Phytochemical prospection, hemagglutinating and insecticidal activity of saline extracts from the seeds of Tamboril (Enterolobium contortisiliquum) Vell. Morong (Fabaceae) on Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

This study evaluated the insecticidal activity of crude extracts from Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) seeds on eggs and larvae of A. aegypti, and also verified the phytochemical profile and the presence of lectins in the extract. The 0.15 M NaCl saline solution was used as the extracting substance. For tests with eggs and larvae, the crude extract was used in its raw form (RCE) and boiled at 100º C for 5 min (BCE). Concentrations of 4.68; 9.37; 18.75; 28.13; 37.13 and 46.89 mg/mL, with distilled water as a negative control. Assays were performed in triplicate. The results were subjected to analysis of variance, Tukey's test and Log-Probit analysis to determine LC50 and LC90. BCE showed better results on eggs than RCE, managing to prevent the hatching of larvae in 81.66% ± 10.40 of treated eggs, at a concentration of 46.89 mg/mL. The LC50 and LC90 were set at 35.95 and 52.67 mg/mL, respectively. In tests with larvae, concentrations of 46.89 and 37.13 mg/mL, for RCE and BCE, caused 100% mortality in 24 hours of exposure. Larval mortality at the other concentrations increased with exposure time extending to 48 h. RCE, at 48 h exposure is the most promising extract on larvae (E = 72.77%, LC90 = 10.86 mg/mL). In RCE, the presence of lectins and secondary metabolites: flavonoids, xanthones and phenols, were detected. The results demonstrate the potential of E. contortisiliquum seed extracts with ovicidal and larvicidal action on A. aegypti.

Phytochemical prospection, hemagglutinating and insecticidal activity of saline extracts from the seeds of Tamboril (Enterolobium contortisiliquum) Vell. Morong (Fabaceae) on Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) / Prospecção fitoquímica, atividade hemaglutinante e inseticida dos extratos salinos das sementes de Tamboril (Enterolobium contortisiliquum) Vell. Morong (Fabaceae) sobre o Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Abstract This study evaluated the insecticidal activity of crude extracts from Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) seeds on eggs and larvae of A. aegypti, and also verified the phytochemical profile and the presence of lectins in the extract. The 0.15 M NaCl saline solution was used as the extracting substance. For tests with eggs and larvae, the crude extract was used in its raw form (RCE) and boiled at 100º C for 5 min (BCE). Concentrations of 4.68; 9.37; 18.75; 28.13; 37.13 and 46.89 mg/mL, with distilled water as a negative control. Assays were performed in triplicate. The results were subjected to analysis of variance, Tukey's test and Log-Probit analysis to determine LC50 and LC90. BCE showed better results on eggs than RCE, managing to prevent the hatching of larvae in 81.66% ± 10.40 of treated eggs, at a concentration of 46.89 mg/mL. The LC50 and LC90 were set at 35.95 and 52.67 mg/mL, respectively. In tests with larvae, concentrations of 46.89 and 37.13 mg/mL, for RCE and BCE, caused 100% mortality in 24 hours of exposure. Larval mortality at the other concentrations increased with exposure time extending to 48 h. RCE, at 48 h exposure is the most promising extract on larvae (E = 72.77%, LC90 = 10.86 mg/mL). In RCE, the presence of lectins and secondary metabolites: flavonoids, xanthones and phenols, were detected. The results demonstrate the potential of E. contortisiliquum seed extracts with ovicidal and larvicidal action on A. aegypti.

Resumo Esse estudo avaliou a atividade inseticida dos extratos brutos das sementes de Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) sobre ovos e larvas do A. aegypti, verificou também o perfil fitoquímico e a presença de lectinas no extrato. A solução salina de NaCl 0,15 M foi utilizada como substância extratora. Para os ensaios com ovos e larvas, o extrato bruto foi utilizado na forma crua (RCE) e fervida a 100º C por 5 min (BCE). Foram testadas as concentrações de 4,68; 9,37; 18,75; 28,13; 37,13 e 46,89 mg/mL, tendo a água destilada como controle negativo. Os ensaios foram realizados em triplicada. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância, Teste de Tukey e análise Log-Probit para determinar CL50 e 90. O BCE apresentou melhores resultados sobre os ovos do que o RCE, conseguindo impedir a eclosão das larvas de 81,66% ± 10,40 dos ovos tratados, na concentração de 46,89 mg/mL. As respectivas CL50 e 90, foram definidas em 35,95 e 52,67 mg/mL, respectivamente. Nos testes com larvas, as concentrações de 46,89 e 37,13 mg/mL, para RCE e BCE, causaram 100% de mortalidade em 24 horas de exposição. A mortalidade larval nas demais concentrações aumentou com o tempo de exposição estendendo-se para 48 h. RCE, com 48 h de exposição é o extrato mais promissor sobre as larvas (E = 72,77%, CL90 = 10,86 mg/mL). Em RCE, a presença de lectinas e os metabólitos secundários: flavonoides, xantonas e fenóis, foram detectadas. Os resultados demonstram o potencial dos extratos das sementes de E. contortisiliquum com ação ovicida e larvicida sobre o A. aegypti.

Mating system, age, and reproductive performance in Tenuisvalvae notata, a long-lived ladybird beetle.

The long-lived polygynandrous ladybird beetle Tenuisvalvae notata (Mulsant) found in Brazil was evaluated in the laboratory for the effects of multiple mating and aging on its reproductive performance. This species is native to South America and is an important predator of mealybugs. Specifically studied were partner choice, female reproductive success, adult longevity, male virility, and offspring development. Young (5-10 days old) and older virgin females (95-100 days old) were subjected to either a single mate or multiple mating with the same or different males of various mating status (virgin or previously mated once, twice, and thrice). Results revealed a preference in both genders to mate with previously known partners. Additionally, younger females had higher fecundity and greater longevity when mated only once in comparison to those mated multiple times. Fecundity, fertility, and offspring development were similar across the treatments regardless of the number of mating or male mating history. Fecundity and fertility decreased throughout the oviposition period regardless of mating treatment.

High Concentrations of Chlorantraniliprole Reduce Its Compatibility with a Key Predator, Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).

Diamides are a novel insecticide group that act by disrupting insect muscle contraction. Recommended field rates (FRs) vary greatly among target pests and cropping systems, leading to variable risks for non-target organisms. We evaluated the toxicity of chlorantraniliprole to the predator Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) by exposure to residues, topical application, and consumption of contaminated food. We also estimated lethal concentrations (LCs) of chlorantraniliprole in two target pests, cotton leafworm, Alabama argillacea (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), and tobacco budworm, Chloridea virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), by exposing larvae to treated cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., leaves and assessed residual activity at various intervals after application to cotton plants. Exposure to dried residues and ingestion of treated moth eggs resulted in similar toxicity to H. convergens, whereas topical application was a less toxic route of exposure. Regardless of exposure route, the LC50s and LC90s obtained for H. convergens were higher than those calculated for the pests. Residues at the upper limit of the LC90 for C. virescens remained effective against this pest for up to 16 d, while exhibiting minor impacts on H. convergens. In contrast, the FR concentration of C. virescens caused significant mortality in H. convergens. The results suggest that the current FR for C. virescens is too high to be safe for H. convergens, and given the LCs observed for this pest in the present study, trials to explore the potential efficacy of lower FRs are justified. Depending on the concentration and route of exposure, this insecticide has the potential to be compatible with H. convergens.

Performance of Eriopis connexa (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin after extended recovery from knockdown.

A population of the predatory lady beetle Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was recorded as resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin. Adults exposed to this insecticide have recovered from knockdown after 72 h. Thus, the performance of resistant (R) and susceptible (S) populations of E. connexa not exposed to insecticide (R0 and S0) and R adults recovering from knockdown 24, 48, and 72 h after exposure (R24, R48, and R72) was studied. In addition, the fertility life table parameters were calculated for one generation considering the progenies from R0, S0, and R24 populations. The recovery rate from knockdown was 69.4% for R-adults, and greater recovery rate was observed within 48 h following lambda-cyhalothrin exposure. The S-females produced about 50% more eggs and lived longer, when compared with R-females irrespective of the recovery periods after knockdown. The R-females produced similar number of eggs and exhibited similar longevity across all treatments (R0, R24, R48, and R72). Progenies produced by R- and S-populations did not exhibit consistent differences in development and survival. The fertility life table parameters showed higher intrinsic rate of population growth (rm) and lower mean generation time (T) for R0- and R24-females, when compared with those for S0-females. Thus, the time interval needed to recover from knockdown is not related to the adaptive cost of resistance in E. connexa.

Fitness Advantage in Heterozygous Ladybird Beetle Eriopis connexa (Germar) Resistant to Lambda-Cyhalothrin.

The pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin is widely recommended for use against defoliators in crop ecosystems, but this broad-spectrum insecticide lacks efficacy against aphids; thus, key aphid predators such as the ladybird beetle Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) must be preserved. Given that populations of E. connexa recently identified as resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin show potential of integrating chemical and biological control in crop ecosystems, a historical goal of integrated pest management. In the present study, the resistance maintenance over F1, F2, and F3 progenies from crossing resistant (R) and susceptible (S) E. connexa populations that might be expected after releasing R predator in the crop field and the F1 offspring performance when the R population is crossed with the S population are evaluated. The offspring performance is determined for F1 progenies from crossing the R population at F40- and F45-reared generations in the laboratory with the S population at F38- and F1-reared generations in the laboratory. The mortality rate in the heterozygous F1 progeny is low and similar to the rate for the R population (<5%), but it is about 75% in F2 and F3 progenies from crossing R and S populations. Fecundity and longevity of the heterozygous F1 progeny are significantly greater compared to the R population. These results suggest that when R population beetles are released and mating with S population residents, their field offspring retains the resistance phenotype with the advantages of greater egg production and longer survival compared to the parental R population.

Lambda-Cyhalothrin Resistance in the Lady Beetle Eriopis connexa (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Confers Tolerance to Other Pyrethroids.

Pyrethroid insecticides are widely recommended to control insect defoliators but lack efficacy against most aphid species. Thus, conserving aphid predators such as the lady beetle Eriopis connexa (Germar) is important to pest management in crop ecosystems that require pyrethroid sprays. In a greenhouse, early fourth-instar larvae and 5-day-old adults from susceptible (S) and resistant (R) E. connexa populations were caged on lambda-cyhalothrin-treated cotton plants, after which survival and egg production (for those caged at adult stage) were assessed. In the laboratory, similar groups were subjected to dried residues and topical treatment with one of eight pyrethroids (alpha-cypermethrin, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin, permethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin), the organophosphate methidathion, or water and wetting agent. After caging on treated cotton terminals, 66% of the R-population larvae survived to adulthood, compared with 2% of those from the S-population. At 12 d after caging at adult stage under the same conditions, 64% of the females from the R-population survived and laid eggs, compared with 100% mortality and no oviposition for the S-females. In trials involving dried insecticide residues, gain in survival based on the survival difference (percentage for R-population minus percentage for S-population) across all tested pyrethroids varied from 3 to 63% for larvae and from 3 to 70% for adults. In trials involving topical sprays of the tested pyrethroids, survival differences ranged from 36 to 96% for larvae and from 21 to 82% for adults. Fenpropathrin and bifenthrin were the least and most toxic, respectively.

Survival and behavioural responses of the predatory ladybird beetle, Eriopis connexa populations susceptible and resistant to a pyrethroid insecticide.

The ladybird beetle, Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), is one of the commonest predators of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the cotton agroecosystem and in many other row and fruit crops in Brazil, and has been introduced into other countries such as the USA for purposes of aphid control. In addition, the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is the most serious cotton pest where it occurs, including Brazil. Controlling boll weevils and other pests such as cotton defoliators still tends to involve the intense application of insecticides to secure cotton production. The pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) is commonly used, but this compound is not effective against aphids; hence, a desirable strategy would be to maintain E. connexa populations in cotton fields where LCT is applied. Using populations of E. connexa resistant (Res) and susceptible (Sus) to LCT, we compared behavioural responses on treated cotton plants and under confinement on partially and fully treated surfaces, and assessed the insects' survival on treated plants compared with that of the boll weevil. The E. connexa resistant population caged on treated plants with 15 and 75 g a.i. ha-1 exhibited ≫82% survival for both insecticide concentrations compared with ≪3% and ≪17% survival for susceptible E. connexa populations and boll weevils, respectively. The response of E. connexa Res and Sus populations when released, either on the soil or on the plant canopy, indicated avoidance towards treated plants, as measured by elapsed time to assess the plant. When compared with susceptible individuals, resistant ones took longer time to suffer insecticide knockdown, had a higher recovery rate after suffering knockdown, and spent more time in the plant canopy. Based on behavioural parameters evaluated in treated arenas, no ladybird beetles exhibited repellency. However, irritability was evident, with the susceptible population exhibiting greater irritability compared with the resistant population and a subgroup comprising resistant individuals that had recovered from knockdown. The outcomes for the E. connexa Res population indicate a promising strategy for its maintenance when using the insecticide LCT in integrated pest management schemes to control boll weevil or other non-target pest of ladybird beetles in cotton fields.

Status de acasalamento do macho influencia a história de vida do predador Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas, 1851) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) / Male mating status influences the life history of the predator Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas, 1851) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Características comportamentais, morfológicas e fisiológicas de machos têm sido consideradas como importantes para o sucesso reprodutivo das fêmeas e a qualidade de seus descendentes. Assim, o presente estudo investigou o papel do tamanho e do status prévio de acasalamento do macho do percevejo predador Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) no desen volvimento de seus descendentes. Duas classes de tamanho de machos (pequeno, < 40 mg e grande, > 50 mg) e status de acasalamento virgem e previamente acasalado foram investigados. Machos previamente acasalados foram considerados com quatro cópulas no intervalo de 15 dias. Os resultados mostram que o status de acasalamento do macho interferiu na qualidade da descendência com base na segunda postura realizada. Fêmeas acasaladas com machos virgens apresentaram maior produção de ovos e ninfas, bem como os ovos foram maiores. Além disso, ninfas oriundas da segunda postura de fêmeas acasaladas com machos virgens apresentaram desenvolvimento mais rápido e com maior viabilidade. Assim, com base nesses resultados podemos inferir que o desenvolvimento de descendentes é dependente do status de acasalamento prévio de machos.

Males behavioral, morphological, and physiological characteristics have been considered important to the females' reproductive success and the quality of their offspring. Thus, the present study investigated the effect of the size and previous mating status of predatory stinkbug Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) males on offspring development. Two male body-size classes: small, < 40 mg and; large, > 50 mg; and the males' mating status: virgin and previously mated males were investigated. Mated males were considered with 4 copulas within 15 days interval. The results show that male mating status presented a significant effect on offspring performance based on the second egg batch produced. Females mated with virgin males produced a higher number of eggs and nymphs, and larger eggs. Also, nymphs originated from the second egg batch by females mated with virgin males developed faster and achieved higher viability. Thus, based on these results the development of the offspring is related to the mating status of males.

STATUS DE ACASALAMENTO DO MACHO INFLUENCIA A HISTÓRIA DE VIDA DO PREDADOR PODISUS NIGRISPINUS (DALLAS, 1851) (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)

ABSTRACT Males behavioral, morphological, and physiological characteristics have been considered important to the females reproductive success and the quality of their offspring. Thus, the present study investigated the effect of the size and previous mating status of predatory stinkbug Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) males on offspring development. Two male body-size classes: small, 40 mg and; large, > 50 mg; and the males mating status: virgin and previously mated males were investigated. Mated males were considered with 4 copulas within 15 days interval. The results show that male mating status presented a significant effect on offspring performance based on the second egg batch produced. Females mated with virgin males produced a higher number of eggs and nymphs, and larger eggs. Also, nymphs originated from the second egg batch by females mated with virgin males developed faster and achieved higher viability. Thus, based on these results the development of the offspring is related to the mating status of males.

RESUMO Características comportamentais, morfológicas e fisiológicas de machos têm sido consideradas como importantes para o sucesso reprodutivo das fêmeas e a qualidade de seus descendentes. Assim, o presente estudo investigou o papel do tamanho e do status prévio de acasalamento do macho do percevejo predador Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) no desen volvimento de seus descendentes. Duas classes de tamanho de machos (pequeno, 40 mg e grande, > 50 mg) e status de acasalamento virgem e previamente acasalado foram investigados. Machos previamente acasalados foram considerados com quatro cópulas no intervalo de 15 dias. Os resultados mostram que o status de acasalamento do macho interferiu na qualidade da descendência com base na segunda postura realizada. Fêmeas acasaladas com machos virgens apresentaram maior produção de ovos e ninfas, bem como os ovos foram maiores. Além disso, ninfas oriundas da segunda postura de fêmeas acasaladas com machos virgens apresentaram desenvolvimento mais rápido e com maior viabilidade. Assim, com base nesses resultados podemos inferir que o desenvolvimento de descendentes é dependente do status de acasalamento prévio de machos.