Intensive Medical Nutrition Therapy Alone or with Added Metformin to Prevent Gestational Diabetes Mellitus among High-Risk Mexican Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of intensive medical nutrition therapy (MNT) plus metformin in preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among high-risk Mexican women. An open-label randomized clinical trial was conducted. Inclusion criteria were pregnant women with three or more GDM risk factors: Latino ethnic group, maternal age >35 years, body mass index >25 kg/m2, insulin resistance, and a history of previous GDM, prediabetes, a macrosomic neonate, polycystic ovarian syndrome, or a first-degree relative with type 2 diabetes. Women before 15 weeks of gestation were assigned to group 1 (n = 45): intensive MNT-plus metformin (850 mg twice/day) or group 2 (n = 45): intensive MNT without metformin. Intensive MNT included individual dietary counseling, with ≤50% of total energy from high carbohydrates. The primary outcome was the GDM incidence according to the International Association of Diabetes Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics and adverse perinatal outcomes between the groups. The GDM incidence was n = 11 (24.4%) in the MNT plus metformin group versus n = 7 (15.5%) in the MNT without metformin group: p = 0.42 (RR: 1.57 [95% CI: 0.67-3.68]). There is no benefit in adding metformin to intensive MNT to prevent GDM among high-risk Mexican women. Clinical trials registration: NCT01675310.

[Nutrition therapy in enterocutaneous fistula; from physiology to individualized treatment]. / Terapia nutricia en fístula enterocutánea; de la base fisiológica al tratamiento individualizado.

Enterocutaneous fistula is the most common of all intestinal fistulas. Is a condition that requires prolonged hospital stay due to complications such as electrolyte imbalance, malnutrition, metabolic disorders and sepsis. Nutritional support is an essential part of the management; it favors intestinal and immune function, promotes wound healing and decreases catabolism. Despite the recognition of the importance of nutrition support, there is no strong evidence on its comprehensive management, which can be limiting when establishing specific strategies. The metabolic imbalance that a fistula causes is unknown. For low-output fistulas, energy needs should be based on resting energy expenditure, and provide 1.0 to 1.5 g/kg/d of protein, while in high-output fistulas energy requirement may increase up to 1.5 times, and provide 1.5 to 2.5 g/kg of protein. It is suggested to provide twice the requirement of vitamins and trace elements, and between 5 and 10 times that of Vitamin C and Zinc, especially for high-output fistulas. A complete nutritional assessment, including type and location of the fistula, are factors to consider when selecting nutrition support, whether is enteral or parenteral nutrition. The enteral route should be preferred whenever possible, and combined with parenteral nutrition when the requirements cannot be met. Nutritional treatment strategies in fistulas may include the use of immunomodulators and even stress management.

Terapia nutricia en fístula enterocutánea; de la base fisiológica al tratamiento individualizado / Nutrition therapy in enterocutaneous fistula; from physiology to individualized treatment

La fístula enterocutánea es la forma más común de las fístulas intestinales. Es una patología que obliga la estancia hospitalaria prolongada debido a complicaciones como desequilibrio hidroelectrolítico, desnutrición, desajustes metabólicos y sepsis. El apoyo nutricio es parte esencial en el manejo, ya que favorece la función intestinal, inmune, promueve la cicatrización y disminuye el catabolismo. Aunque se ha reconocido la importancia del apoyo nutricio no existen ensayos clínicos sobre su manejo integral, lo cual puede resultar limitante al establecer estrategias específicas. Se desconoce el desajuste metabólico que ocasiona una fístula. Para fístulas de bajo gasto, se recomienda cubrir el gasto energético en reposo, con un aporte de 1,0 a 1,5 g/kg/d de proteína; mientras que en fístulas de alto gasto puede aumentar hasta 1,5 veces su requerimiento, con un aporte de proteína de 1,5 y hasta 2,5 g/kg. Se recomienda el aporte del doble del requerimiento de vitaminas y elementos traza y entre 5 y 10 veces el de Vitamina C y Zinc, especialmente para fístulas de alto gasto. La decisión de elegir entre la vía enteral o parenteral dependerá de la evaluación de cada paciente, del tipo y localización de la fístula, estado nutricio previo, entre otros. Siempre que sea posible debe preferirse la vía enteral; y cuando no se pueda cubrir el requerimiento por esta vía, combinar con nutrición parenteral. Otras estrategias de tratamiento nutricio en fístulas podrían incluir el uso de inmunomoduladores e incluso el manejo de estrés (AU)

Enterocutaneous fistula is the most common of all intestinal fistulas. Is a condition that requires prolonged hospital stay due to complications such as electrolyte imbalance, malnutrition, metabolic disorders and sepsis. Nutritional support is an essential part of the management; it favors intestinal and immune function, promotes wound healing and decreases catabolism. Despite the recognition of the importance of nutrition support, there is no strong evidence on its comprehensive management, which can be limiting when establishing specific strategies. The metabolic imbalance that a fistula causes is unknown. For low-output fistulas, enegy needs should be based on resting energy expenditure, and provide 1.0 to 1.5 g/kg/d of protein, while in high-output fistulas energy requirement may increase up to 1.5 times, and provide 1.5 to 2.5 g/kg of protein. It is suggested to provide twice the requirement of vitamins and trace elements, and between 5 and 10 times that of Vitamin C and Zinc, especially for high-output fistulas. A complete nutritional assessment, including type and location of the fistula, are factors to consider when selecting nutrition support, whether is enteral or parenteral nutrition. The enteral route should be preferred whenever possible, and combined with parenteral nutrition when the requirements cannot be met. Nutritional treatment strategies in fistulas may include the use of immunomodulators and even stress management (AU)