[Spectral analysis of the electroencephalogram in subjects with mild cognitive impairment]. / Análisis espectral del electroencefalogramaen sujetos con deterioro cognitivo leve.

INTRODUCTION: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is defined as a state of the ageing brain midway between normal cognition and dementia. Special attention has been paid to the electrophysiological substrate underlying Alzheimer's disease and MCI in order to identify as early as possible which subjects with MCI progress towards Alzheimer, which could be crucial for starting rehabilitation or pharmacological therapies. AIM: To perform a spectral characterisation of the electroencephalogram in subjects with MCI. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An electroencephalogram was carried out on 41 subjects with MCI in order to analyse the spectral measurements; apolipoprotein E genotype was also performed. RESULTS: In all, 94.8% of the sample displayed a significant increase in energy, and in 66.6% of them this was observed in the theta and delta bands, or both. Significant differences were found in the spectral measurements between carriers and non-carriers of the apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele in the theta and alpha bands; there was also a statistically significant association between the years of schooling and being a carrier of this allele or not. An increase in the theta-alpha bands was observed in the left temporal region in subjects with a below-average number of years of schooling and carriers of the epsilon4 allele. CONCLUSIONS: In subjects with MCI and carriers of the epsilon4 allele, the alpha and theta cortical rhythms can be affected by similar pathological mechanisms and may be expressed earlier in subjects who have a lower level of schooling.

Análisis espectral del electroencefalogramaen sujetos con deterioro cognitivo leve / Spectral analysis of the electroencephalogram in subjects with mild cognitive impairment

Introducción. El deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL) se define como un estado del cerebro envejecido intermedio entrela cognición normal y la demencia; se ha prestado una especial atención al sustrato electrofisiológico de la enfermedad de Alzheimer y el DCL con la finalidad de identificar lo antes posible qué sujetos con DCL progresan a Alzheimer, lo cual podría ser crucial para el inicio de terapias de rehabilitación o farmacológicas. Objetivo. Caracterización espectral del electroencefalograma en sujetos con DCL. Pacientes y métodos. Se estudió a 41 sujetos con DCL a los cuales se les realizó electroencefalograma para el análisis de las medidas espectrales; además se realizó genotipo de apolipoproteína E. Resultados. El94,8por ciento de la muestra reveló un incremento significativo de energía; en el 66,6 por ciento de ellos se observó en las bandas theta y delta,o ambas. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en las medidas espectrales entre portadores y no portadores del alelo epsilon4 de la apolipoproteína E en las bandas theta y alfa, y además existió una asociación estadísticamente significativa entrelos años de escolaridad y ser portador o no de dicho alelo. Se observó un incremento en las bandas theta-alfa en la región temporal izquierda en los sujetos por debajo de la media de años de escolaridad y portadores del alelo epsilon4. Conclusiones. En los sujetos con DCL y portadores del alelo epsilon4, los ritmos corticales alfa y theta pueden verse afectados por mecanismospatológicos similares, y puede expresarse de forma más precoz en los sujetos que presentan un nivel de escolaridad bajo(AU)

INTRODUCTION: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is defined as a state of the ageing brain midway between normal cognition and dementia. Special attention has been paid to the electrophysiological substrate underlying Alzheimer's disease and MCI in order to identify as early as possible which subjects with MCI progress towards Alzheimer, which could be crucial for starting rehabilitation or pharmacological therapies. AIM: To perform a spectral characterisation of the electroencephalogram in subjects with MCI. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An electroencephalogram was carried out on 41 subjects with MCI in order to analyse the spectral measurements; apolipoprotein E genotype was also performed. RESULTS: In all, 94.8percent of the sample displayed a significant increase in energy, and in 66.6 percent of them this was observed in the theta and delta bands, or both. Significant differences were found in the spectral measurements between carriers and non-carriers of the apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele in the theta and alpha bands; there was also a statistically significant association between the years of schooling and being a carrier of this allele or not. An increase in the theta-alpha bands was observed in the left temporal region in subjects with a below-average number of years of schooling and carriers of the epsilon4 allele. CONCLUSIONS: In subjects with MCI and carriers of the epsilon4 allele, the alpha and theta cortical rhythms can be affected by similar pathological mechanisms and may be expressed earlier in subjects who have a lower level of schooling(AU)

Análisis espectral del electroencefalograma en sujetos con deterioro cognitivo leve / Spectral analysis of the electroencephalogram in subjects with mild cognitive impairment

El deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL) se define como un estado del cerebro envejecido intermedio entrela cognición normal y la demencia; se ha prestado una especial atención al sustrato electrofisiológico de la enfermedad de Alzheimer y el DCL con la finalidad de identificar lo antes posible qué sujetos con DCL progresan a Alzheimer, lo cual podríaser crucial para el inicio de terapias de rehabilitación o farmacológicas. Objetivo. Caracterización espectral del electroencefalograma en sujetos con DCL. Pacientes y métodos. Se estudió a 41 sujetos con DCL a los cuales se les realizó electroencefalograma para el análisis de las medidas espectrales; además se realizó genotipo de apolipoproteína E. Resultados. El 94,8% de la muestra reveló un incremento significativo de energía; en el 66,6% de ellos se observó en las bandas theta y delta,o ambas. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en las medidas espectrales entre portadores y no portadores del alelo epsilon4 de la apolipoproteína E en las bandas theta y alfa, y además existió una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre los años de escolaridad y ser portador o no de dicho alelo. Se observó un incremento en las bandas theta-alfa en la región temporal izquierda en los sujetos por debajo de la media de años de escolaridad y portadores del alelo epsilon4. Conclusiones. En los sujetos con DCL y portadores del alelo epsilon4, los ritmos corticales alfa y theta pueden verse afectados por mecanismospatológicos similares, y puede expresarse de forma más precoz en los sujetos que presentan un nivel de escolaridad bajo

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is defined as a state of the ageing brain midway between normalcognition and dementia. Special attention has been paid to the electrophysiological substrate underlying Alzheimer’s disease and MCI in order to identify as early as possible which subjects with MCI progress towards Alzheimer, which could be crucial forstarting rehabilitation or pharmacological therapies. Aim. To perform a spectral characterisation of the electroencephalogram in subjects with MCI. Patients and methods. An electroencephalogram was carried out on 41 subjects with MCI in order to analyse the spectral measurements; apolipoprotein E genotype was also performed. Results. In all, 94.8% of the sampledisplayed a significant increase in energy, and in 66.6% of them this was observed in the theta and delta bands, or both. Significant differences were found in the spectral measurements between carriers and non-carriers of the apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele in the theta and alpha bands; there was also a statistically significant association between the years of schoolingand being a carrier of this allele or not. An increase in the theta-alpha bands was observed in the left temporal region in subjects with a below-average number of years of schooling and carriers of the epsilon4 allele. Conclusions. In subjects withMCI and carriers of the epsilon4 allele, the alpha and theta cortical rhythms can be affected by similar pathological mechanisms and may be expressed earlier in subjects who have a lower level of schooling

[Spectral analysis of the electroencephalogram in children with systemic lupus erythematosus]. / Análisis espectral del electroencefalograma en niños con lupus eritematoso sistémico.

INTRODUCTION: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that affects different systems and organs, including the central nervous system (CNS). It has been suggested that about 40% of the cases of neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) develop before SLE is diagnosed or at the same time it is being carried out, and 63% appear during the first year following diagnosis. AIMS: The aim of this study was to check the hypothesis that the electroencephalogram (EEG) may be sensitive to the damage to the CNS in children with SLE in whom there is still no clinical evidence of NPSLE. PATIENTS AND METHODS: EEG recordings were performed in 30 children with a diagnosis of SLE with or without signs of a neuropsychiatric syndrome. The results of the EEG were evaluated visually and analysed quantitatively. RESULTS: The visual inspection of the EEG showed the presence of alterations in 44.5% of the children with SLE and in 76.9% of those with NPSLE. There were significant differences in Student's t test (p = 0.0055) between the two groups for the analysis of the broadband spectral measurements. The narrow band analysis revealed a significant increase in the theta and delta frequencies in children with SLE as compared to standard values, whereas in children with NPSLE significant differences were found in the fast bands in frontal regions. CONCLUSIONS: Spectral analysis of the narrow band could help to confirm diagnoses of NPSLE, while anomalies in the slow bands could be an early marker of damage to the CNS although there are still no symptoms of the disease.

Anàlisis espectral del encefalograma en niños con lupus eritematoso sistèmico / s. t

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that affects different systems and organs, including the central nervous system (CNS). It has been suggested that about 40 percent of the cases of neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) develop before SLE is diagnosed or at the same time it is being carried out, and 63 percent appear during the first year following diagnosis. AIMS: The aim of this study was to check the hypothesis that the electroencephalogram (EEG) may be sensitive to the damage to the CNS in children with SLE in whom there is still no clinical evidence of NPSLE...(AU)

Análisis espectral del electroencefalograma en niños con lupus eritematoso sistémico / Spectral analysis of the electroencephalogram in children with systemic lupus erythematosus

Introducción. El lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) es una enfermedad autoinmunitaria que afecta a diferentes sistemas y órganos, incluido el sistema nervioso central (SNC). Se ha postulado que aproximadamente el 40% de las manifestaciones de lupus neuropsiquiátrico (LESNP) se desarrolla antes de que se diagnostique el LES o en el mismo momento en el que se realiza el mismo, y el 63% aparece durante el primer año después del diagnóstico. Objetivos. Evaluar la hipótesis de que el electroencefalograma (EEG) puede ser sensible al daño del SNC en niños con LES, aun sin evidencia clínica de LESNP. Pacientes y métodos. Se registró el EEG de 30 niños con diagnóstico de LES, con o sin manifestaciones de síndrome neuropsiquiátrico. Se realizó la evaluación visual y el análisis cuantitativo del EEG. Resultados. La inspección visual del EEG mostró la presencia de alteraciones en el 44,5% de los niños con LES y en el 76,9% con LESNP. La t de Student fue significativamente diferente (p 0,0055) entre ambos grupos para el análisis de las medidas espectrales de banda ancha. El análisis de banda estrecha mostró un incremento significativo en las frecuencias theta y delta en los niños con LES con respecto a los valores normativos, mientras que en los niños con LESNP las diferencias significativas se encontraron en las bandas rápidas en las regiones frontales. Conclusiones. El análisis espectral de banda estrecha podría ayudar a confirmar el diagnóstico de LESNP, mientras que las anomalías en las bandas lentas podría ser un marcador temprano de daño del SNC, aun en ausencia de síntomas de la enfermedad

Introduction. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that affects different systems and organs, including the central nervous system (CNS). It has been suggested that about 40% of the cases of neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) develop before SLE is diagnosed or at the same time it is being carried out, and 63% appear during the first year following diagnosis. Aims. The aim of this study was to check the hypothesis that the electroencephalogram (EEG) may be sensitive to the damage to the CNS in children with SLE in whom there is still no clinical evidence of NPSLE. Patients and methods. EEG recordings were performed in 30 children with a diagnosis of SLE with or without signs of a neuropsychiatric syndrome. The results of the EEG were evaluated visually and analysed quantitatively. Results. The visual inspection of the EEG showed the presence of alterations in 44.5% of the children with SLE and in 76.9% of those with NPSLE. There were significant differences in Student’s t test (p = 0.0055) between the two groups for the analysis of the broadband spectral measurements. The narrow band analysis revealed a significant increase in the theta and delta frequencies in children with SLE as compared to standard values, whereas in children with NPSLE significant differences were found in the fast bands in frontal regions. Conclusions. Spectral analysis of the narrow band could help to confirm diagnoses of NPSLE, while anomalies in the slow bands could be an early marker of damage to the CNS although there are still no symptoms of the disease