Detección de factores de riesgo de enfermedad renal crónica en adultos / Detection of Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults

Introducción: La enfermedad renal crónica se considera una enfermedad con graves repercusiones para la sociedad y las políticas de salud, con elevada incidencia y prevalencia debido al alza de enfermedades como la hipertensión arterial y la diabetes mellitus. Objetivo: Detectar, de forma oportuna, adultos con alto riesgo de desarrollar enfermedad renal crónica para preservar su salud, y así frenar la aparición y progresión del daño renal. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, cuantitativo, con 404 adultos familiares de estudiantes de enfermería, Universidad Técnica de Machala, El Oro, Ecuador. Se utilizó el Cuestionario de Detección Temprana de Riesgo de la Enfermedad Renal, del grupo Da Vita. Resultados: La hipertensión arterial fue la principal enfermedad hallada con (27,2 por ciento), seguido de la diabetes mellitus tipo II (9,4 por ciento). La prueba Chi-cuadrado no apuntó diferencia en el antecedente de hipertensión arterial entre ambos sexos (p > 0,05). De la población de estudio, 55,6 por ciento presentaba obesidad/sobrepeso, 54,7 por ciento refirió sedentarismo, 120 personas (29,7 por ciento) presentaron antecedentes familiares de ERC. Un total de 137 personas (33,9 por ciento) refirió que consumía antinflamatorios no esteroideos. El total de pacientes con hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus (n = 17, 4.21 por ciento), eran obesos, sedentarios, y todos presentaron antecedentes familiares de enfermedad renal crónica, por lo que se consideraron alto riesgo. Fueron enviados a consulta para estudio, además de recibir las charlas educativas. Conclusiones: El profesional de la salud puede y debe incidir en la detección temprana de la enfermedad renal crónica, mediante pesquisa y programas educativos que aumenten el conocimiento de la población susceptible(AU)

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease is considered a disease with serious repercussions for the society and health policies, with high incidence and prevalence due to the rise of diseases such as arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Objective: To detect, in a timely manner, adults at high risk of developing chronic kidney disease in order to preserve their health, and thus slow the onset and progression of kidney damage. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional and quantitative study was carried out with 404 adult relatives of nursing students from the Technical University of Machala, El Oro, Ecuador. The questionnaire for early detection of renal disease risk of the Da Vita group was used. Results: Arterial hypertension was found as the main disease (27.2 percent), followed by type II diabetes mellitus (9.4 percent). The chi-square test showed no difference in the history of hypertension between both sexes (p > 0.05). Of the study population, 55.6 percent were obese/overweight, 54.7 percent reported a sedentary lifestyle, and 120 persons (29.7 percent) had a family history of chronic kidney disease. A total of 137 persons (33.9 percent) reported consuming nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. The total of patients with arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus (n = 17; 4.21 percent) were obese, sedentary, and had a family history of chronic kidney disease, a reason why they were considered at high risk. They were referred to consultation for study, in addition to receiving educational talks. Conclusions: The health professional can and should have an impact on the early detection of chronic kidney disease through screening and educational programs that increase the knowledge of the susceptible population(AU)

A dual perspective (conventional and solar-enhanced) on advanced oxidation processes for the treatment of Agave cocui vinasses / Una perspectiva dual (convencional e impulsada por energía solar) sobre procesos de oxidación avanzada para el tratamiento de vinazas de Agave cocui / Uma perspectiva dupla (convencional e aprimorada com energia solar) nos processos de oxidação avançados para tratar vinassas de Agave cocui

Abstract Agave cocui vinasse was physicochemically characterized with reference to the relevant environmental regulations. The following results were obtained: COD: 71,000 mg.L-1, total solids: 21,000 mg.L-1, dissolved solids: 17,000 mg.L-1; pH: 4.06, conductivity: 9.45 mhoscm-1, total Fe: 48.83 mg.L-1, total phenols: 8.66 mg.L-1; BOD: 30,000 mg.L-1. Fenton and photo-Fenton reactions were applied to treat the wastewater produced. For the Fenton process, the optimal oxidation conditions found were pH = 3.48, [COD]:[H2O2] mass ratio = 1:5, and [Fe+2]: [H2O2] mass ratio = 1:6. For the photo-Fenton process, the optimal parameters found were: pH = 3.98, [COD]:[H2O2] = 1:7.86, and [Fe+2]: [H2O2] = 1:5. The experimental data were adjusted to fit second order polynomial models with R2 = 0.88 for the Fenton process and R2 = 0.91 for the photo-Fenton process, respectively. The sludge produced featured the following characteristics: average COD: 41,000 mg.L-1, total Fe: 296,000 mg.L-1, pH: 7.7. The variables with the greatest influence in both processes were [Fe+2]:[H2O2] and [COD]:[H2O2].

Resumen Se caracterizó fisicoquímicamente la vinaza de Agave cocui con base en regulaciones ambientales de referencia. Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: DQO: 71 000 mg.L-1, sólidos totales: 21 000 mg.L-1, sólidos disueltos: 17 000 mg.L-1; pH: 4,06, conductividad: 9,45 mhos.cm-1, hierro total: 48,83 mg.L-1, fenoles totales: 8,66 mg.L-1 ; DBO: 30 000 mg.L-1. Se aplicaron las reacciones Fenton y foto Fenton para tratar las aguas residuales producidas. Para el proceso Fenton, las condiciones de oxidación óptimas encontradas fueron pH = 3,48, relación de masa [DQO]:[H2O2] = 1:5 y relación de masa [Fe+2]:[H2O2] = 1:6. Para el proceso foto Fenton, los parámetros óptimos encontraron fueron: pH = 3,98, [DQO]:[H2O2] = 1:7,86 y [Fe+2]:[H2O2] = 1:5. Los datos experimentales fueron ajustados a modelos de segundo orden polinomial con R2 = 0,88 para el proceso Fenton y R2 = 0,91 para el proceso foto Fenton, respectivamente. El lodo producido presentó las siguientes características: DQO promedio: 41 000 mg.L-1, hierro total: 296 000 mg.L-1, pH: 7,7. Las variables con mayor influencia en ambos procesos fueron [Fe+2]:[H2O2] and [DQO]: [H2O2].

Resumo A vinhaça de Agave cocui foi caracterizada físico-quimicamente de acordo com as normas ambientais de referência. Os seguintes resultados foram obtidos: DQO: 71.000 mg.L-1, sólidos totais: 21.000 mg.L-1, sólidos dissolvidos: 17.000 mg.L-1; pH: 4,06, condutividade: 9,45 mhos.cm-1, Fe total: 48,83 mg.L-1, fenóis totais: 8,66 mg.L-1; DBO: 30,000 mg.L-1. As reações de Fenton e foto Fenton foram aplicadas para tratar a água residual produzida. Para o processo Fenton, as condições de oxidação ideais encontradas foram pH = 3,48, razão de massa [DQO]:[H2O2] = 1:5 e razão de massa [Fe+2]:[H2O2] = 1:6. Para o processo de foto Fenton, os parâmetros ideais encontrados foram: pH = 3,98, [DQO]:[H2O2] = 1:7,86 e [Fe+2]:[H2O2] = 1:5. Os dados experimentais foram ajustados para se adequar modelos polinomiais de segunda ordem com R2 = 0,88 para o processo Fenton e R2 = 0,91 para o processo foto Fenton, respectivamente. O lodo produzido apresentou as seguintes características: DQO média: 41.000 mg.L-1, Fe total: 296.000 mg.L-1, pH: 7,7. As variáveis com maior influência em ambos os processos foram [Fe+2]:[H2O2] e [DQO]:[H2O2].

Molecular mechanisms of autophagy and its role in cancer development / Mecanismos moleculares de la autofagia y su papel en el cáncer

Abstract Autophagy is an evolutionary process preserved in eukaryotes, which removes harmful components and maintains cell homeostasis in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli. It is involved in both physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer. The role of autophagy in the treatment of cancer is described as a "double-edged sword", which reflects its involvement in tumor suppression, survival and subsequent proliferation of tumor cells. Recent advances are useful for planning appropriate adjustments to inhibit or promote autophagy in order to obtain therapeutic efficacy in cancer patients. The objectives of this review are to clarify the role of autophagy in cancer and to highlight the need for more research in the field.

Resumen La autofagia es un proceso conservado evolutivamente en eucariotas que elimina componentes dañinos y mantiene la homeostasis celular en respuesta a una serie de estímulos extracelulares. Está implicada tanto en condiciones fisiológicas como patológicas, incluyendo el cáncer. El papel de la autofagia en el tratamiento del cáncer se describe como un "arma de doble filo", un término que refleja su participación en la supresión tumoral, la supervivencia y la proliferación de células tumorales. Los avances recientes ayudan a proyectar los ajustes apropiados en la inhibición o la promoción de la autofagia con el objetivo de conferir eficacia terapéutica en los pacientes con cáncer. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo aclarar los roles de la autofagia en el cáncer y destacar la necesidad de una mayor investigación en el campo.

Extramammary Paget's disease of scrotum. A case with local lymph node metastasis.

OBJECTIVE: We describe the clinical, histological and immunohistochemical studies in a case of extramammary Paget's disease localized in the scrotum with lymph node inguinal metastasis. METHODS/RESULTS: A 80-year old man consulted with a one-year history of a pruritic erythematous skin rash of the scrotum. Physical examination showed demarcated erythematous lesion involving the scrotum and right inguinal adenopathy. Final histological examination revealed extramammary Paget's disease with inguinal metastasis. CONCLUSION: Extramammary Paget's disease of the scrotum is a rare disease. This pathological condition may spread to dermal region and the regional lymph nodes. Although genitourinary cancer may accompany scrotal extramammary Paget's disease, an extensive search for cancer may be unnecessary.