disease (CD), the intestinal lesions can be patchy and partial villous atrophy may elude detection at standard endoscopy (SE). Narrow Band Imaging (NBI) system in combination with a magnifying endoscope (ME) is a simple tool able to obtain targeted biopsy specimens. The aim of the study was to assess the correlation between NBI-ME and histology in CD diagnosis and to compare diagnostic accuracy between NBI-ME and SE in detecting villous abnormalities in CD. Forty-four consecutive patients with suspected CD undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy have been prospectively evaluated. Utilizing both SE and NBI-ME, observed surface patterns were compared with histological results obtained from biopsy specimens using the k-Cohen agreement coefficient. NBI-ME identified partial villous atrophy in 12 patients in whom SE was normal, with sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 100%, 92.6%, and 95%, respectively. The overall agreement between NBI-ME and histology was significantly higher when compared with SE and histology (kappa score: 0.90 versus 0.46; P = 0.001) in diagnosing CD. NBI-ME could help identify partial mucosal atrophy in the routine endoscopic practice, potentially reducing the need for blind biopsies. NBI-ME was superior to SE and can reliably predict in vivo the villous changes of CD.

Schizotypal traits in adolescents: links to family history of psychosis and psychological distress.

OBJECTIVE: Studies in the general population report that unusual subjective experiences are relatively common. Such experiences have been conceptualized either as extreme personality traits or as vulnerability markers for psychosis, and often grouped under the expression "schizotypal experiences". This study investigates the heterogeneity of schizotypal traits using factor and latent class analysis. METHODS: One thousand and thirty-two adolescents were recruited for this study. Schizotypal experiences were assessed with the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE); psychological distress was assessed with the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Confirmatory Factorial Analysis (CFA) and Latent Class Analysis (LCA) were performed on the O-LIFE and on the association with the GHQ and demographic variables. RESULTS: CFA replicated the original 4-factor structure of the O-LIFE. Three latent classes (LC) of schizotypal features were identified: participants in LC1 (26% of the total sample) showed minimal level of item endorsement; LC2 accounted for 52% of the sample and showed overall higher item endorsement compared to LC1, especially for disorganization and positive signs of schizotypy, but not for negative affective items. LC3 (22%) showed an overall higher level of item endorsement across schizotypal dimensions, and positive association with psychological distress and family history of psychosis. DISCUSSION: Different latent class of schizotypal features can be empirically defined in adolescent community samples. The most extreme class is defined not only by a profile of higher positive replies to the items, but also by anhedonia, high psychological distress, and family history of psychosis. These findings can inform prevention research in schizophrenia.

A comprehensive meta-analysis of the risk of suicide in eating disorders.

OBJECTIVE: Past meta-analyses on suicide in eating disorders included few available studies. METHOD: PubMed/Medline search for papers including sample n ≥40 and follow-up ≥5 years: 40 studies on anorexia nervosa (AN), 16 studies on bulimia nervosa (BN), and three studies on binge eating disorder (BED) were included. RESULTS: Of 16,342 patients with AN, 245 suicides occurred over a mean follow-up of 11.1 years (suicide rate=0.124 per 100 person-years). Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was 31.0 (Poisson 95% CI=21.0-44.0); a clear decrease in suicide risk over time was observed in recent decades. Of 1768 patients with BN, four suicides occurred over a mean follow-up of 7.5 years (suicide rate=0.030 per 100 person-years): SMR was 7.5 (1.6-11.6). No suicide occurred among 246 patients with BED (mean follow-up=5.3 years). CONCLUSION: AN and BN share many risk factors for suicide: the factors causing lower suicide rates per person-year in BN compared to AN should be investigated.

210Po Log-normal distribution in human urines: survey from central Italy people.

The death in London of the former secret service agent Alexander Livtinenko on 23 November 2006 generally attracted the attention of the public to the rather unknown radionuclide (210)Po. This paper presents the results of a monitoring programme of (210)Po background levels in the urines of noncontaminated people living in Central Italy (near the Republic of S. Marino). The relationship between age, sex, years of smoking, number of cigarettes per day, and (210)Po concentration was also studied. The results indicated that the urinary (210)Po concentration follows a surprisingly perfect Log-normal distribution. Log (210)Po concentrations were positively correlated to age (p < 0.0001), number of daily smoked cigarettes (p = 0.006), and years of smoking (p = 0.021), and associated to sex (p = 0.019). Consequently, this study provides upper reference limits for each sub-group identified by significantly predictive variables.

Cognitive and cerebral hemodynamic impairment in scleroderma patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSES: Neurological involvement in systemic sclerosis is unusual despite the possible cerebral localization of vascular lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate cognitive performances and cerebral vasoreactivity in young scleroderma patients without any signs or symptoms of nervous system involvement. METHODS: Sixteen scleroderma patients and 16 sex- and age-matched healthy subjects without vascular risk factors were included. A neuropsychological assessment for the evaluation of different areas of cognition was performed. For an assessment of cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), each subject was submitted to hypercapnia with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography using the Breath-Holding Index (BHI). RESULTS: Patients had significantly lower adjusted mean levels of performance with respect to controls in the Modified Card Sorting Test (P < 0.001) and in the Trail Making Test Parts A and B (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05 respectively). Regarding CVR, BHI values were significantly lower in patients with respect to controls: 0.82 +/- 0.44 vs. 1.34 +/- 0.18, P < 0.0001. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show the presence of reduced performances of executive functions in scleroderma patients. The associated alteration of CVR in the absence of other apparent causes of cerebrovascular impairment suggests that cognitive problems may be related to an alteration in cerebral perfusion regulation specifically linked to the disease. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether cognitive changes may be positively influenced by treatments aimed to improve vessels functionality in scleroderma patients.

Postural trials: expertise in rhythmic gymnastics increases control in lateral directions.

The first aim of this paper was to investigate if expertise in rhythmic gymnastics influences postural performance even in an easy non-specific task such as bipedal posture. Rhythmic gymnastics is a unique female sport which encompasses aspects of both artistic gymnastics and ballet and includes the use of a small apparatus (rope, hoop, ball, clubs and ribbon). Most previous studies have shown that expertise achieved by artistic gymnasts and dancers improves postural steadiness only in the situations for which those athletes are trained. Literature has not yet compared rhythmic gymnasts to other athletes in terms of their postural strategies. Hence, the study presented herein tested a group of high level rhythmic gymnasts and a group of female university students, trained in other sports, in the bipedal posture under eyes open and closed conditions. A force platform was used to record body sway. (1) Distance from the centre of sway, (2) lateral and (3) antero-posterior displacements were analyzed in time and frequency domains. Comparing the two groups, it was found that rhythmic gymnasts had better strategies than students in simple postural tasks, especially in lateral directions and in the period from 0.05 to 2 s. The most interesting finding in this study is that rhythmic gymnastics training seems to have a direct effect on the ability to maintain bipedal posture, which may confirm the "transfer" hypothesis of rhythmic gymnastics expertise to bipedal postural sway, especially in medio-lateral displacements. This finding has never been reported in previous studies on artistic gymnasts and ballet dancers. Furthermore, the present study confirmed the visual dependence of all the athletes, irrespective of their disciplines, in their postural trials.

Low dose-intensity docetaxel in the treatment of pre-treated elderly patients with metastatic breast cancer.

We evaluated the efficacy and toxicity profile of single-agent docetaxel administered in daily clinical practice at low-dose regimen in 37 pre-treated elderly patients with metastatic breast cancer previously exposed to chemotherapy. Docetaxel was employed by physician's preference according to a weekly (8 patients, 25-30 mg/m2 every 7 days), bi-weekly (19 patients, 40-50 mg/m2 every 14 days), or tri-weekly (10 patients, 75-100 mg/m2 every 21-28 days) schedule. The median age of patients was 70 yrs, and most of them (84%) had a good PS; visceral metastases were found in 26 patients. Twenty-five patients were pre-treated by two or more chemotherapy lines. Anthracycline or anthracycline/paclitaxel therapy was previously employed in 25 patients (67%). Median delivered dose-intensity of docetaxel was 21 mg/m2/week (range 11-32), without significant differences between the regimens used. Thirty-three patients were evaluable for response. Eight (24%) patients had objective responses (2 complete and 6 partial) to docetaxel, with a median duration of response of 18 months; 14 (42%) patients had stable disease lasting more than 6 months (median 10 months). Median overall time to progression was 6 months. Median overall survival was 16 months, with 1- and 2-year survival rates of 64% and 34%, respectively. Grade 3/4 toxicities were rare: leucopenia in 18% of patients, neutropenia in 13%, emesis in 8%, diarrhea in 5%, and mucositis in 5%. Severe fatigue was recorded in 4 patients. In conclusion, docetaxel, even when administered at low dose-intensity, demonstrated good disease control and toxicity profile. This approach provides an excellent alternative for pre-treated elderly patients with advanced breast cancer.

Critical comparison of nine different self-administered questionnaires for the evaluation of disability caused by low back pain.

AIM: The aim of this study was to critically compare 9 self-administered questionnaires designed to evaluate disability caused by back pain. METHODS: The questionnaires were analyzed considering and comparing their psychometric characteristics (reliability, validity, responsiveness, minimal clinically relevant difference), together with other practical and technical aspects (number of items, number and kind of domains, scaling of items, scoring, time to complete, validated translations, etc.). Data were obtained from scientific literature. RESULTS: Only 3 out of 9 analyzed instruments (i.e., the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire, the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale, and the Roland-Morris Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire) appear fully validated from a psychometric standpoint. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of psychometric evaluations as well as feasibility considerations, the authors suggest using either the Roland-Morris or Oswestry questionnaire as the best assessment of the level of disability caused by back pain.

Factors predicting docetaxel-related toxicity: experience at a single institution.

We studied factors predicting docetaxel-related toxicity in 113 unselected patients with metastatic cancer treated under routine daily practice. Docetaxel was administered in either a weekly, bi-weekly or tri-weekly schedule. All patients received prophylactic dexamethasone. Twenty-six patients were aged 70 or more, and 28 (24.8%) had an ECOG performance status (PS) score > or = 2. Primary tumors were mainly in breast, lung, and stomach (58, 25, and 14 patients, respectively). Most patients had metastases at two or more sites and were heavily pretreated. NCI-CTC graded toxicities were mild. Grade 3/4 leucopenia and neutropenia occurred in 19.4% and 10.6% of patients, respectively, with febrile neutropenia in 2 patients. Severe nonhematologic toxicities were rare, except for asthenia (8 patients). Complete alopecia occurred in 26.6% of patients. A proportional-odds regression analysis demonstrated that the tri-weekly schedule and older age represented independent risk factors for all-grade leucopenia, whereas a poor PS for anemia. Primary tumor in breast, tri-weekly schedule, an abbreviated and low dose of corticosteroids premedication, and high duration and cumulative dose of docetaxel were factors predicting asthenia. Risk factors for alopecia and vomiting were tri-weekly schedule and high docetaxel cumulative dose, respectively. In conclusion, in daily clinical practice docetaxel toxicity may be correlated with factors related to patient, disease, and treatment characteristics. Taking into account these variables could be a first step toward individualizing treatment.

Fine structural analyses of pancreatic acinar cell nuclei from mice fed on genetically modified soybean.

We carried out ultrastructural morphometrical and immunocytochemical analyses on pancreatic acinar cell nuclei from mice fed on genetically modified (GM) soybean, in order to investigate possible structural and molecular modifications of nucleoplasmic and nucleolar constituents. We found a significant lowering of nucleoplasmic and nucleolar splicing factors as well as a perichromatin granule accumulation in GM-fed mice, suggestive of reduced post-transcriptional hnRNA processing and/or nuclear export. This is in accordance to already described zymogen synthesis and processing modifications in the same animals.

Serum tumor markers may precede instrumental response to chemotherapy in patients with metastatic cancer.

PURPOSE: Although serum tumor markers (STMs) are widely used in clinical practice, their predictive role for the response to anticancer treatment is still controversial. The correlation of CEA, CA 15.3, CA 19.9, CA 125 (only with peritoneal involvement) and NSE levels with imaging response and clinical benefit was investigated in 60 non-selected patients with metastatic epithelial cancers treated by single-agent docetaxel chemotherapy. METHODS: STM measurement was performed at baseline and subsequently every three to four weeks. We applied the WHO criteria to evaluate both STM and instrumental responses. Concordance analysis was performed by the Cohen Kw index, and the significance of the results was established using the Fleiss, Cohen & Everitt test. Qualitative interpretation of data was obtained with the Landis & Koch scale. Correlations of STM response with clinical benefit (PS or pain improvement) were evaluated by the chi-square test. RESULTS: The primary tumors included breast cancers (38 patients), gastrointestinal non-colorectal cancers (12 patients), and lung cancers (10 patients). An overall significant good degree of agreement was observed between STM and instrumental response (p < 0.0005). The degree of agreement for each marker was as follows: excellent for CEA (p < 0.0005) and CA 125 (p = 0.006), good for CA 15.3 (p < 0.0005) and CA 19.9 (p = 0.011). Restricted analysis for the correlation of each marker with primary tumor origin showed good prediction of radiological response for CA 15.3 and CEA in breast cancer patients (p<0.0005 for both), for CEA and CA 19.9 in gastrointestinal cancer patients (p = 0.01 and 0.04, respectively), and for CEA+NSE in lung cancer patients (p = 0.01). Conversely, STM response did not correlate significantly with the clinical benefit for the patients, both in terms of PS and pain improvement (p = 0.24 and p=0.42, respectively). CONCLUSION: This study showed STMs to be good predictors of tumor response. Although STMs cannot replace diagnostic imaging, in metastatic cancer they might be useful to optimize the timing of radiological re-evaluation in the palliative setting.

Immunity to poliomyelitis: situation in northern Italy and in some other European population groups.

The aim of the program to eradicate poliomyelitis is expected to be achieved in the space of very few years and therefore, as they approach this goal, countries find themselves faced with various problems to be tackled. Among these is the decision about how and when to stop polio vaccination, which also depends on seroepidemiological evaluations, necessary because of the possible persistence of circulating strains of poliovirus of vaccine origin which might continue even after the suspension of vaccination. For this reason, the results of seroepidemiological surveys carried out in some European countries in different periods of time and on various samples of the population are discussed. Although the status of immune coverage is satisfactory, a few situations of susceptibility were found; these should be better monitored and, if necessary, corrected to guarantee a homogeneous and lasting resistance of the European population towards polioviruses.

The role of sensory input in motor neuron sprouting control.

Primary sensory neurons project to motor neurons directly or through interneurons and affect their activity. In our previous paper we showed that intramuscular sprouting can be affected by changing the sensory synaptic input to motor neurons. In this work, motor axon sprouting within a peripheral nerve (extramuscular sprouting) was induced by nerve injury at such a distance from muscle so as not to allow nerve-muscle trophic interactions. Two different procedures were carried out: (1) sciatic nerve crush and (2) sciatic nerve crush with homosegmental ipsilateral L3-L5 dorsal rhizotomy. The number of regenerating motor axons innervating extensor digitorum longus muscle was determined by in vivo muscle tension recordings and an index of their individual conduction rate was obtained by in vitro intracellular recordings of excitatory postsynaptic end-plate potentials in muscle fibers. The main findings were: (1) there are more regenerated axons distally from the lesion than parent axons proximally to the lesion (sprouting at the lesion); (2) sprouting at the lesion was negatively affected by homosegmental ipsilateral dorsal rhizotomy; (3) the number of motor axons innervating extensor digitorum longus muscle extrafusal fibers counted proximally to the lesion increased following nerve injury and regeneration but this did not occur when sensory input was lost. A transient innervation of extrafusal fibers by gamma motor neurons may explain the increase of motor axons counted proximally to the lesion.