Factors Affecting Anemia among Women of Reproductive Age in Mexico: A Mixed-Methods Country Case Study.

BACKGROUND: In Mexico, anemia prevalence among women of reproductive age (WRA) decreased from 16.4% in 2006 to 11.6% in 2012, only to increase to 18.3% in 2016. The factors associated with this fluctuation are uncertain. OBJECTIVE: We conducted a systematic in-depth assessment of the quantitative and qualitative determinants of anemia among WRA in Mexico between 2006 and 2018. METHODS: Using multivariate stepwise linear regression, we analyzed Mexico's Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (ENSANUT) surveys from 2006, 2012, and 2018 to identify determinants of WRA anemia. We also conducted a review of anemia-relevant programs and policies, including financing documents, and conducted in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with key stakeholders in Mexico. RESULTS: Among non-pregnant women (NPW) 15-49 years, mean hemoglobin (Hb) increased from 13.8 g/dL in 2006 to 14.0 g/dL in 2012, decreasing to 13.2 g/dL in 2018 (p<0.001). Inequities by geographical region and household wealth persisted throughout this period, with household wealth, urban residence and gravidity emerging as significant predictors of Hb among NPW. Qualitative analyses generally supported these findings. The most discussed program was Progresa-Oportunidades-Prospera (POP), where most resources for health were invested and most participants acknowledged that its cancellation in 2019 would lead to worsening in health and nutrition among the poor. Financing analyses showed a drop of funding for nutrition-related programs between 2014 and 2018. Cultural norms around gender roles were still prevalent, along with increasing rates of teenage pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Anemia prevention efforts need to refocus on poverty alleviation, continuity of adequate coverage and financing of nutrition programs, especially with safety nets, and increase in uptake of family planning, especially among adolescent girls.

Ecotoxic effect in Allium cepa due to sphalerite weathering arising in calcareous conditions.

The ecotoxic effect of Zn species arising from the weathering of the marmatite-like sphalerite ((Fe, Zn)S) in Allium cepa systems was herein evaluated in calcareous soils and connected with its sulfide oxidation mechanism to determine the chemical speciation responsible of this outcome. Mineralogical analyses (X-ray diffraction patterns, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy), chemical study of leachates (total Fe, Zn, Cd, oxidation-reduction potential, pH, sulfates and total alkalinity) and electrochemical assessments (chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) were carried out using (Fe, Zn)S samples to elucidate interfacial mechanisms simulating calcareous soil conditions. Results indicate the formation of polysulfides (Sn2-), elemental sulfur (S0), siderite (FeCO3)-like, hematite (Fe2O3)-like with sorbed CO32- species, gunningite (ZnSO4·H2O)-like phase and smithsonite (ZnCO3)-like compounds in altered surface under calcareous conditions. However, the generation of gunningite (ZnSO4·H2O)-like phase was predominant bulk-solution system. Quantification of damage rates ranges from 75 to 90% of bulb cells under non-carbonated conditions after 15-30 days, while 50-75% of damage level is determined under neutral-alkaline carbonated conditions. Damage ratios are 70.08 and 30.26 at the highest level, respectively. These findings revealed lower ecotoxic damage due to ZnCO3-like precipitation, indicating the effect of carbonates on Zn compounds during vegetable up-taking (exposure). Other environmental suggestions of the (Fe, Zn)S weathering and ecotoxic effects under calcareous soil conditions are discussed.

State-level prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age. Ensanut 2006, 2012 and 2018-19.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency, at state level in non-pregnant women between 20 and 49 years of age from the Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut, in Spanish) 2006, 2012 and 2018-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Ensanut 2006, 2012 and 2018-19 have a probabilistic design. Hb in capillary blood was measured by HemoCue Hb201 and ferritin by venous sample. Anemia was diagnosed with Hb<120g/L and iron deficiency with Ferritin<15ng/mL. RESULTS: At the national level, anemia increased 6.1 (p<0.05) percentage points (pp) from 2006 to 2018-19. Baja California Norte, Campeche, Colima, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Sinaloa and Sonora, went from low prevalence (5 to 19.9%) to moderate (20 to 39.9%); in Yucatán and Tamaulipas it went from low to severe (>40). In Guanajuato, State of Mexico and Querétaro it was reduced from 2006 to 2018-19 (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Anemia continues to be a public health problem that requires actions at the state level, considering level of wellbeing index, food programs and affiliation to medical Services insurance.

Factores asociados con anemia y deficiencia de micronutrimentos en mujeres mexicanas. Ensanut Continua 2022.

OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores asociados con anemia, deficiencias de hierro (DH) y vitamina B12 (DVB12) en mujeres de 12 a 49 años, participantes en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición Continua 2022 (Ensanut Continua 2022). Material y métodos. La Ensanut es probabilística con representatividad nacional. Se recolectó sangre venosa de 1 141 mujeres para analizar hemoglobina, ferritina y vitamina B12, para estimar deficiencias según la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y modelos de regresión logística (módulo SVY/STATA). RESULTADOS: Las prevalencias de anemia, DH y DVB12 fueron 15.7, 41.9 y 17.2%, respectivamente. Se asoció (p<0.5) anemia con agua de garrafón/botella (razón de momios [RM]=2.27; IC95% 0.99,5.17) y DH con no tener agua entubada (RM=2.86; IC95% 1.31, 6.22) y pertenecer al estrato urbano (RM=1.56; IC95% 0.98, 2.45). Conclusión. La anemia, DH y DVB12 fueron altamente prevalentes, por lo tanto se requiere profundizar en el tema del agua para beber y en la derechohabiencia en mujeres con mayores desventajas socioeconómicas.

Estado de micronutrimentos en niños, niñas y mujeres mexicanas: análisis de la Ensanut Continua 2022.

OBJETIVO: Describir las deficiencias de micronutrientes en la población mexicana participante de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2022 (Ensanut 2022). Material y métodos. La Ensanut 2022 es probabilística y de representatividad nacional. Se recolectó sangre venosa en una submuestra de niños de 1-11 años (48%) y de mujeres de 12-49 años (37%). Se separó el suero in situ para analizar ferritina, vitamina B12, folato y 25[OH]D, definiendo deficiencias según criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos en niños/as preescolares, escolares y mujeres (12-49 años), utilizando el diseño de la encuesta. RESULTADOS: Las prevalencias de deficiencia de hierro, niveles bajos de vitamina B12 y deficiencia de vitamina D fueron 30.6, 17.4 y 4.7% en preescolares; 17.2, 20 y 37.1% en escolares; y 39.7, 34.0 y 37.7% en mujeres, respectivamente. Conclusión. La deficiencia de hierro en preescolares y de micronutrientes en mujeres fueron altamente prevalentes. Es necesario un llamado a la acción para realizar intervenciones focalizadas en grupos con mayor desventaja social.

Prevalencia de anemia en la población mexicana: análisis de la Ensanut Continua 2022.

OBJETIVO: Describir la magnitud de la prevalencia de anemia en la población mexicana participante en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición Continua 2022 (Ensanut Continua 2022). Material y métodos. La Ensanut 2022 es probabilística. Mediante sangre venosa y Hemocué (201+) se midió hemoglobina (Hb) y se ajustó por altitud. Se definió anemia según criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Considerando el diseño muestral de la encuesta, se obtuvieron prevalencias e IC95%. RESULTADOS: Las prevalencias de anemia fueron 6.8% en niños de 1-4 años, 3.8% en niños de 5-11 años, 10.1% en adolescentes (12-19 años), 15.8% en mujeres (20-49 años) y 10.3% en adultos mayores (≥60 años). CONCLUSIONES: La anemia afectó principalmente a las mujeres adultas. Resulta necesario identificar sus causas para focalizar acciones y evitar el ciclo intergeneracional del riesgo de anemia.

A sensor histidine kinase from a plant-endosymbiont bacterium restores the virulence of a mammalian intracellular pathogen.

Alphaproteobacteria include organisms living in close association with plants or animals. This interaction relies partly on orthologous two-component regulatory systems (TCS), with sensor and regulator proteins modulating the expression of conserved genes related to symbiosis/virulence. We assessed the ability of the exoS+Sm gene, encoding a sensor protein from the plant endosymbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti to substitute its orthologous bvrS in the related animal/human pathogen Brucella abortus. ExoS phosphorylated the B. abortus regulator BvrR in vitro and in cultured bacteria, showing conserved biological function. Production of ExoS in a B. abortus bvrS mutant reestablished replication in host cells and the capacity to infect mice. Bacterial outer membrane properties, the production of the type IV secretion system VirB, and its transcriptional regulators VjbR and BvrR were restored as compared to parental B. abortus. These results indicate that conserved traits of orthologous TCS from bacteria living in and sensing different environments are sufficient to achieve phenotypic plasticity and support bacterial survival. The knowledge of bacterial genetic networks regulating host interactions allows for an understanding of the subtle differences between symbiosis and parasitism. Rewiring these networks could provide new alternatives to control and prevent bacterial infection.

Influence of oxygen vacancies, surface composition, and crystallite size on the photoelectrochemical oxidation activity of C,N-codoped TiO2 for cefadroxil abatement along with O3.

This study aims the development of photoelectrodes to be incorporated in a photoelectrocatalytic ozonation (PECO) process for tertiary treatment of urban wastewaters, targeting the removal of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC). PECO tests were performed using urban wastewater after secondary treatment fortified with Cefadroxil (CFX, C16H17N3O5S), as target model CEC. Three Nitrogen and Carbon doped TiO2 (CN-TiO2) electrodes were synthesized by anodizing at 50, 70, and 90 V, and calcined. These materials were characterized by X-Ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, to correlate defects with photoactivity. All photoanodes considerably reduced their main bandgaps by the incorporation of C and N species, to enable absorption capacities in the UV region using a Xe lamp. The lowest oxygen vacancy content and largest crystallite size were found for CN-TiO2-70, favoring the reduction of bulk defects that could act as recombination of charge carriers. Therefore, oxygen vacancies affect more the TiO2 photoactivity compared to the crystallite size or the light absorption capacity, confirming that a lower content of vacancies in the material bulk and surface doping significantly influence the activity as detected by Rietveld refinement, DRS, and XPS. The electrochemical techniques confirm that the highest photocurrent was obtained for CN-TiO2-70, whence this photoanode was chosen to carry out the CFX degradation. A point defect model simulating Nyquist plot reveals that the photoactivity depends on the speed to diffuse oxygen vacancies through the TiO2 coating. All abatement processes were followed by high-performance liquid chromatography, and Total Organic Carbon (TOC). At neutral and alkaline conditions, CFX is eliminated to levels below the analytical detection limit after 90 min of treatment (TOC removals of 87 and 91%, respectively), indicating that the coupling between the CN-TiO2-70 photocatalyst and ozone is effective in eliminating the contaminant due to parallel routes forming •OH species. Lower CFX degradation observed at acidic pH (TOC removal of 70%) is assigned to the difficulty of oxidizing protonated CFX species.

Conductas del estilo de vida y sarcopenia en personas mayores de Mexicali México: estudio transversal / Lifestyle behaviors and sarcopenia in older adults from Mexicali, Mexico: cross-sectional study

Objetivo principal: Describir la prevalencia de sarcopenia y analizar la influencia de las conductas asociadas del estilo de vida en la sarcopenia en personas mayores residentes de Mexicali, México. Metodología: Se consideró un diseño descriptivo inferencial. Participaron 105 personas mayores de 60 años o más. El muestreo fue no probabilístico. Se evaluaron los criterios diagnósticos para sarcopenia y las conductas asociadas al estilo de vida. La investigación se realizó acorde a la reglamentación ética. Resultados principales: El 24,8% y el 59% presentaron uno de los tres estadios de la sarcopenia acorde a los puntos de corte para la población mexicana y EWGSOP respectivamente. Se encontró asociación con el IMC (p <,01) y sexo (p <,05). Conclusión principal: Se identificó que la prevalencia es menor cuando se consideran los puntos de corte regionales para México. El IMC y el sexo se asociaron con la sarcopenia. (AU)

Objetive: To describe the prevalence of sarcopenia and analyze the influence of lifestyle behaviors associated with sarcopenia in older adults residents of Mexicali, Mexico. Methods: A descriptive inferential design was considered. The participants were 105 older adults. The sampling was non-probabilistic. The research considers the evaluation of the diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia and the behaviors associated with lifestyle. The research considered the current national and international ethical regulations. Results: The 24.8% and 59% presented one of the three stages of sarcopenia according with the cut-off points for the Mexican population and the EWGSOP, respectively. BMI (p <.01) and sex (p <.05) were associated sarcopenia. Conclusions: It was found that the prevalence is lower when considering the regional cut-off points for northern Mexico. Only BMI and gender were associated with sarcopenia. (AU)

Effect of Spatial Contiguity on Learning Sequences of Positions / Efecto de la contigüidad espacial sobre el aprendizaje de secuencias de posiciones

Abstract Four conditions of spatial contiguity of positions were used to assess sequence learning. Two sequences of 16 and 25 positions presented in two matrices of 4x4 and 5x5 respectively were used. Within each matrix, 4 (in the 4x4 matrix) or 6 positions (in the 5x5 matrix) presented spatial contiguity. The place at the sequence in which contiguous positions occurred varied across groups. In this way, spatial contiguity of the 4 or 6 positions was presented at the beginning of the sequence (Group 1), in the middle part (Group 2), at the end of the sequence (Group 3) or it was presented a sequence in which all positions occurred without spatial contiguity (Group 4). 28 undergraduate students participated. Results showed no differences among groups in the number of trials required to reproduce the sequence correctly. Number of errors was lower when contiguous positions were presented at the beginning of the sequence. These findings are explained as a possible effect of accentuation of primacy given by the occurrence of contiguous positions at the beginning of the sequence.

Resumen Cuatro condiciones de contigüidad espacial de posiciones fueron empleadas para evaluar el aprendizaje de secuencias. Se emplearon dos secuencias de 16 y 25 posiciones presentadas en dos matrices de 4x4 y 5x5, respectivamente. Dentro de cada matriz, 4 (en la matriz de 4x4) o 6 posiciones (en la matriz de 5x5) presentaron contigüidad espacial. Entre grupos, se varió el punto de la secuencia en el que se presentaron las posiciones contiguas. De este modo, la contigüidad espacial de las 4 o 6 posiciones se presentó al inicio de la secuencia (Grupo 1), en la parte media (Grupo 2), al final de la secuencia (Grupo 3), o bien, se presentó una secuencia en la que todas las posiciones ocurrieron sin contigüidad espacial (Grupo 4). Participaron 28 estudiantes de licenciatura. Los resultados no mostraron diferencias entre grupos en cuanto al número de ensayos requeridos para reproducir la secuencia correctamente. El número de errores fue menor cuando las posiciones contiguas se presentaron al inicio de la secuencia. Los hallazgos se explican a partir de un posible efecto de acentuación de la primacía, dado por la ocurrencia de posiciones contiguas al inicio de la secuencia.

Anaemia in adolescent women: A priority for the nutrition agenda in Mexico. A comparison of data from the ENSANUT 2012 and 2018-2019 surveys.

The risk of anaemia in adolescence increases due to accelerated growth. This study aims to: (1) estimate the prevalence of anaemia in 2012 and 2018-2019 (Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutricion - ENSANUT [n = 5841 in 2012 and n = 2380 in 2018-2019]) in non-pregnant, Mexican adolescent women aged 12-19 years, and the changes in prevalence over this period according to sociodemographic, health and nutrition characteristics; (2) estimate the associations between anaemia and sociodemographic, health and nutrition characteristics in each year and overall, in non-pregnant Mexican adolescent women. Anaemia was defined as capillary haemoglobin <12 g/dL. The distribution of characteristics and their changes between 2012 and 2018-2019 were described. The covariate-adjusted prevalence of anaemia in 2012 and 2018-2019 and the changes over that period were estimated from a multiple log-binomial regression model and the factors associated with anaemia were assessed in each survey year and in both years combined. The prevalence of anaemia was 7.7% in 2012 and 13.1% in 2018-2019 (69% increase, Prevalence Ratio: PR = 1.69; 95%CI: 1.35, 2.13). The covariate-adjusted prevalence of anaemia increased from 6.9% to 10.5% in the overall population (PR = 1.53, 95%CI: 1.19, 1.96), and increased considerably in the age group 12-14 years (PR = 1.94, 95%CI: 1.36, 2.75), and in the northern region (PR = 3.68, 95%CI: 2.55, 5.32). Those receiving iron supplements or school breakfasts did not register a significant increase. A higher household wellbeing status and older age were associated with a lower prevalence of anaemia. Anaemia in non-pregnant adolescent women continues to be a public health problem. To improve the development and health of adolescent women in Mexico and to pave the way to a healthy pregnancy for the next generation, the causes of anaemia should be identified.

Cambios en el estado de la anemia en una población infantil mexicana: un estudio longitudinal / Changes in anemia status in Mexican children: a longitudinal study

Objetivo: evaluar el cambio longitudinal de la anemia y su asociación con el indigenismo, el nivel socioeconómico (NSE) y la inseguridad alimentaria (IA) en una población infantil mexicana beneficiaria de dos programas sociales. Métodos: estudio longitudinal de 1164 niños menores de 18 meses de localidades rurales, residentes en tres estados de México. Se midió la concentración de hemoglobina en 2008 y 2012, y se determinó el cambio intrasujeto en la condición de anemia. Indigenismo, NSE e IA se obtuvieron en 2008. Su asociación con cuatro categorías de cambio de la anemia se evaluó mediante modelos de regresión logística multinomial ajustados por covariables. Resultados: en 2008, el 40,5 % de los niños padecían anemia. Para 2012, un 85,2 % de ellos ya no la tenían y el 9,8 % de los que no la habían tenido la presentaban. Las distribuciones de las categorías de cambio de estado de la anemia no se asociaron con la IA, mientras que sí se detectaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en relación con el indigenismo y el NSE. Conclusiones: la alta prevalencia de la anemia que aqueja a la población infantil justifica la implementación de intervenciones basadas en la evidencia y de probada efectividad para su combate. (AU)

Objectives: to evaluate longitudinal change in anemia and its association with indigenous status, socioeconomic status (SES), and food insecurity (FI) in Mexican children. Methods: a longitudinal study in 1164 children under 18 months of age in rural communities. Hemoglobin concentration was measured in 2008 and 2012, and changes in anemia status were determined. Indigenous status, SES and FI were obtained in 2008, and their associations with four categories of change in anemia status were assessed through multinomial logistic regression models including adjustment covariates. Results: in 2008, 40.5 % of children had anemia, and 85.2 % of these did not have anemia in 2012, whereas 9.9 % of those who did not have anemia in 2008 had developed it in 2012. The distributions of the categories of change in anemia status were not associated with FI, while statistically significant differences were detected according to indigenism and NSE. Conclusions: the high prevalence of anemia that affects the child population justifies the implementation of interventions based on evidence, of proven effectiveness to combat it. (AU)

[Changes in anemia status in Mexican children: a longitudinal study]. / Cambios en el estado de la anemia en una población infantil mexicana: un estudio longitudinal.

Introduction: Objectives: to evaluate longitudinal change in anemia and its association with indigenous status, socioeconomic status (SES), and food insecurity (FI) in Mexican children. Methods: a longitudinal study in 1164 children under 18 months of age in rural communities. Hemoglobin concentration was measured in 2008 and 2012, and changes in anemia status were determined. Indigenous status, SES and FI were obtained in 2008, and their associations with four categories of change in anemia status were assessed through multinomial logistic regression models including adjustment covariates. Results: in 2008, 40.5 % of children had anemia, and 85.2 % of these did not have anemia in 2012, whereas 9.9 % of those who did not have anemia in 2008 had developed it in 2012. The distributions of the categories of change in anemia status were not associated with FI, while statistically significant differences were detected according to indigenism and NSE. Conclusions: the high prevalence of anemia that affects the child population justifies the implementation of interventions based on evidence, of proven effectiveness to combat it.

Introducción: Objetivo: evaluar el cambio longitudinal de la anemia y su asociación con el indigenismo, el nivel socioeconómico (NSE) y la inseguridad alimentaria (IA) en una población infantil mexicana beneficiaria de dos programas sociales. Métodos: estudio longitudinal de 1164 niños menores de 18 meses de localidades rurales, residentes en tres estados de México. Se midió la concentración de hemoglobina en 2008 y 2012, y se determinó el cambio intrasujeto en la condición de anemia. Indigenismo, NSE e IA se obtuvieron en 2008. Su asociación con cuatro categorías de cambio de la anemia se evaluó mediante modelos de regresión logística multinomial ajustados por covariables. Resultados: en 2008, el 40,5 % de los niños padecían anemia. Para 2012, un 85,2 % de ellos ya no la tenían y el 9,8 % de los que no la habían tenido la presentaban. Las distribuciones de las categorías de cambio de estado de la anemia no se asociaron con la IA, mientras que sí se detectaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en relación con el indigenismo y el NSE. Conclusiones: la alta prevalencia de la anemia que aqueja a la población infantil justifica la implementación de intervenciones basadas en la evidencia y de probada efectividad para su combate.

Differential Effects of Three Nutritional Supplements on the Nutrient Intake of Pregnant Women Enrolled in a Conditional Cash Transfer Program in Mexico: A Cluster Randomized Trial.

Supplementation in malnourished pregnant women should not displace natural healthy foods. Objective: To estimate the differential effects of three nutritional supplements on macro- and micronutrient intake of pregnant women beneficiaries of the conditional cash transfer program Prospera (CCT-POP). Methods: Prospective cluster randomized trial. Communities were randomly assigned to receive a fortified beverage (Beverage), micronutrient tablets (Tablets), or micronutrient powder (MNP). Pregnant women (at <25 weeks) were recruited. The food frequency questionnaire was applied at 25 and 37 weeks of pregnancy and at one and three months postpartum (mpp). Differential effects of the three supplements on the median change in nutrient intake from baseline to each follow-up stage were estimated. Results: Median change in protein intake from dietary and supplement sources were significantly lower for MNP and Tablets than for Beverages (baseline to 37 w: −7.80 ± 2.90 and −11.54 ± 3.00, respectively; baseline to 1 mpp: −7.34 ± 2.90 for MNP, p < 0.001). Compared to Beverages, median increases were higher for the MNP for vitamins C (31.2 ± 11.7, p < 0.01), E (1.67 ± 0.81, p < 0.05), and B12 (0.83 ± 0.27, p < 0.01) from baseline to 37 wk; from baseline to 1 mpp, there was a higher median increase in B12 (0.55 ± 0.25, p < 0.05) and folate (63.4 ± 24.3, p < 0.01); and from baseline to 3 mpp, a higher median increase in iron (2.38 ± 1.06, p < 0.05) and folate (94.4 ± 38.1, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Intake of micronutrients was higher for MNP and Tablets, likely due to food displacement among Beverage consumers. Although iron bioavailability and absorption inhibitors were not considered for the present analyses, the distribution of Tablets or MNP had several advantages in this context where micronutrient deficiency remains high among pregnant women, but macronutrient intake is generally adequate or even high.

Modeling the sulfamethoxazole degradation by active chlorine in a flow electrochemical reactor.

The aim of this study is to propose a continuous physicochemical model accounting for the active chlorine production used to degrade recalcitrant sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in an electrochemical flow reactor. The computational model describes the fluid mechanics and mass transfer occurring in the re/actor, along with the electrode kinetics of hydrogen evolution reaction arising on a stainless steel cathode, and the chloride oxidation on a DSA. Specifically, the anodic contributions assume the heterogeneous nature of the adsorbed chlorine species formed on this surface, which are a model requirement to correctly define the experimental reactor performance and degradation efficiency of the contaminant. The experimental validation conducted at different applied current densities, volumetric flows, and chloride concentrations is adequately explained by the model, thus evidencing some of the phenomena controlling the electrocatalytic chlorine production for environmental applications. The best conditions to eliminate the SMX are proposed based on the theoretical analysis of the current efficiency calculated with the model, and experimentally confirmed. The use of the Ti/RuO2-ZrO2-Sb2O3 anode at the bench scale improves the SMX removal by using electro-generated chlorine species adsorbed on its surface, which remarkably increases the oxidation potential of the system along with chlorine desorbed from the electrode. This is a technological innovation concerning other mediated oxidation methods entirely using oxidants in solution.

Talla baja y sobrepeso en menores de 5 años que habitan la Sierra Tarahumara, México / Stunting and overweight in children under 5y who inhabit the Sierra Tarahumara in northern Mexico

La doble carga de la desnutrición y el exceso de peso (o mala nutrición) es uno de los indicadores que mejor ilustra las inequidades en salud que existen en zonas indígenas de México. Por otro lado, existe escasa evidencia del estado de nutrición en población Tarahumara. Objetivo: Estimar indicadores del estado de nutrición y su asociación con factores sociodemográficos en población indígena Tarahumara menor de 5 años. Métodos: Estudio transversal en 21 localidades indígenas de la Sierra Tarahumara en Chihuahua, México, que analizó información sociodemográfica, de salud y antropométrica en población infantil de 6 a 59 meses de edad (n=323). Se estimaron índices antropométricos y su asociación con variables de interés mediante regresión logística múltiple. Un valor de p ≤0,05 fue considerado como estadísticamente significativo. Todos los análisis se realizaron en el paquete estadístico Stata v14.2. Resultados: Se encontraron altas prevalencias de talla baja (44,4%), emaciación (5,3%), bajo peso (11,9%) y sobrepeso (15,2%). El sexo masculino se asoció significativamente con talla baja (Razón de Momios (RM)=2,5; 1,45-4,34), mientras que, ninguna escolaridad de la madre (RM=0,39; 0,15-0,99) y ser beneficiario de un programa local de nutrición por más de 2 años se asoció con sobrepeso (RM=2,97; 1,26 -6,97). Conclusión: Se encontraron indicadores de mala nutrición en la muestra estudiada; éstos hallazgos podrían sugerir la existencia de inequidad y rezago en salud y nutrición de población infantil indígena Tarahumara. Se requieren más estudios que puedan orientar programas y acciones de salud y nutrición para atender a esta población de forma prioritaria(AU)

The double burden of malnutrition and excess weight (or poor nutrition) is one of the indicators that best illustrates the health inequities that exist in indigenous areas of Mexico. On the other hand, there is scarce evidence of the nutritional status of the Tarahumara population. Objective: To estimate indicators of the nutritional status and its association with sociodemographic factors in the Tarahumara indigenous population under 5 years of age. Methods: A cross-sectional study in 21 indigenous localities of the Sierra Tarahumara in Chihuahua, Mexico, which analyzed sociodemographic, health and anthropometric information in children from 6 to 59 months of age (n=323). Anthropometric indices and their association with variables of interest was estimated by multiple logistic regression. A value of p ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyzes were performed using the Stata v14.2 statistical package. Results: It were founded high prevalences of short stature (44.4%), emaciation (5.3%), underweight (11.9%) and overweight (15.2%). Male sex was significantly associated with short stature (Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.5; 1.45-4.34), while no education of the mother (OR = 0.39; 0.15-0.99) and being a beneficiary of a local nutrition program for more than 2 years it was associated with being overweight (OR = 2.97; 1.26-6.97). Conclusion: Indicators of malnutrition and overweight were founded in the sample studied; these findings suggest inequity and delays in health and nutrition of the indigenous Tarahumara child population. More research is required that can guide health and nutrition programs and actions to serve this indigenous population as a priority(AU)

Association between Predictors of Vitamin D Serum Levels and Risk of Retinoblastoma in Children: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: vitamin D (VD) may be a protective factor for retinoblastoma, though no temporal association has been reported during pregnancy or the child's first year of life. Serum VD concentrations are determined by both distal (DF) and proximal factors (PF). OBJECTIVE: To identify if DF and PF can predict VD insufficiency (VDI) and VD deficiency (VDD) in women of childbearing age; and to test whether maternal exposure to DF and PF during pregnancy and a child's exposure during the first 11.9 months postpartum are associated with sporadic retinoblastoma (SRb) in children. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of data from the Epidemiology of SRb in Mexico (EpiRbMx) study and the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018-2019 (ENSANUT 2018-2019, for its acronym in Spanish). The association of DF and PF with VDD or VDI was estimated using ENSANUT 2018-2019, and the association of DF and PF with SRb using EpiRbMx. All were estimated using logistic regression, with comparable samples selected from ENSANUT 2018-2019 and EpiRbMx. RESULTS: Altitude, latitude and obesity predicted VDI and VDD in ENSANUT women. In EpiRbMx, residence in a rural location during pregnancy increased the risk of SRb. For children, rural residence and latitude increased the risk of SRb, while the number of days exposed to the spring-summer season during months 6 to 11.9 of life was protective. CONCLUSIONS: risk of VDI and VDD in women (ENSANUT 2018-2019) increased with altitude, urban dwelling, overweight and obesity. The child and mother's place of residence, including altitude, latitude and rural classification were important predictors of SRb in EpiRbMx.

Vitamin D status in Mexican women at reproductive age, Ensanut 2018-19 / Estado de vitamina D en mujeres en edad reproductiva, Ensanut 2018-19

Abstract Objective: To describe the prevalence of deficiency (VDD) and insufficiency (VDI) of vitamin D (VD), by sociodemographic factors, obesity and physical activity in a probabilistic sample of Mexican women participating in Ensanut 2018-19. Materials and methods: In 1 262 women aged 20 to 49 years, the prevalence of VDD/IVD was estimated and the factors associated with it were evaluated with a multinomial regression model. Results: The prevalence of VDI was 46.1% and of VDD was 31.6%. The probability of presenting VDI and VDD was higher for residents of urban areas, in tertiles 2 and 3 of socioeconomic status, and with obesity, while was lower in women with moderate physical activity. Conclusión: The prevalence of vitamin D in Mexican women continues to be a public health problem in Mexico despite the high availability of sunlight in the country. It is necessary to promote healthy sun exposure in the population and consider fortifying foods with vitamin D.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de deficiencia (VDD) e insuficiencia (VDI) de vitamina D (VD) por factores sociodemográficos, obesidad y actividad física, en una muestra probabilística de mujeres mexicanas participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2018-19. Material y métodos: En 1 262 mujeres se estimó la prevalencia de VDD y VDI y se evaluaron los factores asociados con ellas con un modelo de regresión multinomial. Resultados: La prevalencia de VDI fue de 46.1% y de VDD fue 31.6%. La probabilidad de presentar VDI y VDD fue mayor en residentes de áreas urbanas, en terciles más altos de nivel socioeconómico y con obesidad, mientras que fue menor en mujeres con actividad física moderada. Conclusión: La prevalencia de VDI y VDD en mujeres mexicanas continúa siendo un problema de salud pública en México a pesar de la alta disponibilidad de luz solar en el país. Es necesario fomentar en la población una saludable exposición solar y considerar la fortificación de alimentos con vitamina D.

La prevalencia de la deficiencia de hierro se mantuvo estable y la anemia aumentó durante 12 años (2006-2018) en mujeres mexicanas de 20 a 49 años / Prevalence of iron deficiency was stable and anemia increased during 12 years (2006-2018) in Mexican women 20-49 years of age

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar la proporción de mujeres de 20 a 49 años con anemia por deficiencia de hierro (ADH), con deficiencia de hierro (DH) con deficiencia de hierro sin anemia (DHSA) y anemia no DH (ANDH) durante 2006, 2012 y 2018, y sus asociaciones con características sociodemográficas y estado nutricional. Material y métodos: Las Encuestas Nacionales de Salud y Nutrición de 2006, 2012 y 2018-19 usan métodos comparables para medir anemia (hemoglobina capilar) y deficiencia de hierro (DH, ferritina sérica). Ambas mediciones combinadas se compararon por año de encuesta y variables de control mediante regresión multinomial. Resultados: En 2006 la prevalencia global de anemia fue de 14.9% y DH de 29.0%, la de ADH de 8.35%, la de DHSA 20.5%, y ANDH 6.6%; en 2012 la prevalencia global de anemia fue de 13.3%, la de DH 29.6%, de ADH 8.6%, DHSA 21.0% y ANDH 4.7%; en 2018 prevalencia global de anemia fue de 21.4%, de DH 25.7%, ADH 10.5%, 15.2% y ANDH 10.9%. Conclusiones: La presencia global de anemia aumentó 6.5 pp entre 2006 y 2018; la de DHSA disminuyó; ADH no tuvo cambios significativos y el aumento mayor fue de ANDH.

Abstract Objective: To compare the prevalence of women 20-49 years of age with iron deficiency anemia (IDA), iron deficiency with no anemia (IDNA), and non-ID anemia (NIDA) in comparison during 2006, 2012 and 2018, and their association with sociodemographic characteristics and nutritional status. Materials and methods: Ensanut 2006, 2012 and 2018-19 are comparable for measurements of anemia (hemoglobin) and Iron deficiency (ID, by ferritin). Both measurements combined were compared with year of surveys and other dependent variables using a multinomial regression. Results: In 2006, the total prevalence of anemia was 14.9% and ID 29.0%, the prevalence of IDA was 8.35%, of IDNA 20.5%, and NIDA 6.6%; in 2012, the total prevalence of anemia was 13.3%, ID was 9.6%, IDA 8.6%, IDNA 21.0% y NIDA 4.7%; in 2018 total prevalence of anemia was 21.4%, of ID 25.7%, IDA 10.5%, IDNA 15.2% and NIDA 10.9%. Conclusions: The total prevalence of anemia increased 6.5 pp between 2006 and 2018, IDNA reduced, IDA had no significant changes, the mayor increase (4.3 pp) occurred in NIDA.

Vitamin D status in Mexican women at reproductive age, Ensanut 2018-19.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of deficiency (VDD) and insufficiency (VDI) of vitamin D (VD), by sociodemo-graphic factors, obesity and physical activity in a probabilistic sample of Mexican women participating in Ensanut 2018-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 1 262 women aged 20 to 49 years, the prevalence of VDD/IVD was estimated and the factors associated with it were evaluated with a multinomial regression model. RESULTS: The prevalence of VDI was 46.1% and of VDD was 31.6%. The probability of present-ing VDI and VDD was higher for residents of urban areas, in tertiles 2 and 3 of socioeconomic status, and with obesity, while was lower in women with moderate physical activ-ity. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of vitamin D in Mexican women continues to be a public health problem in Mexico despite the high availability of sunlight in the country. It is necessary to promote healthy sun exposure in the population and consider fortifying foods with vitamin D.