Placental Transfer Efficiency of Neutralizing Antibodies on SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination before and after Pregnancy in Mexican Women.

The protection of the neonate against pathogens depends largely on the antibodies transferred placentally from the mother; for this reason, maternal vaccination against emerging viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, is of vital importance. Knowing some of the immunogenic factors that could alter the placental transfer of antibodies could aid in understanding the immune response and neonatal protection after maternal vaccination. In this study, we analyzed the efficiency of the placental transfer of binding and neutralizing antibodies, as well as some factors that could alter the passive immune response, such as the trimester of gestation at the time of immunization, the number of doses received by the mother and the type of vaccine. Binding IgG antibodies were detected by ELISA, and the detection of neutralizing antibodies was carried out using flow cytometry. Our results show efficient transfer rates (>1), which are higher when maternal vaccination occurs during the third trimester of gestation. Antibodies are detectable in mothers and their neonates after 12 months of maternal immunization, suggesting than the vaccination against COVID-19 before and during pregnancy in the Mexican population induces a lasting neutralizing response in mothers and their newborns.

Myo1f has an essential role in γδT intraepithelial lymphocyte adhesion and migration.

γδT intraepithelial lymphocyte represents up to 60% of the small intestine intraepithelial compartment. They are highly migrating cells and constantly interact with the epithelial cell layer and lamina propria cells. This migratory phenotype is related to the homeostasis of the small intestine, the control of bacterial and parasitic infections, and the epithelial shedding induced by LPS. Here, we demonstrate that Myo1f participates in the adhesion and migration of intraepithelial lymphocytes. Using long-tailed class I myosins KO mice, we identified the requirement of Myo1f for their migration to the small intestine intraepithelial compartment. The absence of Myo1f affects intraepithelial lymphocytes' homing due to reduced CCR9 and α4ß7 surface expression. In vitro, we confirm that adhesion to integrin ligands and CCL25-dependent and independent migration of intraepithelial lymphocytes are Myo1f-dependent. Mechanistically, Myo1f deficiency prevents correct chemokine receptor and integrin polarization, leading to reduced tyrosine phosphorylation which could impact in signal transduction. Overall, we demonstrate that Myo1f has an essential role in the adhesion and migration in γδT intraepithelial lymphocytes.

Myosin 1g and 1f: A Prospective Analysis in NK Cell Functions.

NK cells are contained in the ILC1 group; they are recognized for their antiviral and antitumor cytotoxic capacity; NK cells also participate in other immune response processes through cytokines secretion. However, the mechanisms that regulate these functions are poorly understood since NK cells are not as abundant as other lymphocytes, which has made them difficult to study. Using public databases, we identified that NK cells express mRNA encoding class I myosins, among which Myosin 1g and Myosin 1f are prominent. Therefore, this mini-review aims to generate a model of the probable participation of Myosin 1g and 1f in NK cells, based on information reported about the function of these myosins in other leukocytes.

New method for the determination of the net bilirubin absorbance in cerebrospinal fluid that minimizes the interference of oxyhaemoglobin and biliverdin.

The presence of oxyhaemoglobin and biliverdin interferes with the method recommended by the UK NEQAS Specialist Advisory group for EQA of CSF Proteins and Biochemistry for estimating of the net bilirubin absorbance in CSF. This is easily demonstrated by using solutions with different concentrations of these three substances.The two secondary peaks of the oxyhaemoglobin spectrum at 540 nm and 577 nm are used as reference to minimize these interferences. Those peaks have the same absorbance as at 456 nm in the oxyhaemoglobin spectrum, independent of its concentration. This wavelength is very close to the maximum absorption of bilirubin and, therefore, is suitable for estimating the net bilirubin absorbance.A preliminary study with 48 spectrophotometric analyses of CSF from patients who were suspected of having subarachnoid haemorrhage were used to compare both net bilirubin absorbance estimation methods.The new method is practically free of oxyhaemoglobin and biliverdin interference. This allows for higher sensitivity and a more realistic estimation of the bilirubin concentration in a sample.A better estimation of the bilirubin concentration can have special relevance for diminishing the amount of equivocal or inconclusive cases and also to improve the prematurity of the diagnosis.

Survivin Overexpression Has a Negative Effect on Feline Calicivirus Infection.

It is known that levels of the anti-apoptotic protein survivin are reduced during Murine norovirus MNV-1 and Feline calicivirus (FCV) infection as part of the apoptosis establishment required for virus release and propagation in the host. Recently, our group has reported that overexpression of survivin causes a reduction of FCV protein synthesis and viral progeny production, suggesting that survivin may affect early steps of the replicative cycle. Using immunofluorescence assays, we observed that overexpression of survivin, resulted in the reduction of FCV infection not only in transfected but also in the neighboring nontransfected CrFK cells, thus suggesting autocrine and paracrine protective effects. Cells treated with the supernatants collected from CrFK cells overexpressing survivin showed a reduction in FCV but not MNV-1 protein production and viral yield, suggesting that FCV binding and/or entry were specifically altered. The reduced ability of FCV to bind to the surface of the cells overexpressing survivin, or treated with the supernatants collected from these cells, correlate with the reduction in the cell surface of the FCV receptor, the feline junctional adhesion molecule (fJAM) 1, while no effect was observed in the cells transfected with the pAm-Cyan vector or in cells treated with the corresponding supernatants. Moreover, the overexpression of survivin affects neither Vaccinia virus (VACV) production in CrFK cells nor MNV-1 virus production in RAW 267.4 cells, indicating that the effect is specific for FCV. All of these results taken together indicate that cells that overexpress survivin, or cell treatment with the conditioned medium from these cells, results in the reduction of the fJAM-1 molecule and, therefore, a specific reduction in FCV entry and infection.

Comunicación interauricular en adultos. Experiencia de resultados quirúrgicos en el Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín durante 13 años. ¿Morbimortalidad alta o baja? / Atrial septal defects in adults. Experience of surgical results at the Carlos Andrade Marín Hospital for 13 years. High or low morbidity and mortality?

La población de adultos con cardiopatías congénitas ha aumentado en las últimas décadas. La cardiopatía congénita del tipo comunicación interauricular (CIA) puede manifestarse mediante síntomas de intolerancia al ejercicio con discapacidad significativa en un paciente previamente asintomático. Los síntomas se inician generalmente a partir de la cuarta década de la vida. La reparación quirúrgica tiene una mortalidad baja en edades tempranas (< 1% en pacientes sin comorbilidad relevante) y buenos resultados a largo plazo. Materiales y métodos: realizamos un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, considerando todos los casos de CIA intervenidos quirúrgicamente en adultos (> 18 años de edad), desde enero de 2003 a junio de 2015, valorando el beneficio quirúrgico a corto y mediano plazo, y evaluando el mejoramiento, deterioro o mantenimiento de la clase funcional, determinación del "shunt" residual, tamaño y función del ventrículo derecho, insuficiencia tricuspídea y presión arterial pulmonar por ecocardiografía transtorácica, así como la evaluación de arritmias por antecedentes conocidos o no. Resultados y discusión: Un total de 163 pacientes fueron sometidos a cierre de CIA en el período descrito. El grupo más representativo en cuanto a género fue el sexo femenino (n=114), en relación al género masculino (n=49). Se comprobó el beneficio quirúrgico en todos los operados (100%). La mortalidad fue nula. En cuanto a la clase funcional catorce pacientes regresaron de clase funcional II a I (28% mejora de clase funcional II), tres pasaron de clase III a II 100% mejora de clase funcional NYHA III), y diecisiete (13.38%) se sumaron a la clase funcional I, de los 110 pacientes previos que se tenía. En todos los casos se realizó un ecocardiograma transtorácico de control a los 3 y 6 meses, excepto en los que fueron operados en 2015. Resultados finales: : La función del ventrículo derecho (TAPSE) mejoró en 17 casos luego de la intervención quirúrgica, con 9 pacientes cuya mejoría se evidenció dentro de los 3 primeros meses y 8 pacientes a los 6 meses; la presión sistólica de la arteria pulmonar (PSAP) mejoró en 26 casos. Se documentaron 4 tipos de arritmias: 2 bradiarritmias (un bloqueo AV de II grado y un bloqueo AV total) y 2 taquiarritmias (un paciente con fibrilación auricular y uno con aleteo auricular) que ameritaron manejo y control, sin aumentar o complicar la morbimortalidad.. Conclusiones: la reparación quirúrgica de una CIA en adultos en nuestra institución tiene una mortalidad nula y buenos resultados; la esperanza de vida es normal y la morbilidad baja a corto, mediano y largo plazo. El resultado es mejor si la reparación se realiza en pacientes menores de 30 años. El cierre de la CIA después de los 40 años parece no afectar la frecuencia de aparición de arritmias durante el seguimiento. No obstante, los pacientes se benefician del cierre a cualquier edad en lo que a morbilidad se refiere (capacidad de ejercicio, disnea, insuficiencia cardíaca derecha, enfermedad cerebrovascular).

Introduction: The population of adults with congenital heart disease has increased in recent decades. Congenital heart disease, atrial septal defect (ASD) type, can lead to symptoms such as exercise intolerance with significant disability in a previously asymptomatic patient. Symptoms usually start from the fourth decade of life. Surgical repair has low mortality at an early age (<1% in patients without significant comorbidity) and good long-term results. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective study, considering all cases of atrial septal defect underwent surgery in adults (> 18 years), from January 2003 to June 2015, assessing the surgical benefit in the short and medium term, and evaluating improvement, deterioration or maintenance of functional class, determination of residual shunt, size and function of the right ventricle, tricuspid regurgitation and pulmonary artery pressure by transthoracic echocardiography and assessment of arrhythmias known or background. Results and discussion: A total of 163 patients were collected from all cardiac surgeries performed in the period described, of which the most representative group was the women (n = 114) compared to males (n = 49) . Of these it was found that; Surgical Benefit: it was 100% in all operated without mortality data; Functional Class: 14 patients returned to functional class II to I (28% improvement in functional class II), 3 patients underwent functional class III to II (100% improvement in NYHA functional class III), and 17 patients (13,38%) joined functional class I, from the previous 110 patients who had. In all cases it was possible to perform a control transthoracic echocardiography at 3 and 6 months, except for those who were operated in 2015, and the end result can be concluded that; Right Ventricular Function (TAPSE): improved in 17 cases after surgery, with 9 patients within the first three months and 8 patients at 6 months; whereas Systolic Pulmonary Artery Pressure (SPAP): improved in 26 cases. Documented 4 types of Arrhythmias, 2 bradyarrhythmias (II degree AV block and AV Total Lock) and 2 tachyarrhythmias (atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter), which merited management and control without increasing morbidity or complicate documented. Conclusions: Surgical repair of an ASD in adults in our institution has a zero mortality and good results with normal life expectancy and low morbidity in the short, medium and long term. The result is better if the repair is performed in patients under 30 years. The closure of the CIA after 40 years seems not affect the frequency of arrhythmias during follow-up. However, patients benefit closure at any age when it refers to morbidity (exercise capacity, breathlessness, right heart failure, cerebrovascular disease).