RESUMO
Introduction Anemia is a very frequent event among pregnant women. There are evidences of differences in the incidence of dental caries between pregnant and non-pregnant women, but the relationship between salivary iron (Fe) and serum markers of anemia and caries development has not been investigated. Objective To evaluate the correlation between salivary (Fe) and serum iron (Fe, ferritin and hemoglobin) parameters in pregnant women with the development of dental caries. Methods A prospective cohort was conducted with 59 women. The outcome of interest was represented by new dental caries lesions during pregnancy, using the Nyvad criteria. Pregnant women were evaluated at three clinical times: up to the 16th week of gestational age (GA) (T1), in the last trimester of pregnancy (T2), and postpartum (T3), at the Mother and Child Unit of University Hospital of the Universidade Federal do Maranhão. A stimulated saliva sample was collected for biochemical analysis of salivary Fe, and a blood sample was collected early in the morning. The correlation between salivary and serum Fe was evaluated through the Pearson correlation test. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis were used to compare the means of anemia parameters at different times. The Student's t and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare the anemia parameters between the groups of pregnant women (with and without new caries lesions). Results Serum Fe concentrations were higher in the first trimester of pregnancy and lower after delivery (p = 0.036). It was also observed that the ferritin concentrations were higher in the first trimester and lower at the end of gestation (p = 0.011). There was no association between the expositions of salivary iron and anemia, and the development of dental caries. There was a positive correlation between serum Fe in T1 and salivary Fe in T2 (p < 0.05). Conclusion The serum markers of anemia were more prevalent in the last trimester of pregnancy.
Assuntos
Anemia/sangue , Cárie Dentária/sangue , Ferritinas/sangue , Hemoglobinas/análise , Ferro/análise , Saliva/química , Biomarcadores/sangue , Cárie Dentária/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Ferro/sangue , Gravidez , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , AutorrelatoRESUMO
Abstract Introduction Anemia is a very frequent event among pregnant women. There are evidences of differences in the incidence of dental caries between pregnant and nonpregnant women, but the relationship between salivary iron (Fe) and serummarkers of anemia and caries development has not been investigated. Objective To evaluate the correlation between salivary (Fe) and serum iron (Fe, ferritin and hemoglobin) parameters in pregnant women with the development of dental caries. Methods A prospective cohort was conducted with 59 women. The outcome of interest was represented by new dental caries lesions during pregnancy, using the Nyvad criteria. Pregnant women were evaluated at three clinical times: up to the 16th week of gestational age (GA) (T1), in the last trimester of pregnancy (T2), and postpartum (T3), at the Mother and Child Unit ofUniversityHospital of the Universidade Federal doMaranhão.A stimulated saliva sample was collected for biochemical analysis of salivary Fe, and a blood sample was collected early in the morning. The correlation between salivary and serum Fe was evaluated through the Pearson correlation test. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis were used to compare the means of anemia parameters at different times. The Student's t and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare the anemia parameters between the groups of pregnant women (with and without new caries lesions). Results SerumFe concentrationswere higher in the first trimester of pregnancy and lower after delivery (p = 0.036). It was also observed that the ferritin concentrations were higher in the first trimester and lower at the end of gestation (p = 0.011). Therewas no association between the expositions of salivary iron and anemia, and the development of dental caries. There was a positive correlation between serum Fe in T1 and salivary Fe in T2 (p < 0.05). Conclusion The serummarkers of anemiaweremore prevalent in the last trimester of pregnancy.
Resumo Introdução A anemia é um evento muito frequente entre mulhres grávidas. Existem evidências de diferenças na incidência de cárie dentária entre mulheres grávidas e não grávidas,mas a relação entre o íon ferro (Fe) salivar, osmarcadores séricos de anemia e o desenvolvimento de cárie não foi investigada. Objetivo Avaliar a correlação entre os parâmetros salivares (Fe) e séricos (Fe, ferritina e hemoglobina) em gestantes e o desenvolvimento de cárie dentária. Métodos Uma coorte prospectiva foi conduzida com 59 mulheres. O desfecho de interesse foi representado por novas lesões de cárie durante a gravidez, medido pelo critério Nyvad. Mulheres grávidas foram avaliadas em três tempos clínicos: até a 16ª semana de idade gestacional (IG) (T1), no último trimestre de gravidez (T2), e no puerpério (T3), na Unidade Materno-infantil do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão. A amostra de saliva estimulada foi coletada para análise bioquímica de Fe salivar, e a amostra de sangue foi coletada no início da manhã. A correlação entre o Fe salivar e o Fe sérico foi avaliada através do teste de correlação de Pearson. Os testes ANOVA e Kruskal-Wallis foram utilizados para comparar parâmetros de anemia em diferentes momentos. Os testes t de Student e Mann-Whitney foram utilizados para comparar os parâmetros da anemia entre os grupos de gestantes (come sem lesões de cárie). Resultados As concentrações séricas de Fe foram maiores no primeiro trimestre de gestação e menores após o parto (p = 0,036). Observou-se também que as concentrações de ferritina forammaiores no primeiro trimestre emenores no final da gestação (p = 0,011). Não houve associação entre as exposições e o desenvolvimento de cárie dentária. Houve correlação positiva entre o Fe sérico em T1 e o Fe salivar em T2 (p < 0,05). Conclusão Os marcadores séricos de anemia foram mais prevalentes no último trimestre de gestação.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Anemia/sangue , Cárie Dentária/sangue , Ferritinas/sangue , Hemoglobinas/análise , Ferro/análise , Saliva/química , Biomarcadores/sangue , Cárie Dentária/epidemiologia , Ferro/sangue , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , AutorrelatoRESUMO
Both Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and periodontal disease (PD) present a similar immunological profile mainly characterized by altered cytokine levels. In this study we sought to investigate the salivary levels of inflammatory cytokines and their association with PD in SLE patients. 60 patients with SLE and 54 systemically healthy individuals underwent a full periodontal clinical examination. They were then grouped according to their periodontal status. Stimulated saliva was collected in order to evaluate the salivary levels of interferon (IFN-γ), Interleukin (IL)-10, IL-17, IL-1ß, and IL-4. Systemically healthy individuals with periodontitis (group P) presented higher levels of cytokines when compared to systemically healthy individuals, with no periodontal disease (group S) (p<0.05). Additionally, in the P group, patients presented similar levels of cytokines to those of the patients with SLE, regardless of the presence of PD (p>0.05), for most of the analyzed cytokines. There was a positive correlation in SLE patients, including IL-1ß and all periodontal clinical parameters (p<0.05), and between IL-4 and gingival bleeding index and the presence of biofilm (p<0.05). Thus, our results confirmed, that patients with PD showed higher salivary levels of cytokines and, in SLE patients, the increased levels of salivary cytokines were observed even in the absence of periodontitis. IL-1ß and IL-4 salivary levels were also positively correlated with periodontal status indicating their potential as markers of the amount and extent of periodontal damage in patients with SLE.