Effect of dilution rate and nutrients addition on the fermentative capability and synthesis of aromatic compounds of two indigenous strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in continuous cultures fed with Agave tequilana juice.

Knowledge of physiological behavior of indigenous tequila yeast used in fermentation process is still limited. Yeasts have significant impact on the productivity fermentation process as well as the sensorial characteristics of the alcoholic beverage. For these reasons a better knowledge of the physiological and metabolic features of these yeasts is required. The effects of dilution rate, nitrogen and phosphorus source addition and micro-aeration on growth, fermentation and synthesis of volatile compounds of two native Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, cultured in continuous fed with Agave tequilana juice were studied. For S1 and S2 strains, maximal concentrations of biomass, ethanol, consumed sugars, alcohols and esters were obtained at 0.04 h⁻¹. Those concentrations quickly decreased as D increased. For S. cerevisiae S1 cultures (at D=0.08 h⁻¹) supplemented with ammonium phosphate (AP) from 1 to 4 g/L, concentrations of residual sugars decreased from 29.42 to 17.60 g/L and ethanol increased from 29.63 to 40.08 g/L, respectively. The S1 culture supplemented with AP was then micro-aerated from 0 to 0.02 vvm, improving all the kinetics parameters: biomass, ethanol and glycerol concentrations increased from 5.66, 40.08 and 3.11 g/L to 8.04, 45.91 and 4.88 g/L; residual sugars decreased from 17.67 g/L to 4.48 g/L; and rates of productions of biomass and ethanol, and consumption of sugars increased from 0.45, 3.21 and 7.33 g/L·h to 0.64, 3.67 and 8.38 g/L·h, respectively. Concentrations of volatile compounds were also influenced by the micro-aeration rate. Ester and alcohol concentrations were higher, in none aerated and in aerated cultures respectively.

[Grade III acromioclavicular dislocation treated with a minimally invasive approach]. / Luxaciones acromioclavicular grado III con técnica mínimamente invasiva.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in the treatment of type III acromioclavicular dislocations using the UCLA and DASH evaluations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective, longitudinal, observational study; clinical series of patients with a diagnosis of type III acromioclavicular dislocation who underwent MIS consisting of percutaneous reduction, placement of a 4.5 mm cortical screw, an 11 mm metallic washer and 1.6 mm Kirschner nails at the Polanco Red Cross Hospital from July 2007 to July 2009. The evaluations were done using the UCLA test and the DASH questionnaire. RESULTS: The total number of patients was 42; 5 females and 37 males. According to the UCLA test, 86% of them had excellent to good results and 14% partial to poor results. The results of the DASH questionnaire were as follows: 80% had no difficulty to mild difficulty; 18% had moderate to severe difficulty, and 2% had disability for performing daily life activities. CONCLUSIONS: MIS is a good treatment for the management of type III acromioclavicular dislocation with long-term results based on the UCLA test and the DASH questionnaire.

Capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry quantitative determination of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol in human urine after olive oil intake.

Recent in vitro studies have demonstrated antioxidant properties of some virgin olive oil phenolic compounds. One of the prerequisites to extrapolate these data to an in vivo situation is the knowledge of their bioavailability in humans. In the present work we describe an analytical method which enables us to perform hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol quantitative determinations in human urine. This method was successfully used in bioavailability studies of both phenolic compounds after acute olive oil administration. Virgin olive oil was administered to healthy volunteers after a low phenolic diet. The dose administered of both phenolic compounds was estimated in reference to free forms of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol present in virgin olive oil extracts before and after being submitted to hydrolytic conditions. These conditions mimic those occurring during digestion. Urine samples were collected before and after acute olive oil intake and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol urinary recovery increased in response to olive oil administration, obtaining maximal values in the first 4 h. Our results further indicate that hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol are mainly excreted in conjugated form, since only 5.9 +/- 1.4% (hydroxytyrosol) and 13.8 +/- 5.4% (tyrosol) of the total amounts excreted in urine were in free form.

Ten steps to ensure a successful preNDA approval inspection.

To say that the FDA preapproval inspection program has generated much interest is an understatement. There have been multiple Commissioner Exchange Meetings at various locations throughout the United States and several multi-day workshops sponsored by the industry to help clarify how to prepare for this inspection. In order to establish a baseline of understanding, we will look, briefly, at the agency expectations. We will then look at the general trends that we have observed either directly from the preapproval inspections we have experienced or indirectly from 483 observations from other preapproval inspections. Finally, the ten steps which are used at Eli Lilly and Company to prepare for preapproval inspections will be presented.