Effect of Ammonia Gas in Poultry Litter Contaminated with Salmonella Heidelberg

Salmonella Heidelberg is an emerging pathogen in Brazilian poultry production. The traditional methods (quicklime, windrowing and tarpaulin-on-surface) used for disinfecting reused poultry litter between flocks does not guarantee its elimination, thus allowing the transmission of this agent from one flock to another. The new tarpaulinon-surface method with controlled injection of ammonia gas has proven to be effective in its control, however, it is still unknown what dose of ammonia gas is needed to eliminate Salmonella Heidelberg in reused poultry litter. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ammonia gas at different concentrations in sterile poultry litter artificially contaminated with Salmonella Heidelberg. Then, ammonia gas was injected in concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1%, and 48 hours later, a sample was collected from each repetition in an entirely randomized design, and bacterial isolation was performed. All treatments, including positive and negative controls, were tested in quadruplicate and the parameters temperature, humidity, pH and water activity were evaluated. In the 0.5% and 1% treated samples the pathogen was not isolated, while in the 0.25% concentration one of the four samples tested was positive. The study reveals that ammonia gas is efficient in killing Salmonella Heidelberg in poultry litter at concentrations of 0.5 % or more within a 48-hour period and that the litter treated with ammonia gas increases its pH and water activity.(AU)

Three Months of Composting Are Enough to Eliminate the Fowl Typhoid Bacteria

The composting technique has been increasingly highlighted in poultry production units, as an efficient and low-cost solution for the destination of carcasses. The process is based on the accelerated decomposition of organic material under high temperatures, associated with eliminating pathogenic microorganisms. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and the time necessary for the elimination of Salmonella Gallinarum in carcasses of poultry submitted to the composting process. The composting was carried out following the models used in the field, and microbiological analysis was performed in five different periods: 45, 90, 120, 150 and 180-days after closing the composter. After 90 days of experiment and in the subsequent analysis, the elimination of the bacteria in 100% of the samples was verified, validating the composting process as an effective method for eliminating S. Gallinarum in poultry carcasses, when respecting the period necessary for the elimination of the bacteria and the good quality of the structure adopted for the process.(AU)

Effect of two lytic bacteriophages against multidrug-resistant and biofilm-forming Salmonella Gallinarum from poultry.

1. Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) infections cause fowl typhoid, which leads to important economic losses. Multidrug resistance (MDR) and the capacity for bacteria to form biofilms could play an important role in the persistence of SG in poultry flocks resulting in intermittent disease outbreaks. The aim of the following study was to assess the lytic activity of two new bacteriophages (Salmonella phages UPF_BP1 and UPF_BP2) against MDR and biofilm-forming SG. 2. Forty-six strains of SG, isolated in 2015, were characterised by antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation profiles and susceptibility to two new bacteriophages. 3. Of these strains, 24% were multidrug resistant and more than 80% formed biofilm, with no statistical difference between incubation temperatures (42°C or 22°C). With regard to the lytic activity of the phages, 85% of strains were susceptible to at least one phage. Of these, 74% were lysed by both phages, including MDR and biofilm producing strains. 4. The use of salmonella phages UPF_BP1 and UPF_BP2 were shown to be promising alternatives for the biological control of fowl typhoid.

Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Production and Biofilm Formation in Salmonella Serovars Resistant to Antimicrobial Agents

Antimicrobial resistance is a serious public health problem and Salmonella spp. is highly resistant to antimicrobial agents. Biofilms are important in the food industry due to their formation on products, utensils, and surfaces and the difficulty in their removal. The objective of this study was to assess extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production, antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm production of Salmonella isolated from poultry slaughterhouses. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by the disk diffusion assay and ESBL by double diffusion disk assay using the beta-lactamase inhibitor (amoxicillin+clavulanate). The antimicrobials tested were: ampicillin, amoxicillin+clavulanate, aztreonam, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, enrofloxacin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline. Serovars Infantis, Panamá, and Tennessee were found to produce ESBL. All serovars were sensitive to tetracycline, and S. Brandenburg was sensitive to all drugs tested. Serovars Panamá, Anatum, Infantis, and Schwarzengrund were moderate biofilm producers at 3 ºC and 9 ºC±1 ºC, respectively, showing possible adaptation of these serovars to these temperatures. Antimicrobials should be used with caution because of the levels of resistance observed and because of ESBL production, and hygiene and sanitary measures should be enhanced to minimize the adhesion of biofilm-forming Salmonella serovars at refrigeration temperatures.(AU)

Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Production and Biofilm Formation in Salmonella Serovars Resistant to Antimicrobial Agents

Antimicrobial resistance is a serious public health problem and Salmonella spp. is highly resistant to antimicrobial agents. Biofilms are important in the food industry due to their formation on products, utensils, and surfaces and the difficulty in their removal. The objective of this study was to assess extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production, antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm production of Salmonella isolated from poultry slaughterhouses. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by the disk diffusion assay and ESBL by double diffusion disk assay using the beta-lactamase inhibitor (amoxicillin+clavulanate). The antimicrobials tested were: ampicillin, amoxicillin+clavulanate, aztreonam, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, enrofloxacin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline. Serovars Infantis, Panamá, and Tennessee were found to produce ESBL. All serovars were sensitive to tetracycline, and S. Brandenburg was sensitive to all drugs tested. Serovars Panamá, Anatum, Infantis, and Schwarzengrund were moderate biofilm producers at 3 ºC and 9 ºC±1 ºC, respectively, showing possible adaptation of these serovars to these temperatures. Antimicrobials should be used with caution because of the levels of resistance observed and because of ESBL production, and hygiene and sanitary measures should be enhanced to minimize the adhesion of biofilm-forming Salmonella serovars at refrigeration temperatures.

Evaluation of Physiological Parameters of Broilers with Dorsal Cranial Myopathy

There are several causes of carcass condemnation in poultry processing plants, including dorsal cranial myopathy (DCM), in which the anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscle is affected. DCM etiology has not been elucidated yet, but this lesion impairs the visual quality of carcasses and causes economic losses due to downgrading and condemnation. The effects of this lesion on the systemic health of broilers are still unknown. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate muscle injury and systemic health indicators in broilers presenting or not DCM. The following parameters were evaluated: complete blood count (CBC), total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, lactate, and glucose serum levels, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK) serum activities, and breast muscle pH. Blood samples were collected from 800 42-day-old broilers before feed withdrawal and transportation. In the processing plant, 28 carcasses presented DCM during inspection, and 28 carcasses with no DCM were used as controls. Blood biochemical parameters were not significantly different between broilers with DCM and the controls, except for AST and CK, which activities were higher in the DCM group than in the control group, suggesting that the DCM does not affect the systemic health of the broilers.

Evaluation of Physiological Parameters of Broilers with Dorsal Cranial Myopathy

There are several causes of carcass condemnation in poultry processing plants, including dorsal cranial myopathy (DCM), in which the anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscle is affected. DCM etiology has not been elucidated yet, but this lesion impairs the visual quality of carcasses and causes economic losses due to downgrading and condemnation. The effects of this lesion on the systemic health of broilers are still unknown. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate muscle injury and systemic health indicators in broilers presenting or not DCM. The following parameters were evaluated: complete blood count (CBC), total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, lactate, and glucose serum levels, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK) serum activities, and breast muscle pH. Blood samples were collected from 800 42-day-old broilers before feed withdrawal and transportation. In the processing plant, 28 carcasses presented DCM during inspection, and 28 carcasses with no DCM were used as controls. Blood biochemical parameters were not significantly different between broilers with DCM and the controls, except for AST and CK, which activities were higher in the DCM group than in the control group, suggesting that the DCM does not affect the systemic health of the broilers.(AU)

Effect of Antimicrobials on Salmonella Spp. Strains Isolated from Poultry Processing Plants

The routine use of antimicrobials in animal production for the treatment of infections, disease prevention, or as growth promoters is a predisposing factor for the development and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. In food industries, sanitizers are used for the control of microbial colonization, and their efficacy depends on contact time and on the dilution of the products used. The present study assessed the effect of 12 antimicrobials and four commercial sanitizers on 18 Salmonella spp. strains isolated from poultry processing plants. None of the evaluated antimicrobials was 100% effective against the tested Salmonella spp. strains; however, 94% of the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, 77% to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid and to ampicillin, and 72% to enrofloxacin, whereas 100% of the isolates were resistant to penicillin G, 16% to tetracycline, and 11% to sulfonamide. The tested Salmonella spp. strains were 100% inhibited by peracetic acid after five minutes of contact, 0.5% by quaternary ammonium after 15 minutes, and 85.7% by chlorhexidine after 15 minutes. The results indicate the importance of testing of efficacy of antimicrobials used in animal production and in public health to monitor their action and the development of resistance.(AU)

Effect of Antimicrobials on Salmonella Spp. Strains Isolated from Poultry Processing Plants

The routine use of antimicrobials in animal production for the treatment of infections, disease prevention, or as growth promoters is a predisposing factor for the development and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. In food industries, sanitizers are used for the control of microbial colonization, and their efficacy depends on contact time and on the dilution of the products used. The present study assessed the effect of 12 antimicrobials and four commercial sanitizers on 18 Salmonella spp. strains isolated from poultry processing plants. None of the evaluated antimicrobials was 100% effective against the tested Salmonella spp. strains; however, 94% of the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, 77% to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid and to ampicillin, and 72% to enrofloxacin, whereas 100% of the isolates were resistant to penicillin G, 16% to tetracycline, and 11% to sulfonamide. The tested Salmonella spp. strains were 100% inhibited by peracetic acid after five minutes of contact, 0.5% by quaternary ammonium after 15 minutes, and 85.7% by chlorhexidine after 15 minutes. The results indicate the importance of testing of efficacy of antimicrobials used in animal production and in public health to monitor their action and the development of resistance.

Miniaturized most probable number for the enumeration of Salmonella sp in artificially contaminated chicken meat

Salmonella is traditionally identified by conventional microbiological tests, but the enumeration of this bacterium is not used on a routine basis. Methods such as the most probable number (MPN), which utilize an array of multiple tubes, are time-consuming and expensive, whereas miniaturized most probable number (mMPN) methods, which use microplates, can be adapted for the enumeration of bacteria, saving up time and materials. The aim of the present paper is to assess two mMPN methods for the enumeration of Salmonella sp in artificially-contaminated chicken meat samples. Microplates containing 24 wells (method A) and 96 wells (method B), both with peptone water as pre-enrichment medium and modified semi-solid Rappaport-Vassiliadis (MSRV) as selective enrichment medium, were used. The meat matrix consisted of 25g of autoclaved ground chicken breast contaminated with dilutions of up to 10(6) of Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) and Escherichia coli (EC). In method A, the dilution 10-5 of Salmonella Typhimurium corresponded to >57 MPN/mL and the dilution 10-6 was equal to 30 MPN/mL. There was a correlation between the counts used for the artificial contamination of the samples and those recovered by mMPN, indicating that the method A was sensitive for the enumeration of different levels of contamination of the meat matrix. In method B, there was no correlation between the inoculated dilutions and the mMPN results.(AU)

Acute renal failure potentiates methylmalonate-induced oxidative stress in brain and kidney of rats.

Tissue methylmalonic acid (MMA) accumulation is the biochemical hallmark of methylmalonic acidemia. The disease is clinically characterized by progressive neurological deterioration and kidney failure, whose pathophysiology is still unclear. In the present work we investigated the effects of acute MMA administration on various parameters of oxidative stress in cerebral cortex and kidney of young rats, as well as the influence of acute renal failure on MMA-elicited effects on these parameters. Acute renal failure was induced by gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic whose utilization over prolonged periods causes nephrotoxicity. The administration of gentamicin alone increased carbonyl content and inhibited superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in cerebral cortex, as well as increased thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS) and sulfhydryl levels and diminished glutathione peroxidase activity in kidney. On the other hand, MMA administration increased TBA-RS levels in cerebral cortex and decreased SOD activity in kidney. Furthermore, the simultaneous administration of MMA and gentamicin to the rats provoked an augment in TBA-RS levels and superoxide generation in cerebral cortex and in TBA-RS, carbonyl and sulfhydryl levels in kidney, while diminished SOD activity in both studied tissues. Finally, nitrate/nitrite content, reduced glutathione levels, 2',7'-dihydrodichlorofluorescein oxidation and catalase activity were not affected by this animal treatment in either tissue. In conclusion, our present data are in line with the hypothesis that MMA acts as a toxin in brain and kidney of rats and suggest that renal injury potentiates the toxicity of MMA on oxidative stress parameters in brain and peripheral tissues.

Aeromonas no processamento de queijos tipos minas frescal e colonial / Aeromonas in processing line of minas frescal and colonial cheeses

Com o objetivo de estabelecer, durante o processamento do queijo Minas Frescal e Colonial os possíveis pontos de contaminação e a forma de disseminação de bactérias do gênero Aeromonas, foram analisados, quanto à presença do micro-organismo, diferentes produtos e pontos do fluxograma de produção. Para o Queijo Minas Frescal, Aeromonas spp. foram isoladas no leite cru, leite pasteurizado, ambiente de produção e nas mãos dos manipuladores. A. caviae foi a espécie mais frequentemente identificada, sendo também isoladas A. sobria e A. schubertii. Durante o processamento do queijo Colonial, as espécies A. hydrophila, A. caviae, A. sobria, A. veronii e A. jandaei foram isoladas a partir da água, mãos dos manipuladores, utensílios, leite cru e após tratamento térmico e de massa coagulada. Os resultados demonstram que o gênero Aeromonas encontra-se disseminado nas diferentes etapas do processamento de queijos, destacando-se o leite cru como principal fonte de contaminação para o processamento industrial e artesanal.

The aim of this study is to establish possible contamination points and dissemination forms of the bacteria genus Aeromonas during the processing of the Brazilian cheeses Minas Frescal and Colonial. Therefore, different products and production points of the process were analyzed to determine the presence of the microorganism. In Minas Frescal cheese, Aeromonas spp. was isolated in raw and pasteurized milk, in the environment and on the handlers’ hands. A. caviae was the most frequently identified species, but A. sobria and A. schubertii were also isolated. During the processing of Colonial cheese, the species A. hydrophila, A. caviae, A. sobria, A. veronii and A. jandaei were isolated in the water, raw milk, after thermal treatment and curd, as well as on the handlers' hands and utensils. The results showed that the genus Aeromonas is disseminated throughout different stages of both cheese processes while the raw milk stands out as the main source of contamination in the industrial and handmade processing.

Perfil de resistência de aeromonas spp. Isolada no fluxograma de produção do queijo minas frescal industrial e artesanal / Resistance profile of aeromonas spp. Isolated in dairy products industry

Bactérias do gênero Aeromonas podem ser isoladas de amostras clínicas, alimentares e ambientais. Para os derivados lácteos a contaminação decorre da presença do agente na matéria prima utilizada para produção, ou devido a condições higiênicas insatisfatórias durante o processamento. Considerando a importância da Aeromonas spp. como patógeno emergente de doenças de origem alimentar, o uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos nas patologias humanas, além do papel fundamental que o leite e seus derivados representam na alimentação humana, o presente estudo teve por objetivo verificar o comportamento dos isolados frente à ação de antimicrobianos de uso comum. Foram pesquisados produtos e pontos do fluxograma do processamento de derivados lácteos, que poderiam veicular o gênero Aeromonas e permitir sua ocorrência nos produtos finais, ou atuar como disseminadores do micro-organismo nas diferentes etapas do processamento do queijo Minas Frescal e do queijo Colonial. Os resultados demonstram altos níveis de resistência: 33,6% dos 98 isolados de Aeromonas spp. foram resistentes a todos os 15 antimicrobianos testados, correspondendo a 7,5% dos isolados do queijo Colonial e 51,7% do queijo Minas Frescal, ocorrendo, portanto, maior resistência entre as amostras coletadas na indústria. 100% dos isolados apresentaram resistência múltipla, resultado que revela um perfil preocupante para saúde pública.

Bacteria of the genus Aeromonas can be isolated from clinical, food and environmental samples. For dairy products contamination can be caused by the presence of the agent in the feedstock used for production or due to unsatisfactory hygienic conditions during processing. The present study aimed to assess Aeromonas isolates behavior in the presence of common antimicrobials, considering the importance of Aeromonas spp. as an emerging pathogen of foodborne diseases, the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials to treat human pathologies, in addition to the role that milk and its derivatives play in human feeding habits. The processing steps during dairy products manufacturing were studied looking for vulnerable points or products where Aeromonas could be present and, subsequently, either pass it to the final products or disseminate the micro-organism in different processing stages of Minas and Colonial cheeses. The results show high levels of resistance: 33.6% of 98 isolates of Aeromonas spp. were resistant to all 15 antibiotics tested, corresponding to 7.5% of the isolates from Colonial cheese and 51.7% from Minas cheese, thus showing greater resistance among the samples collected in the industry. Multiple antimicrobial resistance was verified in 100% of the isolates, which reveals a profile which is alarming for public health.

AEROMONAS IN PROCESSING LINE OF MINAS FRESCAL AND COLONIAL CHEESES / Aeromonas no processamento de queijos tipos minas frescal e colonial

Com o objetivo de estabelecer, durante o processamento do queijo Minas Frescal e Colonial os possíveis pontos de contaminação e a forma de disseminação de bactérias do gênero Aeromonas, foram analisados, quanto à presença do micro-organismo, diferentes produtos e pontos do fluxograma de produção. Para o Queijo Minas Frescal, Aeromonas spp. foram isoladas no leite cru, leite pasteurizado, ambiente de produção e nas mãos dos manipuladores. A. caviae foi a espécie mais frequentemente identificada, sendo também isoladas A. sobria e A. schubertii. Durante o processamento do queijo Colonial, as espécies A. hydrophila, A. caviae, A. sobria, A. veronii e A. jandaei foram isoladas a partir da água, mãos dos manipuladores, utensílios, leite cru e após tratamento térmico e de massa coagulada. Os resultados demonstram que o gênero Aeromonas encontra-se disseminado nas diferentes etapas do processamento de queijos, destacando-se o leite cru como principal fonte de contaminação para o processamento industrial e artesanal. SUMMARY The aim of this study is to establish possible contamination points and dissemination

RESISTANCE PROFILE OF Aeromonas spp. ISOLATED IN DAIRY PRODUCTS INDUSTRY / Perfil de resistência de Aeromonas spp. isolada no fluxograma de produção do queijo minas frescal industrial e artesanal

Bactérias do gênero Aeromonas podem ser isoladas de amostras clínicas, alimentares e ambientais. Para os derivados lácteos a contaminação decorre da presença do agente na matéria prima utilizada para produção, ou devido a condições higiênicas insatisfatórias durante o processamento. Considerando a importância da Aeromonas spp. como patógeno emergente de doenças de origem alimentar, o uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos nas patologias humanas, além do papel fundamental que o leite e seus derivados representam na alimentação humana, o presente estudo teve por objetivo verificar o comportamento dos isolados frente à ação de antimicrobianos de uso comum. Foram pesquisados produtos e pontos do fluxograma do processamento de derivados lácteos, que poderiam veicular o gênero Aeromonas e permitir sua ocorrência nos produtos finais, ou atuar como disseminadores do micro-organismo nas diferentes etapas do processamento do queijo Minas Frescal e do queijo Colonial. Os resultados demonstram altos níveis de resistência: 33,6% dos 98 isolados de Aeromonas spp. foram resistentes a todos os 15 a

Perfil de resistência de aeromonas spp. Isolada no fluxograma de produção do queijo minas frescal industrial e artesanal / Resistance profile of aeromonas spp. Isolated in dairy products industry

Bactérias do gênero Aeromonas podem ser isoladas de amostras clínicas, alimentares e ambientais. Para os derivados lácteos a contaminação decorre da presença do agente na matéria prima utilizada para produção, ou devido a condições higiênicas insatisfatórias durante o processamento. Considerando a importância da Aeromonas spp. como patógeno emergente de doenças de origem alimentar, o uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos nas patologias humanas, além do papel fundamental que o leite e seus derivados representam na alimentação humana, o presente estudo teve por objetivo verificar o comportamento dos isolados frente à ação de antimicrobianos de uso comum. Foram pesquisados produtos e pontos do fluxograma do processamento de derivados lácteos, que poderiam veicular o gênero Aeromonas e permitir sua ocorrência nos produtos finais, ou atuar como disseminadores do micro-organismo nas diferentes etapas do processamento do queijo Minas Frescal e do queijo Colonial. Os resultados demonstram altos níveis de resistência: 33,6% dos 98 isolados de Aeromonas spp. foram resistentes a todos os 15 antimicrobianos testados, correspondendo a 7,5% dos isolados do queijo Colonial e 51,7% do queijo Minas Frescal, ocorrendo, portanto, maior resistência entre as amostras coletadas na indústria. 100% dos isolados apresentaram resistência múltipla, resultado que revela um perfil preocupante para saúde pública.(AU)

Bacteria of the genus Aeromonas can be isolated from clinical, food and environmental samples. For dairy products contamination can be caused by the presence of the agent in the feedstock used for production or due to unsatisfactory hygienic conditions during processing. The present study aimed to assess Aeromonas isolates behavior in the presence of common antimicrobials, considering the importance of Aeromonas spp. as an emerging pathogen of foodborne diseases, the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials to treat human pathologies, in addition to the role that milk and its derivatives play in human feeding habits. The processing steps during dairy products manufacturing were studied looking for vulnerable points or products where Aeromonas could be present and, subsequently, either pass it to the final products or disseminate the micro-organism in different processing stages of Minas and Colonial cheeses. The results show high levels of resistance: 33.6% of 98 isolates of Aeromonas spp. were resistant to all 15 antibiotics tested, corresponding to 7.5% of the isolates from Colonial cheese and 51.7% from Minas cheese, thus showing greater resistance among the samples collected in the industry. Multiple antimicrobial resistance was verified in 100% of the isolates, which reveals a profile which is alarming for public health.(AU)

Aeromonas no processamento de queijos tipos minas frescal e colonial / Aeromonas in processing line of minas frescal and colonial cheeses

Com o objetivo de estabelecer, durante o processamento do queijo Minas Frescal e Colonial os possíveis pontos de contaminação e a forma de disseminação de bactérias do gênero Aeromonas, foram analisados, quanto à presença do micro-organismo, diferentes produtos e pontos do fluxograma de produção. Para o Queijo Minas Frescal, Aeromonas spp. foram isoladas no leite cru, leite pasteurizado, ambiente de produção e nas mãos dos manipuladores. A. caviae foi a espécie mais frequentemente identificada, sendo também isoladas A. sobria e A. schubertii. Durante o processamento do queijo Colonial, as espécies A. hydrophila, A. caviae, A. sobria, A. veronii e A. jandaei foram isoladas a partir da água, mãos dos manipuladores, utensílios, leite cru e após tratamento térmico e de massa coagulada. Os resultados demonstram que o gênero Aeromonas encontra-se disseminado nas diferentes etapas do processamento de queijos, destacando-se o leite cru como principal fonte de contaminação para o processamento industrial e artesanal.(AU)

The aim of this study is to establish possible contamination points and dissemination forms of the bacteria genus Aeromonas during the processing of the Brazilian cheeses Minas Frescal and Colonial. Therefore, different products and production points of the process were analyzed to determine the presence of the microorganism. In Minas Frescal cheese, Aeromonas spp. was isolated in raw and pasteurized milk, in the environment and on the handlers hands. A. caviae was the most frequently identified species, but A. sobria and A. schubertii were also isolated. During the processing of Colonial cheese, the species A. hydrophila, A. caviae, A. sobria, A. veronii and A. jandaei were isolated in the water, raw milk, after thermal treatment and curd, as well as on the handlers' hands and utensils. The results showed that the genus Aeromonas is disseminated throughout different stages of both cheese processes while the raw milk stands out as the main source of contamination in the industrial and handmade processing.(AU)

RESISTANCE PROFILE OF Aeromonas spp. ISOLATED IN DAIRY PRODUCTS INDUSTRY / Perfil de resistência de Aeromonas spp. isolada no fluxograma de produção do queijo minas frescal industrial e artesanal.

Bactérias do gênero Aeromonas podem ser isoladas de amostras clínicas, alimentares e ambientais. Para os derivados lácteos a contaminação decorre da presença do agente na matéria prima utilizada para produção, ou devido a condições higiênicas insatisfatórias durante o processamento. Considerando a importância da Aeromonas spp. como patógeno emergente de doenças de origem alimentar, o uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos nas patologias humanas, além do papel fundamental que o leite e seus derivados representam na alimentação humana, o presente estudo teve por objetivo verificar o comportamento dos isolados frente à ação de antimicrobianos de uso comum. Foram pesquisados produtos e pontos do fluxograma do processamento de derivados lácteos, que poderiam veicular o gênero Aeromonas e permitir sua ocorrência nos produtos finais, ou atuar como disseminadores do micro-organismo nas diferentes etapas do processamento do queijo Minas Frescal e do queijo Colonial. Os resultados demonstram altos níveis de resistência: 33,6% dos 98 isolados de Aeromonas spp. foram resistentes a todos os 15 a

AEROMONAS IN PROCESSING LINE OF MINAS FRESCAL AND COLONIAL CHEESES / Aeromonas no processamento de queijos tipos minas frescal e colonial .

Com o objetivo de estabelecer, durante o processamento do queijo Minas Frescal e Colonial os possíveis pontos de contaminação e a forma de disseminação de bactérias do gênero Aeromonas, foram analisados, quanto à presença do micro-organismo, diferentes produtos e pontos do fluxograma de produção. Para o Queijo Minas Frescal, Aeromonas spp. foram isoladas no leite cru, leite pasteurizado, ambiente de produção e nas mãos dos manipuladores. A. caviae foi a espécie mais frequentemente identificada, sendo também isoladas A. sobria e A. schubertii. Durante o processamento do queijo Colonial, as espécies A. hydrophila, A. caviae, A. sobria, A. veronii e A. jandaei foram isoladas a partir da água, mãos dos manipuladores, utensílios, leite cru e após tratamento térmico e de massa coagulada. Os resultados demonstram que o gênero Aeromonas encontra-se disseminado nas diferentes etapas do processamento de queijos, destacando-se o leite cru como principal fonte de contaminação para o processamento industrial e artesanal. SUMMARY The aim of this study is to establish possible contamination points and dissemination

Isolamento de Salmonella Heidelberg em diferentes pontos da tecnologia de abate de frangos de corte / Salmonella Heidelberg isolated at different points of the broiler slaughterhouse

Bactérias do gênero Salmonella fazem parte da flora normal das aves e sua ocorrência em produtos avícolas varia com o manejo na criação e tecnologia de abate, representando riscos para o consumidor final e dificuldades nas exportações. A S. Heidelberg parece ser mais invasiva e causar doenças com maior gravidade que outros sorovares paratíficos. Este trabalho teve por objetivos pesquisar Salmonella em diferentes pontos da tecnologia de abate de frangos e relatar o isolamento de S. Heidelberg em um abatedouro sob inspeção federal. S. Heidelberg foi isolada em frangos logo após a depenagem e na água do chiller indicando que, embora não tenha sido realizado o isolamento em outros pontos amostrados, a bactéria estava presente no ambiente e poderia contaminar carcaças prontas para consumo, com reflexos na saúde pública. O isolamento de S. Heidelberg reforça esta preocupação uma vez que este sorovar tem se destacado como causador de doenças transmitidas por alimentos.

SALMONELLA HEIDELBERG ISOLATED AT DIFFERENT POINTS OF THE BROILER SLAUGHTERHOUSE. Bacteria of the genus Salmonella are part of the normal flora of poultry, and its occurrence in poultry products varies with the production management methods and slaughter technology, representing risks to the consumer and difficulties in exports. S. Heidelberg appears to be more invasive and to cause more severe disease than other non-typhoidal serovars. The objective of the present study was to search for Salmonella at different points of the slaughterhouse and to report on the isolation of S. Heidelberg in a slaughterhouse under federal inspection. S. Heidelberg was isolated in poultry soon after feathering-out and in the chiller water, indicating that, although it was not isolated at another sampled points, the bacteria was present in the environment and could contaminate carcasses ready for consumption, with an impact on public health. This concern is underscored by the fact that S. Heidelberg is a proven causative agent of foodborne infections.