[Non-invasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with acute respiratory hypercapnic failure in a conventional hospital ward]. / Ventilación no invasiva en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica e insuficiencia respiratoria aguda hipercápnica en una sala de hospitalización convencional.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) subjects in acute hypercapnic failure who were treated with non-invasive mechanical ventilation in a general respiratory ward. METHODS: This was a two-year prospective study of 35 patients with acute exacerbation of COPD and mean FEV1/FVC relation in stable condition of 55.3 +/- 14.8% of predicted that were treated with positive pressure respiration using a facemask in a general respiratory ward. 17 (48.5%) receive long-term oxygen therapy. Analysis was made of blood gases, before and after treatment of non-invasive ventilation, complications, and failure during treatment. RESULTS: A significant improvement in blood gases was observed 24 hours after non-invasive ventilation treatment. The mean hospital stay was of 15.0 +/- 9.1 days and failures were registered in 3 cases (8.5%). Facial scares were the most common complication (13 patients) but it was possible to continue treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Non-invasive ventilation is a viable treatment for patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and acute hypercapnic failure being treated in a general respiratory ward.

Ventilación no invasiva en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica e insuficiencia respiratoria aguda hipercápnica en una sala de hospitalización convencional / Non-invasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with acute respiratory hypercapnic failure in a conventional hospital ward

Objetivo: Valorar el tratamiento con ventilación mecánica no invasiva (VNI) de pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) e insuficiencia respiratoria aguda hipercápnica en una planta de hospitalización. Método: Estudio prospectivo de 35 pacientes con EPOC agudizada que fueron tratados con ventilación con presión positiva intermitente mediante mascarilla oro-nasal en una sala de hospitalización convencional. En situación estable, los pacientes presentaban una relación FEV1/FVC del 55,3 ± 14,8 por ciento del teórico y 17 (48,5 por ciento) seguían oxigenoterapia continua domiciliaria. Hemos analizado los datos gasométricos basalmente y a diferentes periodos del inicio de la VNI, así como las complicaciones y fracasos de este tratamiento. Resultados: Se observa una mejoría significativa de los gases sanguíneos tras 24 horas de VNI con respecto a los niveles básales. Los pacientes presentaron una estancia hospitalaria media de 15,1 ± 9,1 días. 13 pacientes (37 por ciento) presentaron escaras faciales y 3 pacientes (8,5 por ciento) fallecieron. Conclusiones: La VNI en una planta de hospitalización es un medio terapéutico útil y seguro para los pacientes en insuficiencia respiratoria aguda hipercápnica tras una agudización de EPOC (AU)

[Tuberculosis in Santiago de Compostela from 1999 to 2002. An epidemiological study]. / Tuberculosis en el área de Santiago de Compostela durante los años 1999, 2000, 2001 y 2002. Un estudio epidemiológico.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) in the Public Health System District of Santiago de Compostela (population : 386125) from 1999 to 2002. METHODS: Inclusion criteria were: 1). microbiological and/or pathological diagnosis of TB in any specimen, and 2). patient younger 35 years old with recent medical history of TB. Mantoux test positive, and pleural effusion with linfocitosis and adenosine deaminase >47 IU/ml. RESULTS: 946 patients were included (568 men and 378 women), with ages ranging from 2 months to 96 years. The incidence of TB was 60.9/100000 in 1999, 67.6/100000 in 2000, 61.9/100000 in 2001 and 54.6/100000 in 2002. The incidence rate of tuberculous meningitis was 1.03/100000 in 1999 and 2000, 0.77/100000 in 2001 and 0.51/100000 in 2002. The percentage of cases associated with HIV was 3.4% in 1999, 1.9% in 2000, 2.4% in 2001 and 2002. We found an increase in the rate of males over 55 years of age; with incidence per 100000 inhabitants of 122.4 in 1999, 142.8 in 2000, 115 in 2001 and 119 in 2002, whereas in females the incidence was 40.6 in 1999, 60.9 in 2000, 54.1 in 2001 and 39.1 in 2002. CONCLUSIONS: In last four years the incidence of tuberculosis has decreased but remains high in males over 55 years old.

Condroma endobronquial / Endobronchial chondrome

No disponible

[Respiratory symptoms and lung function in a geriatric population of a Galician rural community: a pilot study]. / Sintomatología respiratoria y función pulmonar en población geriátrica de una comunidad rural gallega: un estudio piloto.

INTRODUCTION: Respiratory diseases are a frequent cause of health demands and have a large impact on morbidity and mortality of the Galician population, especially among the older one. Recent work shows that the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases is not optimal. This increases the utilisation of health care resources. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 28 patients of the municipality of Val del Dubra (Northwest Spain) aged between 65 and 74 years. We performed a spirometric exploration and carried out a questionnaire interview on respiratory symptoms, life style, and occupational and health-related antecedents. RESULTS: Among men, 54% of were or are smokers. None of the women ever smoked. Respiratory symptoms were more frequent among women than among men (80% versus 54%). In the spirometric study, the largest volumes and flux are observed among non-smoking males who do not report dyspnea. DISCUSSION: Respiratory symptoms are frequent in the rural population aged between 65 and 74 years. Tobacco consumption is similar to other Spanish communities, but different from that seen in other countries. Male gender, non-smoking status and absence of respiratory symptoms are associated with higher spirometric figures.

Sintomatología respiratoria y función pulmonar en población geriátrica de una comunidad ruralgallega: un estudio piloto / Respiratory symptoms and lung function in a geriatric population of a galician rural community: a pilot study

Introducción: Las enfermedades respiratorias representan una causa frecuente de demanda sanitaria, con significativa repercusión en la morbimortalidad de la población de nuestra comunidad, en especial en la población geriátrica. Resultados de trabajos recientes muestran que el manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico de estos procesos no parece adecuado, relacionándose esto con el incremento del consumo de recursos sanitarios. Material y métodos: Se han estudiado 28 individuos del municipio de Valle del Dubra, entre 65 y 74 años. Se ha realizado una exploración espirométrica y una entrevista por cuestionario sobre síntomas respiratorios, estilo de vida, antecedentes personales sanitarios y laborales. Resultados: El 54 por ciento de los varones de esta población son o han sido fumadores, mientras nunca ha fumado ninguna de las mujeres. Los síntomas respiratorios son más frecuentes entre el sexo femenino, refiriendo algún síntoma el 80 por ciento de estas y el 54 por ciento de los varones. En la espirometría los mayores volúmenes y flujos se obtienen en el sexo masculino, entre los no fumadores y entre los que no refieren disnea. Discusión: La sintomatología respiratoria parece ser frecuente entre la población rural gallega entre 65 y 74 años. La prevalencia de tabaquismo es similar a otras comunidades de nuestro país, observándose un comportamiento distinto en poblaciones de otros países. El sexo masculino, la condición de no fumador y la ausencia de síntomas respiratorios parecen asociarse con mayores valores espirométricos (AU)

El soporte ventilatorio domiciliario en la insuficiencia respiratoria crónica

La insuficiencia respiratoria se produce cuando el sistema respiratorio no soluciona las demandas metabólicas del organismo, y según el tiempo de instauración será aguda o crónica. En el último caso, entre las modalidades terapéuticas aplicables se encuentra la ventilación mecánica domiciliaria. Este tratamiento es realizado con la ayuda de aparatos mecánicos, aplicado en el domicilio del propio paciente. La indicación general será la presencia de insuficiencia respiratoria crónica con hipoventilación alveolar, situación clínica estable sin respuesta suficiente al tratamiento convencional, con los objetivos de mejorar la calidad de vida y la supervivencia (AU)

[Pulmonary diffusion of carbon monoxide in patients with mitral stenosis]. / Estudio de la difusión pulmonar de monóxido de carbono en enfermos con estenosis mitral.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our work has been the study of CO diffusion capacity in mitral valve stenosis patients. METHOD: We have studied 15 control subjects and 15 patients with mitral valve stenosis. We performed spirometry study and CO pulmonary diffusion tests (DLCO) by single breath method to determine two components: pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc) and membrane diffusion factor (Dm). In addition, in mitral valve stenosis patients we performed a ecocardiography-doppler study. RESULTS: The mitral valve stenosis group had higher values of DLCO and Vc and a lower ratio of Dm/Vc than the control group. There is a negative correlation between Vc and the mitral valve area (r = -0.63; p = 0.037). We do not find any another correlation between the rest of ecocardiography doppler parameters and lung function test variables that we have measured. We have not found any differences between both groups in Dm. CONCLUSIONS: Mitral valve stenosis patients present a increase of CO pulmonary diffusion capacity and pulmonary capillary blood volume without changes in membrane diffusion factor.

[Pulmonary diffusion of carbon monoxide in 2 clinical situations: bronchial asthma and diabetes mellitus]. / Estudio de la difusión pulmonar de monóxido de carbono en dos situaciones clínicas: asma bronquial y diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our work has been the study and comparison of diffusion capacity of CO (DLCO) in two different clinical situations: bronchial asthma and diabetes mellitus. METHOD: We have studied 16 control subjects, 38 patients with bronchial asthma and 65 patients with diabetes mellitus. We performed CO pulmonary diffusion tests by single breath method to determine two components: membrane diffusion factor (Dm) and pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc). RESULTS: We have found a positive correlation of FEV1 with Dm. The bronchial asthma group had a lower FEV1 and FEF25-75% and an increase in DLCO, Dm and Vc, with respect to the control group. The diabetes mellitus group presented a decrease in CVF, FEV1, DLCO and Vc, with respect to the control group. The bronchial asthma group showed a lower ratio of Dm/Vc than the control and diabetes groups. CONCLUSIONS: The bronchial asthma patients have an increase in CO pulmonary diffusion, membrane diffusion factor and pulmonary capillary volume. However, the diabetes mellitus patients present a decrease in CO pulmonary diffusion mainly due to pulmonary capillary volume.

[Sleep apnea syndrome and cardiovascular diseases]. / Síndrome de apnea del sueño y enfermedades cardiovaculares.

The sleep apnea syndrome is a common disease, recognised as a public health problem. Cardiovascular disease is the most frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients, however the underlying mechanisms of this association have not been clearly established. In sleep apnea syndrome different phenomena can be produced which may explain the appearance of cardiovascular problems, such a progressive hypoxia in relationship with the apnea, the increases of intrathoracic pressure cause by the efforts of ventilation system against close upper airway and the modifications of the autonomic nervous system associated with the arousals. In addition, the hypoxia episodes and reoxygenation, which appear in the sleep apnea syndrome, may play a important role in the alteration of the balance between vasoconstriction and vasodilatation substances affecting the vascular homeostasis and conditioning endothelial dysfunction. On the other hand, the increasing of platelets aggregation and the decreased of fibrinolisis in this group of patients may cause vascular diseases.

[Epidemiologic study on tuberculosis in the health area of Santiago de Compostela in 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998]. / Estudio epidemiológico de la tuberculosis en el Area Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela durante los años 1995, 1996, 1997 y 1998.

BACKGROUND: We report the epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis(TB) in the area of Santiago de Compostela (Spain) between 1995 and 1998. METHODS: Inclusion criteria were: 1) microbiological and/or pathological diagnosis of TB in any specimen, and 2) consistent recent medical history of TB with reading > 5 mm to 2 TU PPD tuberculin test 48-72 hours after injection, and adenosine deaminase in pleural effusion > 47 IU/ml. RESULTS: 1,150 patients were included (685 males and 465 females), with mean of age (X) 38.9 years (19.8 SD), range 3 months-88 years. The number of cases was 307 during 1995 and 1996, 302 in 1997 and 213 in 1998. The incidence rate (per 100,000 habitants) was 78.3 in 1995 and 1996, 79.8 in 1997 and 61.9 in 1998. The incidence rate of meningitis was 1.8 in 1995, 1.3 in 1996, 1.05 in 1997 and 0.8 in 1998, with no meningitis in children under 5 years. Cases in association with VIH were 4.2% in 1995, 3.3 in 1996, 5.4 in 1997 and 3.2 in 1998. More of the 50% of cases in both genders were between 15 and 40 years old with another peak over 65 years. The ratio men/woman was 1.8 in 1995 and 1.4 in 1996, 1997 and 1998. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of tuberculosis has diminished during the last year, but is too early to know the real tendency.

Estudio de la difusión pulmonar de monóxido de carbono en dos situaciones clínicas: asma bronquial y diabetes mellitus / Study of diffusion capacity of CO in two differents clinical situations: bronchial asthma and diabetes mellitus

Objetivo: El propósito de nuestro trabajo ha sido el estudio y la comparación de la difusión pulmonar de CO (DLCO) en dos situaciones clínicas distintas, asma bronquial y diabetes mellitus. Método: Se estudiaron 16 sujetos control, 38 pacientes con asma bronquial y 65 con diabetes mellitus. A todos ellos se les realizó un test de difusión pulmonar con CO por el método de la respiración única con determinación del factor de difusión de membrana (Dm) y del volumen sanguíneo capilar pulmonar (Vc).Resultados: Hemos observado una correlación positiva significativa entre el FEV1 y la Dm. Los pacientes con asma bronquial presentan una disminución del FEV1 y del FEF25-75 por ciento y un aumento de la DLCO, tanto de la Dm como del Vc, con respecto al grupo control. El grupo de pacientes con diabetes mellitus muestran una disminución de la CVF y del FEV1 así como de la DLCO y Vc, con respecto al grupo control. Los pacientes con asma bronquial presentan una disminución de la relación Dm/Vc con respecto a los otros grupos.Conclusiones: Los pacientes con asma bronquial presentan un incremento de la difusión pulmonar de monóxido de carbono, volumen sanguíneo capilar pulmonar y del factor de difusión de membrana. Por el contrario, los sujetos con diabetes mellitus muestran una disminución de la difusión pulmonar de monóxido de carbono debido, principalmente, al volumen sanguíneo capilar pulmonar. (AU)

Síndrome de apnea del sueño y enfermedades cardiovaculares / Sleep apnea syndrome and cardiovascular diseases

El síndrome de apnea del sueño (SAS) es una enfermedad frecuente, reconocida como un problema de salud pública. Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la causa de morbimortalidad más importante en estos pacientes, sin embargo los mecanismos subyacentes de esta asociación no están claramente establecidos.Desde un punto de vista fisiopatológico en el SAS se producen diferentes fenómenos que pueden explicar la aparición de problemas cardiovasculares, tales como la hipoxia progresiva en relación con la apnea, los incrementos de la presión negativa intratorácica generada por los esfuerzos del sistema ventilatorio en contra de la vía aérea cerrada y las modificaciones en la actividad del sistema nervioso autónomo asociado con los microdespertares. Además, los episodios de hipoxia y reoxigenación existentes en el SAS pueden jugar un papel importante en la alteración del balance entre sustancias vasoconstrictoras y vasodilatadoras trastornando la hemostasis vascular y condicionando disfunción endotelial. Por otra parte, se ha descrito un incremento de la agregación plaquetaria y una disminución de la fibrinolisis en este grupo de pacientes, pudiendo ambos favorecer también la aparición de enfermedad vascular. (AU)

[Compliance with inhalation treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. / Estudio de cumplimiento del tratamiento por vía inhalatoria en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate patient compliance with inhaled medication therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), to identify determining factors and to propose corrective measures to improve compliance. METHODS: This was an open, observational, cross-sectional, non-comparative, single-measurement, non-random study. The inhalers were the Serevent Accuhaler, the Serevent Inhalador and the Flixotide Inhaler. Compliance was measured in four ways: a) difference in weight at the beginning and end of the study for all devices; b) dose counter reading for the Accuhaler; c) information from patient diaries (by days and by applications); and d) information from patient interviews using the Morinsky-Green Test. Compliance was rated as follows: poor: < 50%, fair 51%-79%, good 80%-119%, or "hypercompliant" > 120%. RESULTS: Seventy-two patients (mean age 65 years) were enrolled. Compliance measured by weight was good in 77.1%, fair in 11.5%, poor in 1.4% and hypercompliant in 10%. Compliance was good for the Accuhaler according to both weight (75%) and counted doses (83.3%). According to patient diaries, compliance was good when assessed by applications (98.8%) and by days (98.3%). According to the Morinksky-Green test, compliance was good for 87.9%. CONCLUSIONS: Compliance was good as assessed by the methods used in this study. Patients who live in families, who enjoy a high socioeconomic level, have simple therapeutic regimens and have a good understanding of their disease and inhaler tend to have good compliance. Careful patient follow-up and good patient-physician communication has improved compliance. However, follow-up studies are needed to check these results.

Snoring and myocardial infarction: a 4-year follow-up study.

The association between snoring and myocardial infarction was studied in 1453 people of both sexes aged 20-70 years. The study was carried out in a population of 92,364 residents and the subjects were recruited using the Electoral Census. A questionnaire was sent to all participants, asking about snoring and cardiovascular risk factors. Hospital records were checked for the next 4 years to establish how many of them developed myocardial infarction. At the beginning of the follow-up study 39 patients were diagnosed with ischaemic heart disease. Of the other 1414 participants, 571 (40.4%) were snorers and 843 (59.6%) non-snorers. Twenty-one developed myocardial infarction in the snorer group and four in the non-snorer group. The snorer group presents an adjusted relative risk of myocardial infarction of 3.08 (95% CI 1.01-9.46) with respect to non-snorers. We conclude that snoring seems to be a potential risk factor for myocardial infarction.

[Symptoms of sleep apnea syndrome in the general population]. / Sintomatología del síndrome de apnea del sueño en la población general.

The aim of this study was to determine the clinical features of patients with sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) in the general population. One hundred ten individuals were selected randomly from the census and given hospital appointments. Case histories were taken and complete physical examinations were made. Nighttime respiratory polysomnograms were performed. Twenty-two (20%) of the 110 subjects presented SAS. In the SAS group, 59.1% were habitual snorers and 22.7% reported daytime hypersomnolence. The SAS patients has a mean age of 59.6 +/- 8.8 years and 45.4% showed alterations of the pharynx. No differences in spirometric variables were observed. Only age and daytime hypersomnolence predicted SAS in the multivariate analysis. We conclude that the prevalence of snoring, daytime hypersomnolence, pharyngeal alterations are higher in patients with SAS. The patients are also older. Only age and daytime hypersomnolence predicted of SAS.

[Most common cardiovascular diseases and sleep apnea syndrome. A general population study]. / Enfermedades cardiovasculares más frecuentes y síndrome de apnea del sueño. Un estudio en población general.

BACKGROUND: The sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) is a frequent disease associated with significant morbidity. The aim of our study was to investigate diseases associated with the sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) in general population. METHODS: We selected a random sample of 110 people from the electoral census. These people were invited to the clinic where medical history, physical examination and monitoring for sleep-disordered breathing was done. RESULTS: Twenty two subjects were diagnosed of SAS. The prevalence of arterial hypertension in the SAS group was 36.4%, and coronary artery disease 13.6%. CONCLUSIONS: Although the prevalence of this diseases was increased in the SAS group, we do not see significant association with this disease.

[The clinical characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in the elderly]. / Características clínicas de la tuberculosis pulmonar en el anciano.

Pulmonary tuberculosis remains as a significant clinical problem in the elderly. To describe age-related differences in disease manifestations, a comparison was made taking in consideration predisposing factors, clinical features, radiographic findings and diagnostic approaches in cases of pulmonary tuberculosis between two groups: equal o higher of 60 years and lower of 60 years. Elderly patients had a higher number of antecedents of previous tuberculosis and underlying diseases than younger patients. At admission, symptoms like fever and hemoptysis were more frequent in the younger group. Radiographic findings revealed that upper lung infiltrates were still common in both groups, and that elderly patients presented less pleural effusions and cavitary lesions than younger patients. Since there were differences in the clinical presentations of pulmonary tuberculosis in the elderly group, a high index of suspicion for the disease should be maintained.