Using a 3D printer in cardiac valve surgery: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The use of the 3D printer in complex cardiac surgery planning. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the use and benefits of 3D printing in heart valve surgery through a systematic review of the literature. METHODS: This systematic review was reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and registered in the Prospero (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews) database under the number CRD42017059034. We used the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science and Lilacs. We included articles about the keywords "Heart Valves", "Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation", "Heart Valve Prosthesis", "Printing, Three-Dimensional", and related entry terms. Two reviewers independently conducted data extraction and a third reviewer solved disagreements. All tables used for data extraction are available at a separate website. We used the Cochrane Collaboration tool to assess the risk of bias of the studies included. RESULTS: We identified 301 articles and 13 case reports and case series that met the inclusion criteria. Our studies included 34 patients aged from 3 months to 94 years. CONCLUSIONS: Up to the present time, there are no studies including a considerable number of patients. A 3D-printed model produced based on the patient enables the surgeon to plan the surgical procedure and choose the best material, size, format, and thickness to be used. This planning leads to reduced surgery time, exposure, and consequently, lower risk of infection.

Using a 3D printer in cardiac valve surgery: a systematic review

SUMMARY BACKGROUND: The use of the 3D printer in complex cardiac surgery planning. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the use and benefits of 3D printing in heart valve surgery through a systematic review of the literature. METHODS: This systematic review was reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and registered in the Prospero (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews) database under the number CRD42017059034. We used the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science and Lilacs. We included articles about the keywords "Heart Valves", "Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation", "Heart Valve Prosthesis", "Printing, Three-Dimensional", and related entry terms. Two reviewers independently conducted data extraction and a third reviewer solved disagreements. All tables used for data extraction are available at a separate website. We used the Cochrane Collaboration tool to assess the risk of bias of the studies included. RESULTS: We identified 301 articles and 13 case reports and case series that met the inclusion criteria. Our studies included 34 patients aged from 3 months to 94 years. CONCLUSIONS: Up to the present time, there are no studies including a considerable number of patients. A 3D-printed model produced based on the patient enables the surgeon to plan the surgical procedure and choose the best material, size, format, and thickness to be used. This planning leads to reduced surgery time, exposure, and consequently, lower risk of infection.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: A impressora 3D é utilizada como coadjuvante no planejamento de cirurgias de cardiopatias complexas. OBJETIVOS: Analisar o uso e os benefícios da impressão 3D em cirurgias de válvula cardíaca por meio de revisão sistemática da literatura. MÉTODOS: Esta revisão sistemática foi conduzida de acordo com os itens do Preferred Reporting for Systematic Reviews e registrada no banco de dados Prospero (Registro Prospectivo Internacional de Revisão Sistemática) sob o número CRD42017059034. Foram utilizados os seguintes bancos de dados: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science e Lilacs. Incluídos artigos com os termos de busca "Heart Valves", "Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation", "Heart Valve Prosthesis", "Printing, Three-Dimensional" e termos relacionados. Dois revisores independentes conduziram a extração dos dados e um terceiro (revisor) solucionou as discordâncias. Todas as tabelas usadas para a extração de dados estão disponibilizadas em site próprio. A ferramenta Cochraine Collaboration foi utilizada para avaliar o risco de viés na inclusão de estudos. RESULTADOS: Identificados 301 artigos e 13 relatos de casos e séries de casos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. A amostra envolveu 34 pacientes, com idade de 3 meses a 94 anos. CONCLUSÃO: Até o presente momento, não há estudos que contemplem um número considerável de pacientes. A impressão de um modelo 3D produzida a partir do protótipo do paciente permitirá ao cirurgião planejar a cirurgia, bem como escolher o melhor material, tamanho, formato e espessura da válvula a ser utilizada. Esse planejamento reduz o tempo de cirurgia, a exposição e, consequentemente, a redução do risco de infecção.

Choice of tube extremity for emission of the lowest radiation dose in pediatric patients.

AIMS: To compare the dosage of radiation the thyroid and gonad glands receive in pediatric patients undergoing chest X-rays, in distinct positions, towards the goal of developing of an X-ray tube positioning protocol. METHODS: A randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) at the Institute of Cardiology/University Foundation of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil from June 2014 to September 2016. Patients were divided into two groups. One group was positioned with the thyroid gland facing the anode end of an X-ray tube, and in the other group the thyroid gland faced the cathode end. Radiographs were evaluated by five observers, following criteria recommended by the Commission of the European Communities (CEC). RESULTS: Forty-eight pediatric patients, with a mean age of 2.0 ±â€¯1.3 years, participated in this study. Based on the evaluation of 48 images, it was determined that the thyroid and gonad glands facing the cathode were exposed to 13.3 ±â€¯3.1 µGy and 13.5 ±â€¯4.1 µGy of radiation, respectively (p = 0.008). Additionally, the thyroid and gonad glands facing the anode were exposed to 11.7 ±â€¯3.1 µGy and 12.7 ±â€¯3.1 µGy of radiation, respectively (p = 0.007). The mean input dose in the center of the chest was 20.8 ±â€¯9.6 µGy in both positions. DISCUSSION: The proximity of the thyroid gland to the cathode end of the X-ray tube appears to be related to the dosage of ionizing radiation. Adverse effects associated with exposure to ionizing radiation could be minimized by positioning the thyroid gland to the anodic end of the X-ray tube. CONCLUSION: Patients should be placed facing the anode end of the X-ray tube when taking thoracic X-rays, in order to reduce radiation exposure to the thyroid and gonad glands.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02925936.

Padrão de exposição radiológica e preditores de superexposição dos pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cardiológicos invasivos em equipamentos com detectores planos / Radiological exposure patterns and overexposure predictors of patients undergoing invasive cardiologic procedures in flat detector fluoroscopy systems

Introdução: Procedimentos cardiológicos invasivos expõem pacientes e médicos aos riscos da radiação ionizante. É objetivo deste estudo determinar os padrões e preditores de superexposição radiológica durante procedimentos cardiológicos. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo que avaliou pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cardiológicos invasivos entre agosto de 2010 e janeiro de 2011 em equipamento com detectores planos. Características clínicas, angiográficas e de exposição à radiação foram registradas em banco de dados específico. Os padrões de exposição à radiação foram determinados em pacientes submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco, a intervenção coronária percutânea eletiva (ICP-e) e a intervenção coronária percutânea ad hoc (ICP-AH). Preditores independentes de exposição à radiação aumentada foram identificados por análise de regressão logística múltipla. Resultados: A população incluiu 670 pacientes, sendo 419 submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco, 137 a ICP-e e 114 a ICP-AH. A dose média de radiação recebida pelos pacientes foi de 561,8 ± 368,1 mGy (cateterismo cardíaco), 1.125,5 ± 1.120 mGy (ICP-e) e 1.293,4 ± 726,3 mGy (ICP-AH). O produto dose-área foi de 37.725,8 ± 27.027,5 mGy.cm2 (cateterismo cardíaco), 61.643,1 ± 64.383,7 mGy.cm2 (ICP-e) e 77.973,4 ± 49.959,3 mGy.cm2 (ICP-AH). Os preditores de exposição radiológica aumentada foram peso [razão de chance (RC) 1,03, intervalo de confiança (IC) 1,01-1,05; P = 0,003], ICP-e (RC 11,9, IC 4,3-33,2; P < 0,001) e ICP-AH (RC 15,5, IC 5,4-43,9; P < 0,001). Conclusões: Os padrões de exposição radiológica durante procedimentos cardiológicos invasivos usando detectores planos estão abaixo do limite estabelecido pela Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica. Peso e procedimentos de ICP-e e ICP-AH são preditores de superexposição radiológica.

Background: Invasive cardiologic procedures expose patients and physicians to the risks of ionizing radiation. The aim of this study is to determine patterns and predictors ofradiation overexposure during cardiologic procedures. Methods:Prospective cohort study to investigate patients undergoing invasive cardiologic procedures between August 2010and January 2011 in flat detector fluoroscopy systems. Clinical,angiographic and radiation exposure characteristics were recorded in a dedicated database. Radiation exposurepatterns were determined in patients undergoing coronary angiography, elective (e-PCI) and ad hoc (AH-PCI) percutaneous coronary intervention. Independent predictors of increasedradiation exposure were identified by multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The study population included 670 patients, 419 undergoing coronary angiography, 137 e-PCI and 114 AH-PCI. The mean radiation dose received by the patients was 561.8 ± 368.1 mGy (coronary angiography), 1,125.5 ± 1,120 mGy (e-PCI) and 1,293.4 ± 726.3 mGy (AH-PCI). Dose-area product was 37,725.8 ±27,027.5 mGy.cm² (coronary angiography), 61,643.1 ± 64,383.7 mGy.cm² (e-PCI) and 77,973.4 ± 49,959.3 mGy.cm² (AH-PCI). Predictors of increased radiation exposure were body weight [odds ratio (OR) 1.03, confidence interval (CI)1.01-1.05; P = 0.003), e-PCI (OR 11.9, CI 4.3-33.2; P < 0.001) and AH-PCI (OR 15.5, IC 5.4-43.9; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Radiation exposure patterns during invasive cardiologicprocedures using flat detector fluoroscopy systems are below the threshold established by the International Atomic Energy Agency...