Vinte anos de experiência de mentoria na Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG: desafios enfrentados e soluções propostas / Twenty years of mentoring at the UFMG Medical School: challenges faced and proposed solutions

Resumo: Introdução: A mentoria na Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais se iniciou em 2001, em resposta a dificuldades emocionais dos estudantes, mas foi precedida por um projeto experimental, fundamentado no modelo de ajuda, em 1983. Relato de experiência e discussão: Desde o seu início, muitos foram os desafios enfrentados, desde sua valorização e o entendimento de sua finalidade até a dificuldade de participação e manutenção dos mentores, bem como a ocorrência de uma mudança curricular nesse período. Para responder a esses desafios, algumas soluções foram propostas, como a educação continuada e a supervisão para os mentores, a criação da comentoria e da monitoria com o mentor júnior, e a busca de mentores voluntários. Novos desafios surgem a cada dia, mas a mentoria completou 20 anos de funcionamento no formato de disciplina obrigatória. Convive atualmente com dificuldades que a fragilizam e ameaçam, principalmente o fato de, embora institucional, ser dependente do esforço pessoal de um grupo de profissionais que nela acreditam. Conclusão: A difusão do conceito de mentoring e de sua importância na formação médica, a valorização de professores que se interessam pela atividade de mentoria, com reconhecimento de seu trabalho pela instituição, e a formação continuada de mentores foram e continuam sendo medidas necessárias para o fortalecimento da mentoria.

Abstract: Introduction: Mentoring at the Federal University of Minas Gerais Medical School started in 2001 in response to emotional difficulties reported by students, but was preceded by an experimental project based on the aid model in 1983. Experience report and discussion: Many challenges have been faced from the outset, from appreciating and understanding the purpose of the program, to ensuring the participation of and maintaining mentors, in addition to a curricular change that occurred in this period. In response to these challenges, some solutions have been proposed, such as continuing education and supervision for mentors, the creation of co-mentoring and undergraduate course monitoring, with the junior mentor and the search for volunteer mentors. New challenges arise every day, but the mentoring program is now twenty years' old as a compulsory subject of the medicine course. Mentoring currently has difficulties that weaken and threaten it, especially its dependence on the personal effort of a group of professionals who believe in it. Conclusion: The diffusion of the concept of mentoring and its importance in medical training; the appreciation of teachers who are interested in the mentoring activity, with recognition of their work by the institution, and the continued training of mentors have been and continue to be necessary measures to strengthen mentoring.

Tratamento Psíquico Prévio ao Ingresso na Universidade: Experiência de um Serviço de Apoio ao Estudante / Mental Health Treatment prior to University Admission: Experience of a Student Support Service

Resumo: Introdução: Dados da literatura apontam para um aumento da frequência de sofrimento mental entre estudantes de Medicina. Entretanto, os fatores responsáveis ou que têm contribuído para isso ainda não estão completamente esclarecidos. Conhecê-los é fundamental para o planejamento de um serviço de apoio que acolha, identifique, acompanhe e, se necessário, encaminhe o estudante com sofrimento mental. Método: Avaliamos, neste trabalho, o relato de tratamento psíquico, anterior ao ingresso na universidade, de estudantes do curso de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais que buscaram atendimento no Núcleo de Apoio Psicopedagógico aos Estudantes da Faculdade de Medicina (Napem). Os relatos, os dados sociodemográficos e os motivos que levaram o aluno a procurar o serviço foram obtidos de uma ficha de inscrição preenchida pelo estudante. Resultados: No ano avaliado, 87 estudantes (47 homens, média de idade 23,3 anos) procuraram os serviços do Napem. Desses alunos, 42 (48,3%) cursavam os dois primeiros anos; 24 (27,6%), o terceiro e quarto anos; e 21 (24,1%), o quinto e sexto anos. Tratamento psíquico antes do ingresso na universidade foi relatado por 53 (60,9%) alunos: 37 (42,5%) declararam ter feito uso de medicamentos psicoativos e 16 relataram tratamento com psicoterapia sem medicação. Os relatos de tratamento psíquico e de uso de medicamentos psicoativos antes do ingresso na universidade foram significativamente mais frequentes (p = 0,04 e p = 0,04, respectivamente) entre os estudantes que cursavam os dois primeiros anos do curso do que entre os dos demais anos. Não se observaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas em relação à média de idade (p = 0,06), à distribuição por sexo (p = 0,87), à procedência (p = 0,68) ou ao tipo de moradia em Belo Horizonte (p = 0,96) quando se compararam os grupos com e sem relato de tratamento psíquico. Dentre os motivos apontados para a busca de atendimento no Napem, "ansiedade", "depressão/sintomas depressivos" e "instabilidade de humor" foram relatados por 59 (67,8%) estudantes. Problemas relacionados ao curso foram declarados por cinco (5,7%) alunos. Conclusão: Os resultados do estudo sugerem que o tratamento psíquico prévio ao ingresso na universidade pode ser um dos fatores que contribuem para o sofrimento mental do estudante de Medicina durante o curso.

Abstract: Introduction: Data published in literature point to an increased frequency of psychological distress among medical students. However, the causes or potentially contributory factors for this scenario are not completely understood. Understanding these factors is essential for planning a support service that welcomes, identifies, monitors and, if necessary, guides the student with mental suffering. Methods: We evaluated the pre-university admission mental health treatment report on medical students at the Federal University of Minas Gerais who sought care at the Psychopedagogical Support Center. These data, as well as demographic data and the reasons that led the student to seek the service were obtained from an enrollment form filled out by the student. Results: A total of 87 students (47 males, mean age 23.3 years) were received support from the NAPEM in the year under study. Of those, 42 (48.3%) were in the first two years of the course, 24 (27.6%) in the 3rd/4th year and 21 (24.1%) in the 5th/6th year. Mental Health treatment prior to university admission was reported by 53 (60.9%) students: 37 (42.5%) reported the use of psychoactive drugs and 16 reported psychotherapies without the use of medication. Mental Health treatment and medication prior to university admission were significantly more frequent (p = 0.04 and p = 0,04, respectively) among students in the first two years of the course than among those in other years. No statistically significant differences in relation to the average age (p = 0.06), distribution by sex (p = 0.87), origin (p = 0.68) or type of housing in Belo Horizonte (p = 0.96) were found when comparing those who had undergone psychic treatment with those who had not. Anxiety, depression/depressive symptoms and mood swings were reported by 59 (67.8%) students as reasons to seek help. Problems related to the course were reported by five (5.7%) students. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that Mental Health treatment prior to university admission may be one of the factors that contribute to the medical student's mental suffering during the course.

Avaliação da Demanda Preliminar de Atendimento Dirigida pelo Aluno ao Núcleo de Apoio Psicopedagógico ao Estudante da Faculdade de Medicina (Napem) da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Evaluation of the Student's Preliminary Request for Assistance to the School of Medicine Psychopedagogical Student Support Center (NAPEM) of the Federal University of Minas Gerais

RESUMO O sofrimento psíquico do estudante universitário, particularmente do estudante de Medicina, é conhecido e tem sido motivo de preocupação. O Núcleo de Apoio Psicopedagógico ao Estudante da Faculdade de Medicina (Napem) da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais tem como função acolher o estudante que demanda ajuda espontaneamente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os motivos da busca por atendimento descritos pelos próprios estudantes ao preencherem a ficha de inscrição no Napem. Foram catalogadas 273 fichas, que representam o total de inscrições de novos estudantes em dois anos da última década. Para preservar a identidade dos estudantes, os anos analisados não foram identificados. Desse grupo, 235 eram estudantes de Medicina, 28 de Fonoaudiologia, 4 do curso superior de Tecnologia em Radiologia e 6 eram estudantes de outros cursos. A metodologia utilizada para análise dos dados foi qualitativa, com análise de conteúdo, e o teste do qui-quadrado foi empregado para a comparação de frequências. Os motivos descritos pelos estudantes foram alocados em cinco categorias estabelecidas pelos pesquisadores - distúrbios do humor, problemas pessoais, características de personalidade, questões acadêmicas e outros. Os resultados mostraram que os distúrbios do humor foram os mais frequentemente relatados (44,3%), seguidos por características de personalidade (26,4%) e por problemas pessoais (13,9%). As questões acadêmicas foram as que apresentaram menor frequência (5,5%). O desejo de morrer foi descrito por 17 (6,2%) estudantes. Quando os estudantes de Medicina foram comparados aos dos demais cursos, não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as categorias (p = 0,21), sendo também observado o predomínio de motivos alocados na categoria distúrbios do humor (41,7%). Entretanto, quando considerados separadamente os dois períodos analisados, a frequência de distúrbios do humor nos alunos do curso de Medicina foi significativamente maior (p = 0,0005) entre os inscritos no segundo ano, comparados aos inscritos no primeiro ano do estudo. Deve ser ressaltado, ainda, que quase 50% do total de estudantes que se inscreveu no segundo ano analisado neste estudo cursavam os períodos iniciais, resultado significativamente maior (p = 0,002) quando comparado ao dos inscritos no primeiro ano do estudo. Embora reconhecendo as limitações referentes à análise da demanda preliminar de atendimento formulada pelo aluno ao procurar ajuda, particularmente quando expressa de forma escrita, acredita-se que os resultados deste estudo possam contribuir para a organização dos serviços de apoio psíquico e servir de alerta para essa questão. Pela magnitude do problema, fica evidente a necessidade da existência de espaços de acolhimento para os estudantes e de atuação precoce no início do curso, com atividades que possam recebê-los e escutá-los quando do ingresso na faculdade, como, por exemplo, os programas de tutoria.

ABSTRACT The psychological distress experienced by university students, particularly medical students, is well-known and has long been a cause for concern. In the School of Medicine of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, the School of Medicine Psychopedagogical Student Support Center (Núcleo de Apoio Psicopedagógico ao Estudante da Faculdade de Medicina - NAPEM) provides care to students who spontaneously seek help. The purpose of this study was to analyze the reasons described when completing the Napem application form by students for their seeking the assistance. A total of 273 students enrolled in the two years studied, which were both in the last decade. To preserve the identity of the students, the years analyzed were not identified. Of this group, 235 were medical students, 28 students of Speech Therapy, four undergraduate students of Technology in Radiology and six were students of other courses. The methodology used for data analysis was qualitative, with content analysis and the frequency comparison was performed using the chi-square test. The reasons to seek care written by the students in the application form were placed in five categories established by the researchers - "mood disorders," "personal problems," "personality traits," "academic issues" and others. The results showed that "mood disorders" were the most frequently reported (44.3%), followed by "personality traits" (26.4%) and "personal problems" (13.9%). The "academic questions" presented the lowest frequency (5.5%). The desire to die was described by 17 (6.2%) students. When the medical students were compared to the students of the other courses, there was no statistically significant difference among the frequencies of the five categories (p = 0.21) with motives allocated in the category "mood disorders" (41.7%) being predominantly observed. However, when considering two studied periods separately, the frequency of the category "mood disorders" for medical students was significantly higher (p = 0.0005) in the second year than in the first year of study. It should be emphasized that almost 50% of the students enrolled in the second year analyzed attended the centre for first two years, a significantly higher result (p = 0.002) when compared to those enrolled in the first year of the study. Even recognizing the limitations regarding the analysis of the student's preliminary demand for care when seeking help, particularly when expressed in written form, it is believed that the results of this study can contribute to the organization of psychological support services. Due to the magnitude of the problem, there is a clear need to have welcome spaces for the students with activities that can receive them and listen to them when they enter college, such as mentoring programs.

Impacto da "Disciplina Relação Médico-Paciente" sobre Atitudes Centradas no Paciente / The Impact of a "Doctor-Patient Relationship" Discipline on Patient-Centred Attitudes

RESUMO Vários estudos têm demonstrado que as atitudes centradas no paciente entre os estudantes de Medicina decaem ao longo do curso de graduação. A relação médico-paciente sofre influência profunda da contemporaneidade, e, cada vez mais, comunicar-se na prática clínica torna-se um desafio. O processo de educar em medicina deve encorajar os estudantes a compartilhar o processo de tomada de decisão com seus pacientes. Os estudantes devem compreender não somente o que preocupa seus pacientes, mas também o que os motiva no cuidado em saúde. No processo ensino-aprendizagem, a adoção de medidas eficazes direcionadas ao aprimoramento da escuta e das habilidades de comunicação torna-se a pedra angular na construção da relação médico-paciente de alta qualidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto da disciplina "relação médico-paciente" nas atitudes centradas no paciente entre os estudantes de Medicina. Também foi avaliada a influência de variáveis demográficas e do período do curso de Medicina nessas atitudes. Metodologia Foram incluídos 279 estudantes de Medicina que responderam ao questionário Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale (PPOS): 128 (45,9%) estudantes matriculados na disciplina "Relação médico-paciente" e 151 (54,1%) estudantes voluntários, que não cursaram a disciplina, pareados por sexo e idade aos que frequentaram a disciplina. Os dados foram analisados no software SPSS 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago IL, EUA). Regressão linear múltipla foi realizada para determinar se variáveis demográficas e o período do curso de Medicina estavam independentemente associados aos escores do PPOS (escore total; dimensões sharing e caring). Modelos logísticos foram criados para avaliar associação entre a disciplina "Relação médico-paciente" e os escores das subescalas do PPOS. Resultados Na análise de regressão linear, sexo feminino (p ≤ 0,01), idade mais avançada (p ≤ 0,02) e estar cursando os primeiros anos da faculdade de Medicina (p ≤ 0,02) estavam significativamente associados às atitudes mais centradas no paciente. Maior pontuação na subescala sharing estava independentemente associada à participação na disciplina "Relação médico-paciente" (4,50 ± 0,65 para aqueles que frequentaram vs. 4,33 ± 0,65 para aqueles não matriculados na disciplina, p = 0,03) em modelo logístico ajustado por sexo, idade e período do curso de Medicina. Educadores da área da saúde devem buscar estratégias inovadoras que estimulem atitudes humanísticas, melhorem as habilidades de comunicação e influenciem de forma decisiva as atitudes adotadas pelos estudantes de Medicina, que devem estar focadas no cuidado centrado no paciente/pessoa.

ABSTRACT Several studies have demonstrated that medical students' attitudes toward patient-centred care tend to decline throughout undergraduate education. At present, the adequate translation of the communication skills among medical students into clinical practice remains a challenge. Regardless of the increased efforts of educators to improve the provision of patient care, learning to communicate as a professional physician remains a complex process. Objectives To evaluate the impact of the "doctor-patient relationship" discipline on medical students' attitudes towards patient-centred care, and to examine whether variables related to demographic characteristics and different stages of education are associated to medical student's patient-centred attitudes. Methods Two-hundred and seventy nine medical students who responded a Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale (PPOS), a validated instrument exploring attitudes towards the doctor-patient relationship were enrolled: 128 (45.9%) who attended the "Doctor-Patient Relationship" discipline and 151 (54.1%) volunteer students, matched by sex and age, who have not taken the discipline. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to quantify the independent association between PPOS scores (overall PPOS, 'sharing' and 'caring' dimensions), demographic variables and year of medical school. Logistic models were created to quantify the independent association between the "doctor-patient relationship" discipline and PPOS and the sub-scales scores. Results In the linear regression analysis, female gender (p ≤ 0.01), older age (p ≤ 0.02) and earliest years of medical school (p ≤ 0.02) were significantly associated with more patient-centred attitudes. Higher score on the 'sharing' sub-scale was independently associated with attending the "doctor-patient relationship" discipline (4.50 ± 0.65 for those who have studied the discipline vs. 4.33 ± 0.65 for those who have not studied the discipline, p = 0.03) after adjustment, in logistic models, for student's age, gender and years on the medical course. Medical educators should be focused on innovative strategies that stimulate humanistic attitudes, improve communication skills and truly change medical students' behaviour towards patient-centred care.

Histological and endoscopic features of the stomachs of patients with Chagas disease in the era of Helicobacter pylori

Introduction Most studies that have evaluated the stomachs of patients with Chagas disease were performed before the discovery of Helicobacter pylori and used no control groups. This study compared the gastric features of chagasic and non-chagasic patients and assessed whether gastritis could be associated with Chagas disease. Methods Gastric biopsy samples were taken from patients who underwent endoscopy for histological analysis according to the Updated Sydney System. H. pylori infection was assessed by histology, 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR), serology and the 13C-urea breath test. Patients were considered H. pylori-negative when all of these diagnostic tests were negative. Clinical and socio-demographic data were obtained by reviewing medical records and using a questionnaire. Results The prevalence of H. pylori infection (70.3% versus 71.7%) and chronic gastritis (92.2% versus 85%) was similar in the chagasic and non-chagasic groups, respectively; such as peptic ulcer, atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. Gastritis was associated with H. pylori infection independent of Chagas disease in a log-binomial regression model. However, the chagasic H. pylori-negative patients showed a significantly higher grade of mononuclear (in the corpus) and polymorphonuclear ...

Histological and endoscopic features of the stomachs of patients with Chagas disease in the era of Helicobacter pylori.

INTRODUCTION: Most studies that have evaluated the stomachs of patients with Chagas disease were performed before the discovery of Helicobacter pylori and used no control groups. This study compared the gastric features of chagasic and non-chagasic patients and assessed whether gastritis could be associated with Chagas disease. METHODS: Gastric biopsy samples were taken from patients who underwent endoscopy for histological analysis according to the Updated Sydney System. H. pylori infection was assessed by histology, 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR), serology and the 13C-urea breath test. Patients were considered H. pylori-negative when all of these diagnostic tests were negative. Clinical and socio-demographic data were obtained by reviewing medical records and using a questionnaire. RESULTS: The prevalence of H. pylori infection (70.3% versus 71.7%) and chronic gastritis (92.2% versus 85%) was similar in the chagasic and non-chagasic groups, respectively; such as peptic ulcer, atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. Gastritis was associated with H. pylori infection independent of Chagas disease in a log-binomial regression model. However, the chagasic H. pylori-negative patients showed a significantly higher grade of mononuclear (in the corpus) and polymorphonuclear (PMN) (in the antrum) cell infiltration. Additionally, the patients with the digestive form of Chagas disease showed a significantly lower prevalence of corpus atrophy than those with other clinical forms. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of H. pylori infection and of gastric histological and endoscopic features was similar among the chagasic and non-chagasic patients. Additionally, this is the first controlled study to demonstrate that H. pylori is the major cause of gastritis in patients with Chagas disease.

Th1 immune response to H. pylori infection varies according to the age of the patients and influences the gastric inflammatory patterns.

To compare children and adults in respect to the effect of H. pylori infection on the gastric concentrations of cytokines linked to innate and Th1 immune response, as well as to investigate the changes in the gastric concentrations of the studied cytokines according to the age. We studied 245 children (142 H. pylori-negative and 103 H. pylori-positive) and 140 adults (40 H. pylori-negative and 100 H. pylori-positive). The gastric concentrations of cytokines representative of the innate and Th1 response were higher in the H. pylori-positive than in the -negative children and adults. The gastric concentrations of IL-1α and TNF-α were significantly higher, while those of IL-2, IL-12p70 and IFN-γ were lower in the infected children than in the infected adults. In the infected children, the gastric concentration of IL-1α, IL-2, IL-12p70 and IFN-γ increased, whereas in adults, the gastric concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-12p70 decreased with the aging. Increased gastric concentration of Th1 associated cytokines correlated with increased degree of gastritis that is the background lesion for the development of the H. pylori associated severe diseases. Concluding, Th1 response to H. pylori infection varies according to the age and seems to have determinant implication in the H. pylori infection outcomes.

Helicobacter pylori infection in infants and toddlers in South America: concordance between [13C]urea breath test and monoclonal H. pylori stool antigen test.

Accurate noninvasive tests for diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection in very young children are strongly required. We investigated the agreement between the [(13)C]urea breath test ([(13)C]UBT) and a monoclonal ELISA (HpSA) for detection of H. pylori antigen in stool. From October 2007 to July 2011, we enrolled 414 infants (123 from Brazil and 291 from Peru) of ages 6 to 30 months. Breath and stool samples were obtained at intervals of at least 3 months from Brazilian (n = 415) and Peruvian (n = 908) infants. [(13)C]UBT and stool test results concurred with each other in 1,255 (94.86%) cases (kappa coefficient = 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.87 to 0.92). In the H. pylori-positive group, delta-over-baseline (DOB) and optical density (OD) values were positively correlated (r = 0.62; P < 0.001). The positivity of the tests was higher (P < 0.001; odds ratio [OR] = 6.01; 95% CI = 4.50 to 8.04) in Peru (546/878; 62.2%) than in Brazil (81/377; 21.5%) and increased with increasing age in Brazil (P = 0.02), whereas in Peru it decreased with increasing age (P < 0.001). The disagreement between the test results was associated with birth in Brazil and female gender but not with age and diarrhea. Our results suggest that both [(13)C]UBT and the stool monoclonal test are reliable for diagnosing H. pylori infection in very young children, which will facilitate robust epidemiological studies in infants and toddlers.

Iron status and Helicobacter pylori infection in symptomatic children: an international multi-centered study.

OBJECTIVE: Iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) are global major public health problems, particularly in developing countries. Whilst an association between H. pylori infection and ID/IDA has been proposed in the literature, currently there is no consensus. We studied the effects of H. pylori infection on ID/IDA in a cohort of children undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for upper abdominal pain in two developing and one developed country. METHODS: In total 311 children (mean age 10.7±3.2 years) from Latin America--Belo Horizonte/Brazil (n = 125), Santiago/Chile (n = 105)--and London/UK (n = 81), were studied. Gastric and duodenal biopsies were obtained for evaluation of histology and H. pylori status and blood samples for parameters of ID/IDA. RESULTS: The prevalence of H. pylori infection was 27.7% being significantly higher (p<0.001) in Latin America (35%) than in UK (7%). Multiple linear regression models revealed H. pylori infection as a significant predictor of low ferritin and haemoglobin concentrations in children from Latin-America. A negative correlation was observed between MCV (r = -0.26; p = 0.01) and MCH (r = -0.27; p = 0.01) values and the degree of antral chronic inflammation, and between MCH and the degree of corpus chronic (r = -0.29, p = 0.008) and active (r = -0.27, p = 0.002) inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that H. pylori infection in children influences the serum ferritin and haemoglobin concentrations, markers of early depletion of iron stores and anaemia respectively.

The serum levels of the cytokines involved in the Th17 and Th1 cell commitment are increased in individuals with borderline thrombocytopenia.

The definition of immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) as a peripheral blood platelet count less than 100 × 109/L instead of the historical criteria of 150 × 109/L renders subjects with platelets between 100 and 150 × 109/L without a diagnosis. Here, we demonstrated that these subjects have enhanced levels of proinflammatory cytokines linked to Th1 and Th17 cell response, and are more frequently carriers of polymorphisms in genes that code cytokines involved in the commitment of Th1 and Th17 immune response, when compared with controls, similarly to that observed in patients with ITP.

Increased gastric IL-1ß concentration and iron deficiency parameters in H. pylori infected children.

Association between H. pylori infection, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia has been described, but the mechanisms involved have not been established. We hypothesized that in H. pylori infected children increased gastric concentrations of IL-1ß and/or TNF-α, both potent inhibitors of gastric acid secretion that is essential for iron absorption, are predictors for low blood concentrations of ferritin and haemoglobin, markers of early depletion of iron stores and anaemia, respectively. We evaluated 125 children undergoing endoscopy to clarify the origin of gastrointestinal symptoms. Gastric specimens were obtained for H. pylori status and cytokine evaluation and blood samples for determination of iron deficiency/iron deficiency anaemia parameters and IL1 cluster and TNFA polymorphisms that are associated with increased cytokine secretions. Higher IL-1ß and TNF-α gastric concentrations were observed in H. pylori-positive (n = 47) than in -negative (n = 78) children. Multiple linear regression models revealed gastric IL-1ß, but not TNF-α, as a significant predictor of low ferritin and haemoglobin concentrations; results were reproduced in young children in whom IL1RN polymorphic genotypes associated with higher gastric IL-1ß expression and lower blood ferritin and haemoglobin concentrations. In conclusion, high gastric levels of IL-1ß can be the link between H. pylori infection and iron deficiency/iron deficiency anaemia in childhood.

Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in chagasic and nonchagasic patients from the same geographical region of Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, we evaluated the seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among chagasic and non-chagasic subjects as well as among the subgroups of chagasic patients with the indeterminate, cardiac, digestive, and cardiodigestive clinical forms. METHODS: The evaluated subjects were from the Triângulo Mineiro region, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Chagasic patients showed positive reactions to the conventional serological tests used and were classified according to the clinical form of their disease. Immunoglobulin G antibodies specific to H. pylori were measured using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. RESULTS: The overall H. pylori prevalence was 77.1% (239/310) in chagasic and 69.1% (168/243) in non-chagasic patients. This difference was statistically significant even after adjustment for age and sex (odds ratio = 1.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-2.42; p = 0.04) in multivariate analysis. The prevalence of infection increased with age in the non-chagasic group (p = 0.007, χ² for trend), but not in the chagasic group (p = 0.15, χ² for trend). H. pylori infection was not associated with digestive or other clinical forms of Chagas disease (p = 0.27). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that chagasic patients have a higher prevalence of H. pylori compared to non-chagasic subjects; a similar prevalence was found among the diverse clinical forms of the disease. The factors contributing to the frequent co-infection with H. pylori and Trypanosoma cruzi as well as its effects on the clinical outcome deserve further study.

Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in chagasic and nonchagasic patients from the same geographical region of Brazil / Soroprevalência da infecção por Helicobacter pylori em indivíduos chagásicos e não-chagásicos da mesma região geográfica do Brasil

INTRODUCTION: In this study, we evaluated the seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among chagasic and non-chagasic subjects as well as among the subgroups of chagasic patients with the indeterminate, cardiac, digestive, and cardiodigestive clinical forms. METHODS: The evaluated subjects were from the Triângulo Mineiro region, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Chagasic patients showed positive reactions to the conventional serological tests used and were classified according to the clinical form of their disease. Immunoglobulin G antibodies specific to H. pylori were measured using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. RESULTS: The overall H. pylori prevalence was 77.1% (239/310) in chagasic and 69.1% (168/243) in non-chagasic patients. This difference was statistically significant even after adjustment for age and sex (odds ratio = 1.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-2.42; p = 0.04) in multivariate analysis. The prevalence of infection increased with age in the non-chagasic group (p = 0.007, χ2 for trend), but not in the chagasic group (p = 0.15, χ2 for trend). H. pylori infection was not associated with digestive or other clinical forms of Chagas disease (p = 0.27). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that chagasic patients have a higher prevalence of H. pylori compared to non-chagasic subjects; a similar prevalence was found among the diverse clinical forms of the disease. The factors contributing to the frequent co-infection with H. pylori and Trypanosoma cruzi as well as its effects on the clinical outcome deserve further study.

INTRODUÇÃO: No presente estudo, foi comparada a soroprevalência da infecção por Helicobacter pylori entre os indivíduos chagásicos e não-chagásicos, bem como entre subgrupos de chagásicos com as formas clínicas indeterminada, cardíaca, digestiva e cardiodigestiva. MÉTODOS: Os indivíduos avaliados eram provenientes da região do Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram realizados testes sorológicos convencionais para diagnóstico da infecção pelo T. cruzi e os chagásicos foram classificados de acordo com a forma clínica. O diagnóstico de infecção por H. pylori foi estabelecido pela detecção de anticorpos IgG específicos utilizando-se um kit comercial de ELISA. RESULTADOS: A prevalência da infecção por H. pylorifoi 77,1% (239/310) no grupo de pacientes chagásicos e 69,1% (168/243) no grupo de não-chagásicos. Esta diferença foi estatisticamente significativa mesmo após ajuste para idade e sexo (OR = 1,57; 95% CI, 1,02-2,42; p = 0,04) na análise multivariada. A prevalência da infecção aumentou de acordo com a idade no grupo não-chagásicos (p = 0,007, χ2 for trend) mas este aumento não foi observado no grupo dos chagásicos (p = 0,15, χ2 for trend). Não houve associação da infecção por H. pylori com a forma digestiva ou com qualquer outra forma clínica da doença de Chagas (p = 0,27). CONCLUSÕES: Foi demonstrado que pacientes chagásicos apresentam maior prevalência da infecção por H. pylori quando comparados com não-chagásicos, independente da forma clínica da doença. Os fatores que contribuem para a frequente co-infecção Helicobacter pylori e Trypanosoma cruzi, bem como seus efeitos na evolução clínica das doenças associadas devem ser melhor estudados.

A regulatory instead of an IL-17 T response predominates in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis in children.

Th17 cells seem to have an important role in the efficacy of vaccines against Helicobacter pylori. Because children are a target group for human vaccination and Th17/T(reg) cells have intrinsically linked and antagonic commitments, we compared the gastric levels of Th17- and T(reg)-associated cytokines of children and adults. IL-6, IL-10 and TGF-ß1 levels and Foxp3(+) cell numbers were higher, but IL-1ß, IL-17A and IL-23 were lower in infected children than in infected adults. In conclusion T(reg) instead of Th17 cell response to H. pylori-infection predominates in children.

The levels of IL-17A and of the cytokines involved in Th17 cell commitment are increased in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia.

Th17 cells have been associated with immune-mediated diseases in humans but it has still not been determined whether they play a role in immune thrombocytopenia. We evaluated representative cytokines of the Th17, Th1, Th2 and Treg cell commitment in the serum of patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia, as well as the cell source of IL-17A. Higher levels of IL-17A and Th17-related cytokines, and an increased percentage of IL-17A producing CD4+ and neutrophils were observed in patients. The levels of cytokines involved in Th1 cell commitment IFN-γ, IL-2, IL12-p70 and the percentages of Th1 cells were also increased, but IL-4 was not detected. Although the concentrations of IL-10 were higher, the levels of TGF-ß were similar in both groups. In conclusion, our results point to a putative role for Th-17 cells/IL-17A cytokine in the pathogenesis of chronic immune thrombocytopenia.

The presence of Helicobacter pylori in the liver depends on the Th1, Th17 and Treg cytokine profile of the patient.

The hypothesis that Helicobactermight be a risk factor for human liver diseases has arisen after the detection of Helicobacter DNA in hepatic tissue of patients with hepatobiliary diseases. Nevertheless, no explanation that justifies the presence of the bacterium in the human liver has been proposed. We evaluated the presence of Helicobacterin the liver of patients with hepatic diseases of different aetiologies. We prospectively evaluated 147 patients (106 with primary hepatic diseases and 41 with hepatic metastatic tumours) and 20 liver donors as controls. Helicobacter species were investigated in the liver by culture and specific 16S rDNA nested-polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing. Serum and hepatic levels of representative cytokines of T regulatory cell, T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cell lineages were determined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The data were evaluated using logistic models. Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in the liver was independently associated with hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus, pancreatic carcinoma and a cytokine pattern characterised by high interleukin (IL)-10, low/absent interferon-γ and decreased IL-17A concentrations (p < 10(-3)). The bacterial DNA was never detected in the liver of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis that are associated with Th1/Th17 polarisation. H. pylori may be observed in the liver of patients with certain hepatic and pancreatic diseases, but this might depend on the patient cytokine profile.

The presence of Helicobacter pylori in the liver depends on the Th1, Th17 and Treg cytokine profile of the patient

The hypothesis that Helicobactermight be a risk factor for human liver diseases has arisen after the detection of Helicobacter DNA in hepatic tissue of patients with hepatobiliary diseases. Nevertheless, no explanation that justifies the presence of the bacterium in the human liver has been proposed. We evaluated the presence of Helicobacterin the liver of patients with hepatic diseases of different aetiologies. We prospectively evaluated 147 patients (106 with primary hepatic diseases and 41 with hepatic metastatic tumours) and 20 liver donors as controls. Helicobacter species were investigated in the liver by culture and specific 16S rDNA nested-polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing. Serum and hepatic levels of representative cytokines of T regulatory cell, T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cell lineages were determined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The data were evaluated using logistic models. Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in the liver was independently associated with hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus, pancreatic carcinoma and a cytokine pattern characterised by high interleukin (IL)-10, low/absent interferon-γ and decreased IL-17A concentrations (p < 10-3). The bacterial DNA was never detected in the liver of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis that are associated with Th1/Th17 polarisation. H. pylori may be observed in the liver of patients with certain hepatic and pancreatic diseases, but this might depend on the patient cytokine profile.

Helicobacter pylori transiently in the mouth may participate in the transmission of infection.

Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with peptic ulcer and gastric carcinoma. The oral cavity may be a reservoir for H. pylori; however, the results of studies on this subject are controversial. We employed single-step and nested polymerase chain reactions (PCR) to detect the presence of the vacA, ureA and 16S rDNA genes of H. pylori in the stomach, saliva and dental plaque of 30 subjects. The results were confirmed by sequencing. Nested 16S rDNA and ureA amplification was achieved in 80% of gastric, 30% of saliva and 20% of dental plaque specimens. Sequencing of 10, seven and four 16S rDNA products from stomach, saliva and dental plaque, respectively, showed > 99% identity with H. pylori. Sequencing of the other four oral cavity PCR products showed similarity with Campylobacter and Wolinella species. Additionally, the vacA genotype identified in the samples of different sites was the same within a given subject.H. pylori may be found in the oral cavity of patients with gastric infection, thus it could be a source of transmission. However, results obtained with detection methods based only on PCR should be interpreted with caution because other microorganisms that are phylogenetically very close to H. pylori are also present in the mouth.

Helicobacter pylori transiently in the mouth may participate in the transmission of infection

Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with peptic ulcer and gastric carcinoma. The oral cavity may be a reservoir for H. pylori; however, the results of studies on this subject are controversial. We employed single-step and nested polymerase chain reactions (PCR) to detect the presence of the vacA, ureA and 16S rDNA genes of H. pylori in the stomach, saliva and dental plaque of 30 subjects. The results were confirmed by sequencing. Nested 16S rDNA and ureA amplification was achieved in 80 percent of gastric, 30 percent of saliva and 20 percent of dental plaque specimens. Sequencing of 10, seven and four 16S rDNA products from stomach, saliva and dental plaque, respectively, showed > 99 percent identity with H. pylori. Sequencing of the other four oral cavity PCR products showed similarity with Campylobacter and Wolinella species. Additionally, the vacA genotype identified in the samples of different sites was the same within a given subject.H. pylori may be found in the oral cavity of patients with gastric infection, thus it could be a source of transmission. However, results obtained with detection methods based only on PCR should be interpreted with caution because other microorganisms that are phylogenetically very close to H. pylori are also present in the mouth.