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Multiple drugs currently used in clinical practice have been approved by regulatory agencies based on studies that utilize composite endpoints. Composite endpoints are appealing because they reduce sample size requirements, follow-up periods, and costs. However, interpreting composite endpoints can be challenging, and their misuse is not uncommon. Incorrect interpretation of composite outcomes can lead to misleading conclusions that impact patient care. To correctly interpret composite outcomes, several important questions should be considered. Are the individual components of the composite outcome equally important to patients? Did the more and less important endpoints occur with similar frequency? Do the component endpoints exhibit similar relative risk reductions? If these questions receive affirmative answers, the use and interpretation of the composite endpoint would be appropriate. However, if any component of the composite endpoint fails to satisfy the aforementioned criteria, interpretation can become difficult, necessitating additional steps. Regulatory agencies acknowledge these challenges and have specific considerations when approving drugs based on studies employing composite endpoints. In conclusion, composite endpoints are valuable tools for evaluating the efficacy and net clinical benefit of interventions; however, cautious interpretation is advised.
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Invasive fungal infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in critically ill patients. Increasing resistance rates and inadequate antifungal exposure have been documented in these patients, due to clinically relevant pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) alterations, leading to treatment failure. Physiological changes such as third spacing (movement of fluid from the intravascular compartment to the interstitial space), hypoalbuminemia, renal failure and hepatic failure, as well as common interventions in the intensive care unit, such as renal replacement therapy and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, can lead to these PK and PD alterations. Consequently, a therapeutic target concentration that may be useful for one patient may not be appropriate for another. Regular doses do not take into account the important PK variations in the critically ill, and the need to select an effective dose while minimising toxicity advocates for the use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). This review aims to describe the current evidence regarding optimal PK/PD indices associated with the clinical efficacy of the most commonly used antifungal agents in critically ill patients (azoles, echinocandins, lipid complexes of amphotericin B, and flucytosine), provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors affecting the PK of each agent, document the PK parameters of critically ill patients compared to healthy volunteers, and, finally, make recommendations for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antifungals in critically ill patients.
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During the COVID-19 pandemic, the behavior of self-medication has increased. The dissemination of misleading information regarding the efficacy of certain drugs or substances for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 has been the major contributing factor for this phenomenon. Alongside with the increase in self-medication behavior, the inherent risks to this act such as drug-drug interactions, adverse events, drug toxicity, and masking of symptoms have also increased. Self-medication in the context of COVID-19 has led to drug misuse leading in some cases to the development of fatal adverse drug reactions. It is important that during this ongoing pandemic drugs with potential clinical efficacy against COVID-19 are adequately analyzed regarding their efficacy, safety, and monitoring. The aim of this review is to describe the available evidence regarding the efficacy, safety, and monitoring of the drugs and substances that have been shown to be frequently used for self-medication in patients with COVID-19 (hydroxychloroquine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ivermectin, azithromycin, vitamins, aspirin, and chlorine dioxide) to adequately characterize their risks, safe use, monitoring strategies, and to reinforce the concept that these substances should not be used for self-medication and require a medical prescription. Plain Language Summary: Drug safety of frequently used drugs and substances for self-medication in COVID-19 Dissemination of information about potential COVID-19 treatments has led individuals to self-medicate and expose themselves to risks such as drug-drug interactions, side effects, antibiotic resistance, and misdiagnosis. There is a need to review the medical literature to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the drugs and substances commonly used by the population for the treatment and prevention of SARS CoV-2 infection. In this review, we included drugs that are frequently used for self-medication and commonly advertised such as ivermectin, hydroxychloroquine, chlorine dioxide, azithromycin, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, among others. A brief introduction of the drug and its mechanism of action, followed by a summary of the efficacy in COVID-19 and safety, will be described for each drug in order to promote their responsible use.
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The pharmacological treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) aims to decrease disease activity, progression, systemic compromise, and mortality. Among the pharmacological alternatives, there are chemically synthesized drugs whose efficacy has been evaluated, but which have the potential to generate adverse events that may compromise adherence and response to treatment. Therapy selection and monitoring will depend on patient characteristics and the safety profile of each drug. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the most important synthetic drugs used in the treatment of SLE, including the current treatment options (mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, and cyclophosphamide), review their mechanism of action, efficacy, safety, and, most importantly, provide monitoring parameters that should be considered while the patient is receiving the pharmacotherapy.
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Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico , Humanos , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/tratamento farmacológico , Ciclofosfamida/efeitos adversos , Azatioprina/uso terapêutico , Ácido Micofenólico/uso terapêutico , Imunossupressores/efeitos adversosRESUMO
La carrera de Nutrición y Dietética hoy en día cuenta con un auge e importancia transcendental que radica fundamentalmente en la prevención, educación y atención de los problemas relacionados con la salud y la nutrición. Su objetivo es formar académicamente a los profesionales con un perfil que responda a las necesidades alimentarias y nutricionales de las personas desde una perspectiva integral. Se presenta una revisión de la historia, logros y producción académica de la Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética de la Universidad de Los Andes (ULA), desde su fundación en 1971 hasta el presente. La metodología utilizada fue la revisión de los archivos históricos de la Facultad de Medicina y entrevistas a los docentes. La transformación académica y administrativa ha permitido egresar 1600 profesionales y estudios de 4t0 nivel en la Especialización Nutrición Clínica. Su prestigiosa planta profesoral ha cristalizado, productos y proyectos tangibles, merecedores de distinciones y reconocimientos nacionales e internacionales. La Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética de la ULA es reconocida como una Institución Académica, de alta calidad con gran proyección al servicio de la humanidad y crecimiento profesional de la nutrición en el país(AU)
The Nutrition and Dietetics career today has a boom and transcendental importance that lies fundamentally in the prevention, education and care of problems related to health and nutrition. Its objective is to academically train professionals with a profile that responds to the food and nutritional needs of people from a comprehensive perspective. A review of the history, achievements and academic production of the School of Nutrition and Dietetics of the Universidad de Los Andes (ULA) is presented, from its foundation in 1971 to the present. The methodology used was the review of the historical archives of the Faculty of Medicine and several interviews with the professors. The academic and administrative transformation has allowed 1,600 professionals to graduate. The School of Nutrition and Dietetics offers 4th level studies in Clinical Nutrition Specialization and counts with a prestigious teaching staff that has crystallized tangible products and projects, deserving of national and international distinctions and recognitions. The School of Nutrition and Dietetics of the ULA is recognized as a high-quality Academic Institution with great projection at the service of humanity and professional growth of nutrition in the country(AU)
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Instituições Acadêmicas , Faculdades de Medicina , Ciências da Nutrição , Pesquisa , Especialização , Ensino , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de SaúdeRESUMO
Background: Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) requires an international approach with national and local strategies. Our aim was to summarize a retrospective 10-year report of antibiotic resistance of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in Mexico. Methods: A total of 46 centers from 22 states of Mexico participated. Databases of AMR from January 2009 to December 2018 were included for most species. The 10-year period was divided into five 2-year periods. Results: For Staphylococcus aureus, a decrease in resistance in all specimens was observed for erythromycin and oxacillin (p < 0.0001 for each). For Enterobacter spp., resistance to meropenem increased for urine specimens (p = 0.0042). For Klebsiella spp., increased drug resistance in specimens collected from blood was observed for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, tobramycin (p < 0.0001 for each), meropenem (p = 0.0014), and aztreonam (p = 0.0030). For Acinetobacter baumannii complex, high drug resistance was detected for almost all antibiotics, including carbapenems, except for tobramycin, which showed decreased resistance for urine, respiratory, and blood isolates (p < 0.0001 for each), and for amikacin, which showed a decrease in resistance in urine specimens (p = 0.0002). An increase in resistance to cefepime was found for urine, respiratory, and blood specimens (p < 0.0001 for each). For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, aztreonam resistance increased for isolates recovered from blood (p = 0.0001). Conclusion: This laboratory-based surveillance of antibiotic resistance shows that resistance is increasing for some antibiotics in different bacterial species in Mexico and highlights the need for continuous monitoring of antibiotic resistance.
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Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , México , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
La enfermedad de Paget es una neoplasia poco frecuente de la mama. El síntoma capital lo constituye el prurito en el pezón y los signos clínicos están compuestos por enrojecimiento y erosión superficial que cubren el pezón y la areola. Se presenta el único caso de enfermedad del pezón de Paget diagnosticado en la provincia Las Tunas en 2013, en una paciente femenina de 86 años de edad. Se hicieron estudios imagenológicos y citológicos que resultaron positivos a esta enfermedad. Se realizó tratamiento quirúrgico que consistió en mastectomía total, con vaciamiento axilar. En estos momentos la paciente se encuentra recuperada de la cirugía y con seguimiento en consulta de oncología(AU)
Pagets disease is an uncommon breast neoplasia. The main symptom is nipple pruritus and the clinical signs are flare and superficial abrasion that cover the nipple and areola. The only case of breast Paget´s disease treated in Las Tunas province appears in a 86 years old female patient. The CT and cytological scans showed positive results for such disease. A surgical treatment consisting of radical mastectomy with axillary draining was carried out. The patient is now recovered and under the oncologist´s follow-up(AU)
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Humanos , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença de Paget Mamária , Neoplasias da MamaRESUMO
El própolis es una resina cérea de composición compleja y consistencia viscosa, que usado en la alimentación de animales, favorece el incremento de peso y masa muscular, mediante la estimulación de la ingesta alimenticia. En cabras estimula la producción de sólidos totales, grasa y proteína en la leche; resultando benéfico también en bovinos, pollos, porcinos, tilapias y trucha arco iris. El propóleo al ser evaluado en diferentes especies animales, ha demostrado poseer propiedades inmunoestimulantes, antioxidantes, antibacteriales, antitumorales y antivirales. Estas características hacen del propóleo una sustancia importante, que puede ser incluida en la dieta de los animales para fortalecer su sistema inmunológico, por su resistencia a enfermedades y ayudan a mejorar el rendimiento productivo, características que lo clasifican como aditivo natural funcional.
Propolis is a waxy resin of a complex composition and a viscose consistency, that used in animal feeding, favors weight increase and muscle mass gain, by stimulation of food intake. In goats it stimulates production of total solid, fat and milk proteins. It also shows beneficial results in bovines, broilers, pigs, tilapia and rainbow trout. Propolis, when evaluated in different animal species, has shown to have immunostimulatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral and antitumor properties. These characteristics make of propolis an important substance that can be included in the animal diet in order to strengthen their immune system, because of its resistance to disease and because they help improve production efficiency, characteristics that classify it as a functional natural additive.
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Objetivos: Obtener información sobre los valores de referencia del Cu y Zn en las uñas de neonatos de la ciudad de Mérida y evaluar su posible relación con el sexo, el peso y el estrato socioeconómico. Métodos: Se incluyeron 62 neonatos a término, 27 varones y 35 hembras; 12 con peso < 2,5 kg, 44 entre 2,5 y 3,8 kg y 6 >3,8 kg. Se les tomó muestra de las uñas de los dedos de las manos. Estas muestras recibieron pre-tratamiento con ácido nítrico y peróxido de hidrógeno, y se trataron por digestión húmeda asistida con microondas. Las concentraciones de Cu y Zn se determinaron por espectroscopia de absorción atómica acoplado a un sistema de inyección en flujo continuo (FIAS-AAS). El estrato socioeconómico se evaluó mediante el método de Graffar Modificado. Resultados: La concentración promedio de Cu y Zn en uñas fue de 17.07 ± 2.50 y 85.51 ± 10.89 µgg-1, respectivamente. No hubo diferencias significativas en la concentración de estos dos elementos entre los varones y las hembras. El peso mostró una correlación directamente proporcional con la concentración de Cu y Zn (r= 0,718 p<0.0001 y r= 0.749 p<0.0001, respectivamente), y los niveles promedio en los neonatos con bajo peso, fueron significativamente menores a los de peso normal y alto. Al relacionar los niveles de Cu y Zn con el estrato socioeconómico se observó una correlación significativas (r= -0.483 p<0.0001 y r= -0.504 p<0.0001), y los niveles más bajos de Cu y Zn predominaron en los estratos sociales IV (clase obrera) y V (clase marginal). Conclusiones. Los valores de referencia en uñas de recién nacidos para el Cu fueron de 17,12 ± 3,74 µgg-1 y para el Zn de 84,95 ± 11,84 µgg-1. A menor peso y estrato social, menor nivel de Cu y Zn.
Objective: To obtain information about the reference values of Cu and Zn in the nails of neonates from Merida city and assess their possible relationship with sex, weight and socioeconomic status. Methods: Sixty two newborns at term, 27 males and 35 females were included. Twelve had weight <2.5 kg, 44 between 2.5 and 3.8 kg and 6 newborns weighed > 3.8 kg. Samples were taken from the nails of the fingers. These samples were pre-treated with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide, and were treated by wet digestion assisted with microwave. The concentrations of Cu and Zn were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy coupled to a system of continuous flow injection (ISAF-ASA). The socioeconomic status was assessed using the method of Graffar Modified. Results: The main concentration of Cu and Zn in nails was 17.07 ± 2.50 and 85.51 ± 10.89 µgg-1, respectively.There was no significant difference in the concentration of these two elements between males and females. The weight showed a directly proportional correlation to the concentration of Cu and Zn (r = 0,718; p <0.0001 and r = 0,749; p <0.0001, respectively), and the mean levels in newborns with low weight, were significantly lower than those of normal and high weight. The levels of Cu and Zn showed a significant correlation with the socioeconomic status (r = -0483; p <0.0001 and r = -0504; p <0.0001) and the lowest levels predominated in the IV (working class) and V (marginal class) social stratum. Conclusions. The reference values in nail of neonates were 17.12 ± 3.74 µgg-1 for the Cu and 84.95 ± 11.84 µgg-1 for the Zn. Lower weight and social stratum were associated with lower level of Cu and Zn.
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OBJETIVO: establecer cuál de los tres sistemas adhesivos de uso ortodóntico, resina de dos pasos de autocurado (RDPA),resina de un paso de fotocurado (RUPF), y polialquenoato de fotocurado modificado con resina PFMR), presentaba mayores ventajas clínicas y menor índice de adhesivo remanente ARI), y así identificar cual o cuales de estos agentes cementantes de bracket ofrece(n) mejores propiedades de adhesión al diente y al bracket METODOS: la muestra fue de 90 dientes premolares superiores e inferiores con exodoncia indicada con tratamiento ortodóntico, los cuales fueron asignados aleatoriamente a tres grupos. Se sementaron los bracket con los tres materiales, siguiendo las recomendaciones del fabricantes; se sometieron a fuerzas tangenciales con un dinamómetro tipo instron y se cuantificó en megapascales (Mpa) con cuánta fuerza se ocasionó la descementación de ese bracket. Se sometieron a observación rigurosa con un estereocopio a 40; por medio de visión directa, se cuantificó el ARI para cada una de las muestras.Después de establecido el ARI, se realizaron cortes longitudinales con microtomo a cada uno de los especimenes, siendo observados en el microscopio electrónico de barrido, con el cual se analizó la integridad del esmalte, teniendo en cuenta las variables líneas de fractura y grietas, y de esta manera establecer la relación esmalte-bracket-sistema de adhesión. La presentación de los resultados de cada una de las variables se hizo utilizando estadísticas descriptivas que incluyen medidas de posición o tendencia central (media aritmética), y medida de variabilidad o dispersión (varianza y desviación típica o estándar).La asociación entre las variables, incluidas en la hipótesis, se estableció usando estadísticas no paramétricas con la prueba del Chi cuadrado. Resultados: se presentaron diferencias significativas, lo cual sugiere que el tipo de adhesivo, el tipo de la base de braket y la técnica de descementación usada, se relacionan directamente con la cantidad de adhesivo en el diente y los daños causados en la superficie del esmalte con un promedio de ARI de 3.97 y una significancia de 0.05.
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Ortodontia , Cimentos Dentários , Retenção de Dentadura , ColômbiaRESUMO
El estudio fue de tipo comparativo y su diseño experimental. El propósito fue comparar los siguientes grados de resistencia a la descementación que presentan una resina de fotocurado de un paso (RADP), una resina de fotocurado de un paso (RFUP) y un polialqueonato de fotocurado modificado con resina (PFMR) sobre el esmalte dental, utilizando fuerzas tangenciales y así identificar cuál o cuales de estos agentes cementantes de brackets ofrecen mejores propiedades de adhesión al diente y al bracket. La muestra fue de 90 dientes premolares superiores e inferiores con extracción indicada por tratamiento ortodóntico, los cuales fueron asignados aleatoriamente a 3 grupos. Se cementaron los brackets con los tres materiales, siguiendo las recomendaciones de los fabricantes; luego de esto, los dientes se llevaron a un proceso de envejecimiento por medio de termociclado, se sometieron a fuerzas tangenciales con un dinamómetro tipo instron y se cuantificó en magapascales (Mpa) con cuánta fuerza se ocasionó la descementación de ese bracket. Para el análisis, se utilizó ANOVA para las pruebas física, y la prueba de Scheffe para comparar los adhesivos. Se presentaron diferencias sifnificativas, lo cual sugiere diferentes indicaciones de uso para el PFMR y la RFUP, con un promedio resistencia a la descementación de 20 Mpa.
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Ortodontia , Cimentos Dentários , Materiais Dentários , ColômbiaRESUMO
Este trabajo es una revisión retrospectiva de las Historias Clínicas en los pacientes operados con diagnóstico de Tresia de Esófago en la Clínica del Niño "Jorge Bejarano" del Instituto de Seguros Sociales, durante el periodo comprendido entre 1991 y 1995, logramos revisar 38 casos analizando las incidencias de las diferentes variedades de Atresia de Esófago, el manejo intraoperatorio y postoperatorio, las complicaciones tempranas y tardías, la mentalidad y finalmente, el seguimiento.
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Criança , Atresia EsofágicaRESUMO
En este trabajo fueron instrumentados todos los Distritos Sanitarios de Caracas, abarcando sus unidades operativas, el objeto fundamental del mismo, fué descubrir los beneficios del Programa de Salud Oral, examinando los costos de realización y expresarlos en una unidad de medida común