High Frequency of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Nosocomial Strains Isolated from a Teaching Hospital in Brazil.

The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency, antimicrobial sensitivity profile, and genetic characteristics of nosocomial strains of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from inpatients at a teaching hospital in Brazil. The bacterial identification, phenotypic detection of ESBL, and antimicrobial susceptibility profile were performed by the VITEK 2 automated system. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) mass spectrometry was used to confirm the identity of the species and genotyping of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae was performed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Thirty-six ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae nosocomial strains isolated from November 2013 to August 2014 were analyzed. High resistance rates were observed for ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefepime, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin. However, all isolates were susceptible to amikacin and meropenem. All strains harbored blaCTX-M-like and blaSHV-like genes. Molecular typing by PFGE showed a diversity of genotypes distributed among 25 clusters, but two isolates collected in different wards had the same genotypic profile and carried the same bla genes, so they were considered clones. The data showed that there was a high frequency of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae multidrug-resistant among patients in the studied hospital. Furthermore, the detection of blaCTX-M-like genes in all isolates suggests that these enzymes are the major ESBL responsible for the beta-lactam resistance phenotypes among the analyzed strains.

The Spread of CTX-M-Type Extended-Spectrum ß-Lactamases in Brazil: A Systematic Review.

The aim of this study was evaluate the spread of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum ß-lactamase variants in microorganisms involved in both hospital- and community-acquired infections in different regions of Brazil to determine their epidemiology and identify areas for further research. Thirty-six studies were included and analyzed. Most of the studies were conducted in the southeastern (66.7%, 24/36), southern (22.2%, 8/36), and northeastern (8.3%, 3/36) regions of Brazil. No study was conducted in the northern or midwestern region. CTX-M-producing bacteria were isolated exclusively from humans in both hospital and community environments. The microorganisms that were most commonly associated with the presence of the blaCTX-M gene were Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. The ß-lactamases of the CTX-M family that were most frequently identified in Brazil were CTX-M-2 and CTX-M-15, especially in the southeast where these variants are often detected. In this systematic review, the microorganisms that were most commonly associated with the presence of the blaCTX-M gene were K. pneumoniae and E. coli. CTX-M-2 and CTX-M-15 were the most dominant variants of the CTX-M family, followed by CTX-M-8, CTX-M-9, and CTX-M-59. A higher frequency of CTX-M variants was found in the southeastern region, especially in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, where CTX-M-2 and CTX-M-15 are predominant.

Prevalência de colonização por Streptococcus agalactiae em gestantes atendidas em maternidade do Ceará, no Brasil, correlacionando com os resultados perinatais / Prevalence of the colonization by Streptococcus agalactiae in pregnant women from a maternity in Ceará, Brazil, correlating with perinatal outcomes

OBJETIVO: Analisar a prevalência de Streptococcus agalactiae, um estreptococo do Grupo B, em gestantes e seus possíveis fatores de risco, bem como o impacto perinatal e a suscetibilidade antimicrobiana das colonizadas. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 213 gestantes a partir de 20 semanas de gestação, independente dos fatores de risco, atendidas em um hospital-escola terciário da zona Norte do Estado de Ceará, no Brasil. O cálculo do tamanho amostral ocorreu por conveniência. Foi utilizada técnica do swab estéril único para coleta de secreção das regiões vaginal e perianal. As amostras recém-obtidas eram armazenadas em meio de transporte Stuart e, no laboratório, inoculadas em meio seletivo Todd-Hewitt adicionado de gentamicina (8 ug/mL) e ácido nalidíxico (15 ug/mL), com posterior subcultivo em placas em ágar-sangue. Nos materiais eram realizados teste de Gram, catalase com peróxido de oxigênio e CAMP (Christie, Atkins, Munch-Petersen), sendo confirmados sorologicamente com Streptococcal Grouping Kit, Oxoid®. As positivas foram submetidas a testes de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana. Foram também avaliadas variáveis socioeconômicas, reprodutivas, clínico-obstétricas e neonatais. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o programa Epi-Info 6.04. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de colonização encontrada foi de 9,8 por cento pelo teste de CAMP, embora apenas 4,2 por cento pelo sorológico. O único fator de proteção observado foi cor da pele branca (p=0,01, 0.45>OR>0.94, IC95 por cento). Não foi observada diferença de prevalência do estreptococo do Grupo B com outras variáveis reprodutivas ou obstétricas. Ocorreu infecção em apenas um dos recém-nascidos de mães colonizadas, entretanto revelou-se infecção por Pseudomonas spp. Foi encontrada resistência para ampicilina (4/9) e cefalotina (4/9), penicilina (4/9 casos), eritromicina (3/9), clindamicina (7/9) e cloranfenicol (1/9). CONCLUSÕES: A taxa de infecção foi inferior à encontrada em outros estudos, embora também notou-se grande taxa de resistência aos antibióticos mais utilizados no tratamento. São necessários novos estudos no Brasil, com grupos geograficamente semelhantes, para a validação desses resultados.

PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence of Streptococcus agalactiae, a Group B streptococcus, in pregnant women, and their possible risk factors, as well as the impact of perinatal colonization and antimicrobial susceptibility. METHODS: We evaluated 213 pregnant women from 20 weeks of gestation, regardless of risk factors, attending a tertiary teaching hospital. The technique used was a single sterile swab to collect secretions from the vaginal and perianal regions. The newly obtained samples were stored in Stuart transport medium and taken to the laboratory, where they were inoculated in Todd-Hewitt selective medium supplemented with Gentamicin (8 ug/mL) and nalidixic acid (15 ug/mL), with subsequent cultivation on blood agar plates. The materials were tested with Gram, catalase with hydrogen peroxide and CAMP (Christie, Atkins, Munch-Petersen), and results were serologically confirmed with the Streptococcal Grouping Kit, Oxoid®. The positive samples were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. We also assessed socioeconomic, reproductive, clinical, and obstetric variables, and newborn care. Statistical analysis was performed with Epi-Info 6.04. RESULTS: The prevalence of colonization obtained by field tests was 9.8 percent by CAMP test, but only 4.2 percent by serology. The only protective factor was white skin color (p=0.01, 0.45>OR>0.94, 95 percentCI). There was no difference in prevalence of Group B streptococcus regarding other reproductive and obstetric variables. Infection occurred in only one of the newborns from colonized mothers; although it was revealed infection with Pseudomonas spp. High resistance to ampicillin (4/9), cephalothin (4/9), penicillin (4/9), erythromycin (3/9), clindamycin (7/9), and cloramphenicol (1/9) was detected. CONCLUSIONS: The infection rate was lower than that found in other studies, although a high rate of resistance to antibiotics commonly used for treatment was detected. Since there are no studies on the prevalence of Group B streptococcus in Ceará, we cannot perform a comparative analysis of the population, and further studies are needed with geographically similar groups to validate these results.

[Prevalence of the colonization by Streptococcus agalactiae in pregnant women from a maternity in Ceará, Brazil, correlating with perinatal outcomes]. / Prevalência de colonização por Streptococcus agalactiae em gestantes atendidas em maternidade do Ceará, no Brasil, correlacionando com os resultados perinatais.

PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence of Streptococcus agalactiae, a Group B streptococcus, in pregnant women, and their possible risk factors, as well as the impact of perinatal colonization and antimicrobial susceptibility. METHODS: We evaluated 213 pregnant women from 20 weeks of gestation, regardless of risk factors, attending a tertiary teaching hospital. The technique used was a single sterile swab to collect secretions from the vaginal and perianal regions. The newly obtained samples were stored in Stuart transport medium and taken to the laboratory, where they were inoculated in Todd-Hewitt selective medium supplemented with Gentamicin (8 ug/mL) and nalidixic acid (15 ug/mL), with subsequent cultivation on blood agar plates. The materials were tested with Gram, catalase with hydrogen peroxide and CAMP (Christie, Atkins, Munch-Petersen), and results were serologically confirmed with the Streptococcal Grouping Kit, Oxoid®. The positive samples were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. We also assessed socioeconomic, reproductive, clinical, and obstetric variables, and newborn care. Statistical analysis was performed with Epi-Info 6.04. RESULTS: The prevalence of colonization obtained by field tests was 9.8% by CAMP test, but only 4.2% by serology. The only protective factor was white skin color (p=0.01, 0.45>OR>0.94, 95%CI). There was no difference in prevalence of Group B streptococcus regarding other reproductive and obstetric variables. Infection occurred in only one of the newborns from colonized mothers; although it was revealed infection with Pseudomonas spp. High resistance to ampicillin (4/9), cephalothin (4/9), penicillin (4/9), erythromycin (3/9), clindamycin (7/9), and cloramphenicol (1/9) was detected. CONCLUSIONS: The infection rate was lower than that found in other studies, although a high rate of resistance to antibiotics commonly used for treatment was detected. Since there are no studies on the prevalence of Group B streptococcus in Ceará, we cannot perform a comparative analysis of the population, and further studies are needed with geographically similar groups to validate these results.