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1.
Cuad Bioet ; 34(111): 131-141, 2023.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37804487

RESUMO

The article reviews the evolution of the deontology of the Spanish Medical Organization through how it has been reflected in the diverse codes of deontology approved by this institution. After an approximation to the spirit and contents of the first Code of ethics approved in 1978, born after the Spanish Constitution, passed that same year, which established the recognition and the need to regulate professional associations and the exercise of qualified professionals. The 1978 Code is compared with the one recently approved in December 2022, using the second 1990 Code as a bridge. In the comparison we find many bioethical issues on which, through the last decades, reflections have been made and answers have been introduced that respond to the many social and technological changes that have occurred. Special reference is made to the concept of respect, embodied in the relationship between the doctor and the patient. It is a relationship that is often not symmetrical because the sufferer may feel or endure extreme vulnerability. The article also reflects on the evolution of relevant issues or those that may raise more controversies, such as respect for initial and final life. The synthesis of the current 2022 Code of Medical Ethics can be done in three words: Respect and Human Rights.


Assuntos
Temas Bioéticos , Ética Médica , Humanos , Direitos Humanos , Códigos de Ética
2.
Cuad. bioét ; 34(111): 131-141, may.- ago. 2023.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-226228

RESUMO

El artículo repasa la evolución de la deontología de la Organización Médica Colegial a través de cómo se ha plasmado en los Códigos de Deontología aprobados por esta institución. Tras una aproximación al espíritu y contenidos del primer Código de Deontología de 1978, nacido tras la Constitución Española, aprobada ese mismo año, que estableció el reconocimiento y la necesidad de regular los colegios profesionales y el ejerci cio de los profesionales titulados. Se compara Código de 1978 con el recientemente aprobado en diciembre del 2022, utilizando como puente el segundo Código de 1990. En la comparación encontramos muchas cuestiones bioéticas sobre las que, a través de las últimas décadas, se ha reflexionado y se han introducido respuestas que responden a los numerosos cambios sociales y tecnológicos que se han producido. Se hace es pecial referencia al concepto de respeto, plasmado en la relación entre el médico y el paciente. Se trata de una relación que, con frecuencia, no es simétrica porque quien sufre puede sentir o soportar una extrema vulnerabilidad. Se reflexiona también sobre la evolución de temas relevantes o que pueden plantear más controversias, como el respeto a la vida inicial y final. La síntesis del actual Código de Deontología médica de 2022 se puede hacer en tres palabras: Respeto y Derechos Humanos (AU)


The article reviews the evolution of the deontology of the Spanish Medical Organization through how it has been reflected in the diverse codes of deontology approved by this institution. After an approxima tion to the spirit and contents of the first Code of ethics approved in 1978, born after the Spanish Cons titution, passed that same year, which established the recognition and the need to regulate professional associations and the exercise of qualified professionals. The 1978 Code is compared with the one recently approved in December 2022, using the second 1990 Code as a bridge. In the comparison we find many bioethical issues on which, through the last decades, reflections have been made and answers have been introduced that respond to the many social and technological changes that have occurred. Special referen ce is made to the concept of respect, embodied in the relationship between the doctor and the patient. It is a relationship that is often not symmetrical because the sufferer may feel or endure extreme vulnerability. The article also reflects on the evolution of relevant issues or those that may raise more controversies, such as respect for initial and final life. The synthesis of the current 2022 Code of Medical Ethics can be done in three words: Respect and Human Rights (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Códigos de Ética/história , Ética Médica/história , Direitos do Paciente , Teoria Ética
3.
Arch. med. deporte ; 37(200): 406-417, nov.-dic. 2020. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-201342

RESUMO

The use of doping has been banned for almost a century due to the risk involved to the athlete's health. Since then, the criterion of prohibiting substances has been reinforced to improve performance, becoming a rarely controversial issue nowadays. However, opinions defending the liberalization of doping has been sometimes given based on various arguments. One of the most common is the impossibility of completely eradicating doping and that this can be safe, from the point of view of health, if it is done by qualified doctors. This paper presents the arguments against the liberalization of doping from a medical point of view, contemplating various aspects. Those related to the use of substances such as: lack of clear criteria for inclusion in the list of prohibited substances and the unclear margin between the use of medication for treatment and for doping. Arguments related to health protection such as: the risk of sport for the athlete, the healthy sport, doping substances have few health risks, the use of medications, allow genetic doping because it is inevitable, risks of self-medication or use of medication without a prescription. Arguments related to sports performance such as: Doping products do not improve performance, doping is comparable to other performance improvement techniques, match genetic differences among athletes. And other arguments such as: prohibition favours doping, the control of doping increases the risks of doping itself, the high cost of anti-doping fight or the few anti-doping resources. The proposal for liberalization of doping under medical control is analyzed and discussed as well as the effects of liberalization on children and adolescents. At the end the medical ethical aspects related to doping are presented to conclude with the opposition of the medical profession against doping and its liberalization


El dopaje está prohibido desde hace casi un siglo debido al riesgo que implica para la salud del deportista. Desde entonces, el criterio de prohibición de sustancias se ha reforzado para mejorar el rendimiento, convirtiéndose en un tema poco controvertido en la actualidad. Sin embargo, a veces se han emitido opiniones en defensa de la liberalización del dopaje basadas en diversos argumentos. Uno de los más habituales es la imposibilidad de erradicar por completo el dopaje y que éste puede ser seguro, desde el punto de vista de la salud, si lo practica médicos titulados. Este artículo presenta los argumentos en contra de la liberalización del dopaje desde el punto de vista médico, contemplando diversos aspectos. Los relacionados con el uso de sustancias tales como: falta de criterios claros para su inclusión en la lista de sustancias prohibidas y el margen poco claro entre el uso de medicamentos para tratamiento y dopaje. Argumentos relacionados con la protección de la salud como: el riesgo del deporte para el deportista, el deporte sano, las sustancias dopantes tienen pocos riesgos para la salud, el uso de medicamentos, permitir el dopaje genético porque es inevitable, los riesgos de automedicación o uso de medicación sin prescripción. Argumentos relacionados con el rendimiento deportivo tales como: los productos antidopaje no mejoran el rendimiento, el dopaje es comparable a otras técnicas de mejora del rendimiento, diferencias genéticas entre los deportistas. Y otros argumentos como: la prohibición favorece el dopaje, el control del dopaje aumenta los riesgos del dopaje, el alto coste de la lucha antidopaje o los escasos recursos antidopaje. Se analiza y discute la propuesta de liberalización del dopaje bajo control médico y los efectos de la liberalización en niños y adolescentes. Al final se presentan los aspectos éticos médicos relacionados con el dopaje para concluir con la oposición de la profesión médica al dopaje y su liberalización


Assuntos
Humanos , Dopagem Esportivo/ética , Desempenho Atlético/ética , Substâncias para Melhoria do Desempenho , Teoria Ética , Automedicação , Fatores de Risco , Ética Médica
4.
Arch. med. deporte ; 36(190): 109-116, mar. 2019. tab, ilus, graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-186196

RESUMO

The classification systems for sports competition are based primarily on the sex of the athlete and generate the male and female categories in almost all existing sports. There have been some cases of fraud, in which men have competed in the female category, and others, in which some female competitors have caused suspicions about their sex. The last known case is the South African athlete Caster Semenya, who won the final of the 800 m in the World Championships in Berlin in 2009 with 2.45 seconds less than the second classified, with a distance of 16 m in the final straight. After a multitude of studies, it was verified that the athlete presented a medical condition called difference of the sexual development (DSD), with a production of high levels of testosterone. High testosterone levels, with sensitivity to this hormone in women, may represent a huge advantage in sports performance, which has been quantified by a range over 9%.The International Athletics Federation (IAAF) has promulgated a rule requiring female athletes with high levels of testosterone and sensitive to it, who want to participate in 400m to a mile tests, to decrease testosterone levels by using estrogens. This work analyses sports classification systems, the physiological effects of testosterone, the basis of sexual differentiation, and presents the medical and deontological arguments to refute the obligation of hormonal treatment of women to be able to compete in sports


Los sistemas de clasificación para competición deportiva se basan fundamentalmente en el sexo del deportista y generan las categorías masculina y femenina, en la práctica totalidad de deportes. Ha habido algunos casos de fraude, en los que hombres han competido en la categoría femenina, y otros, en los que algunas competidoras femeninas han suscitado sospechas sobre su sexo. El último caso conocido es el de la atleta sudafricana Caster Semenya, ganadora de la final de los 800 m en el Campeonato del Mundo de atletismo de Berlín de 2009 con 2:45 segundos menos que la segunda clasificada, a la que superó en 16 m en la recta final. Tras multitud de estudios, se comprobó que la atleta presentaba una condición médica denominada diferencia del desarrollo sexual (DSD), con producción de elevados niveles de testosterona. Las cifras elevadas de testosterona, con sensibilidad a esta hormona en mujeres, pueden suponer una enorme ventaja en el rendimiento deportivo, que se ha cuantificado en un rango sobre el 9%.La Federación Internacional de Atletismo (IAAF) ha promulgado una normativa que obliga a las atletas femeninas con altos niveles de testosterona y sensibilidad a la misma, que quieren participar en pruebas de 400 m a la milla, a disminuir las cifras de testosterona mediante la utilización de estrógenos .Este trabajo analiza los sistemas de clasificación deportiva, los efectos fisiológicos de la testosterona, las bases de la diferenciación sexual, y presenta los argumentos médicos y deontológicos para rebatir la obligación de tratamiento hormonal de mujeres para poder competir en especialidades deportivas


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Atletas , Caracteres Sexuais , Esportes , Fatores Sexuais , Desempenho Atlético , Diferenciação Sexual , Testolactona/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue
7.
Gac. sanit. (Barc., Ed. impr.) ; 26(supl.1): 14-19, mar. 2012. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-102876

RESUMO

La reforma de la atención primaria ya tiene 30 años, pero no ha desarrollado plenamente todas sus capacidades. Las mejoras que se propongan deben acompañarse de financiación suficiente, optimizar su impacto sobre la salud y adaptar la organización y las competencias clínicas al incremento y la banalización de la demanda, a la burocracia y a la medicalización. Las reformas organizativas propuestas no han demostrado hasta ahora diferencias concluyentes a favor de unas u otras. Por su parte, tanto las reformas procontenido como las reformas procoordinación no han demostrado impacto sobre la demanda derivada, sobre el coste de la atención ni sobre los resultados en salud. Las ayudas que aportan los sistemas de información han reducido la burocracia y pueden favorecer la continuidad asistencial. En el nivel de la mesogestión se proponen medidas que favorezcan la accesibilidad; sistemas de pago que equilibren capitación, desempeño y capacidad resolutiva; mejorar la integración de los recursos sociales y sanitarios; comprometer activamente a los profesionales con los objetivos de calidad y eficiencia del sistema sanitario; y finalmente incorporar más contenidos clínicos, preventivos y de colaboración con la comunidad (AU)


Primary care reforms started thirty years ago, but not fully developed their potential. Improvements should be suggested to be accompanied by adequate funding, operational capacity and organization and clinical skills adapt to upgrading and trivialized demand, bureaucracy and medicalization. Organizational-suggested reforms have not shown conclusive differences yet. On the other hand, neither pro-content nor pro-coordination reforms have shown any impact on the derived demand, the cost of care attention or the health outcomes. Thanks to the support of the information systems, bureaucracy has been reduced and care continuity may be promoted. In the middle management level, some measures have been suggested to promote accessibility, restore capitation by payment systems, perform and resolve capacity, improve integration of social care and health care resources, actively engage professionals with the health system-objectives of quality and efficiency and, finally, add more clinical, preventive and community collaboration-contents (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Atenção Primária à Saúde/tendências , Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde/tendências , Inovação Organizacional , Melhoramento Biomédico/métodos , Avaliação de Processos e Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde/tendências , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde/tendências , Moradias Assistidas/tendências
8.
Gac Sanit ; 26 Suppl 1: 14-9, 2012 Mar.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21996448

RESUMO

Primary care reforms started thirty years ago, but not fully developed their potential. Improvements should be suggested to be accompanied by adequate funding, operational capacity and organization and clinical skills adapt to upgrading and trivialized demand, bureaucracy and medicalization. Organizational-suggested reforms have not shown conclusive differences yet. On the other hand, neither pro-content nor pro-coordination reforms have shown any impact on the derived demand, the cost of care attention or the health outcomes. Thanks to the support of the information systems, bureaucracy has been reduced and care continuity may be promoted. In the middle management level, some measures have been suggested to promote accessibility, restore capitation by payment systems, perform and resolve capacity, improve integration of social care and health care resources, actively engage professionals with the health system-objectives of quality and efficiency and, finally, add more clinical, preventive and community collaboration-contents.


Assuntos
Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde/organização & administração , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/organização & administração , Atenção Primária à Saúde/organização & administração , Comportamento Cooperativo , Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde/métodos , Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde/tendências , Política de Saúde , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Serviços de Assistência Domiciliar/organização & administração , Humanos , Sistemas de Informação , Informática Médica , Modelos Organizacionais , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/economia , Inovação Organizacional , Atenção Primária à Saúde/economia , Autonomia Profissional , Reembolso de Incentivo , Espanha , Gestão da Qualidade Total
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