Relationship between sensory processing patterns and gross motor function of children and adolescents with Down syndrome and typical development: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Children and adolescents with Down syndrome (DS) may experience impairments in sensory and motor skills that can be interrelated. The purposes of this study were (i) to compare the sensory processing patterns and gross motor function between children and adolescents with DS and with typical development (TD) and (ii) to explore associations between these areas in both DS and TD groups. METHOD: This cross-sectional study involved a sample size of 25 participants with DS (mean age 10.24 ± 2.04 years) and 25 participants with TD (mean age 10.04 ± 2.82 years). The sensory processing patterns were assessed using the Sensory Profile Second Version questionnaire, and the gross motor function was measured with the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88) dimensions (D) standing, and (E) walking, running, and jumping. Differences between groups were tested using the Mann-Whitney test, and the relationship between the variables was examined using Spearman's correlation tests, with a significance level set at 5%. RESULTS: Children with DS showed greater difficulties with sensory processing than TD children in Seeker (P < 0.001), Avoider (P < 0.001), Sensitivity (P < 0.001), Registration (P < 0.001), Auditory (P < 0.001), Touch (P = 0.001), Movements (P = 0.001), Oral (P = 0.028), Conduct (P = 0.005), Socioemotional (P < 0.001), and Attentional (P < 0.001) domains. Additionally, children with DS presented lower gross motor function than TD in GMFM-88, standing (P < 0.001) and walking, running, and jumping (P < 0.001). Correlations were found between greater difficulties with sensory processing in Touch and lower gross motor function in walking, running, and jumping for the DS group. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest there are more difficulties in sensory processing patterns and gross motor function in children with DS than in TD. Also, there is a single association between more difficulties in sensory processing and less well-developed motor function in the DS group. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of all these aspects should be performed in children and adolescents with DS, along with the provision of relevant interventions addressing specific needs.

Dual-task effects on postural sway during sit-to-stand movement in children with Down syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive and postural tasks require common cognitive mechanisms, resulting in conflicts when both tasks are simultaneously performed. The presence of neuromotor dysfunctions, such as Down syndrome, may impair coordination processes required to perform dual-tasks. The objective of this study was to investigate the dual-task effects on postural sway during sit-to-stand movements in typical children and children with Down syndrome in a cross-sectional study. METHODS: Twenty six typical children (10.2 ± 2.4 years) and 21 with Down syndrome (10.3 ± 2.3 years) performed sit-to-stand in the following conditions: (1) simple task; (2) dual-task bimanual activity (DT-Bim): sit-to-stand while carrying a tray using both hands; (3) dual-task unimanual dominant activity (DT-Uni-Dom): sit-to-stand while holding a plastic cup simulating water using the dominant hand; (4) dual-task unimanual non-dominant activity (DT-Uni-Nondom): sit-to-stand movement while holding a plastic cup simulating water. For data analysis, sit-to-stand was divided into three phases: preparation (phase 1), rising (phase 2), and stabilisation (phase 3). The following variables were calculated for each phase: anterior-posterior and medial-lateral amplitude of centre-of-pressure displacement, anterior-posterior and medial-lateral velocity of centre-of-pressure sway and area of centre-of-pressure sway. RESULTS: Children with Down syndrome showed greater sway than typical children in all sit-to-stand phases. Typical children showed greater anterior-posterior amplitude in phase 2 of sit-to-stand during DT-Uni Nondom compared with DT-Uni Dom. Children with Down syndrome during simple task condition showed greater and faster values sway in phases 2 and 3 of sit-to-stand movement than in DT-Bim activity, DT-Uni Dom activity and DT-Uni Nondom activity. During the condition of DT-Bim activity, these children showed lower anterior-posterior velocity of sway in phase 2 than during DT-Uni Dom activity. CONCLUSIONS: Children with Down syndrome showed greater postural sway during sit-to-stand than typical children. The addition of a concurrent motor task to sit-to-stand impacted postural sway in different intensities and in different ways across groups. Dual-tasks increased body sway in typical children in the DT-Uni Nondom condition compared with dominant one. In children with Down syndrome, dual-tasks decreased body sway, apparently resulting in a postural strategy of stiffness.

Influência do tamanho e da rigidez dos objetos nos ajustes proximais e distais do alcance de lactentes / Influence of object size and rigidity on proximal and distal adjustments to infant reaching

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: Estudos têm identificado que as propriedades dos objetos induzem os ajustes no alcance; no entanto, poucos investigaram a influência específica do tamanho e rigidez dos objetos em lactentes jovens. OBJETIVO: Verificar se lactentes de 4 a 6 meses realizam ajustes proximais e distais ao alcançarem objetos de diferentes tamanhos e rigidez. MÉTODOS: Nove lactentes saudáveis foram posicionados em uma cadeira inclinada a 50º. Quatro objetos foram apresentados, um rígido grande (RG), um rígido pequeno (RP), um maleável grande (MG) e um maleável pequeno (MP), por um período de 1 minuto cada. Em um total de 384 alcances, foram analisados os ajustes proximais (alcance uni e bimanual) e distais (orientação da mão horizontal, vertical e oblíqua; mão aberta, fechada e semi-aberta) e o sucesso do alcance dos objetos. RESULTADOS: Constatou-se ajuste bimanual para o objeto RG e unimanual para os demais. A orientação da mão oblíqua foi predominante no toque dos objetos, enquanto para a preensão dos mesmos, a predominância foi a vertical, principalmente para o objeto RG. A orientação horizontal não foi observada na preensão do objeto RG. A mão semi-aberta foi mais freqüente no início do alcance para todos os objetos, enquanto no toque do objeto RG a mão aberta foi predominante. O sucesso do alcance foi maior para os objetos maleáveis (MG, MP) do que para os rígidos (RG e RP). CONCLUSÃO: Lactentes jovens estudados são capazes de planejar e ajustar seus movimentos baseados na percepção das propriedades físicas dos objetos, o que sugere interação percepção-ação.

BACKGROUND: Studies have identified that object properties lead to adjustments to reaching. However, few have investigated the specific influence of object size and rigidity among young infants. OBJECTIVE: To verify whether four to six-month-old infants make proximal and distal adjustments when reaching for objects of different sizes and rigidity. METHOD: Nine healthy infants were seated on a chair inclined at 50º. Four objects were presented to them: one large rigid (LR), one small rigid (SR), one large malleable (LM) and one small malleable object (SM), each for a one-minute period. A total of 384 reaches were analyzed to verify proximal adjustments (single-hand and two-hand reaching) and distal adjustments (horizontal, vertical and oblique hand orientation; opened, closed and half-open hand), and the success in reaching the objects. RESULTS: The infants exhibited two-hand adjustments for the LR object and single-hand adjustments for the other objects. Oblique orientation was predominant for touching the objects, while vertical orientation was predominant for grasping them, particularly the LR object. Horizontal orientation was not observed for grasping the LR object. At the start of reaching for all objects, the hands were most frequently half-open, while the hands were predominantly open when touching the LR object. Success was greater when reaching for malleable objects (LM, SM) than for rigid objects (LR and SR). CONCLUSION: The young infants studied were capable of planning and adjusting their movements on the basis of their perceptions of the physical properties of the objects, which suggests that perception-action interaction was occurring.

A influencia da postura sobre o estado comportamental e a coordenacao mao boca do bebe / Behavior of babies in different body posture

O presente estudo teve por objetivo verificar a tolerncia dos bebes em permanecer em uma superficie rigida e a coordenacao mao-boca. Foram estudados 17 bebes saudaveis, idade media = 64,47 dias (+- 45,29). estes foram filmados em estado de alerta nas posturas supina e prona sobre uma mesa de madeira, por um periodo maximo de 300 segundos. Considerou-se tolerancia quando o bebe permanecia em estado de alerta e intolerancia quando apresentava choro, no qual o teste era interrompido. A frequencia e o tempo de permanencia da coordenacao mao-boca foram verificados pela analise das fitas de video. Constatou-se que 82,35 por cento dos bebes demonstraram intolerancia a postura prona, enquanto 29,41 por cento a supina. O teste nao parametrico de Wilcoxon demonstrou diferenca significativa entre as posturas estudadas (p=0,0026). Verificou-se que o periodo medio de tolerancia em supino foi de 248 s (+-101) e em prono, foi de 161,4 s (+-101,5). A coordenacao mao-boca foi verificada em 23,53 por cento dos bebes em uma frequencia media de 1,66 (+- 0,57), qundo na postura supina. Desses, 5,8 por cento permaneceram com a mao em contato com a boca por um tempo medio de 2 s. Em prono, 29,14 por cento dos bebes apresentaram a coordenacao mao-boca em uma frequencia media de 2,25(+- 1,25) e o tempo medio de permanencia foi de 20,3 s (+-20,88). Conclui-se que a postura prona e pouco tolerada pelos bebes, no entanto, favorece a coordenacao mao-boca. Portanto, deve ser incentivada em momentos de intervencao fisioterapeutica