Somatic cell count of nine dairy herds in the State of Sao Paulo as complying the Normative Instruction 62 / Contagem de células somáticas de nove rebanhos leiteiros do Estado de São Paulo e atendimento a Instrução Normativa 62

The technical regulation that is currently in effect for the production, identity and quality of the milk in Brazil is the Normative Instruction 62 (NI 62), published on December 29th 2011. Since January 1st, 2012 this legislation sets for pasteurized milk type A the Somatic Cell Count (SCC) limit of 4.8 x 105 cel.  mL-1until June, 30th, 2014, decreasing the limit in the following years til it reaches 3.6 x 105 cel.  mL-1from July, first 2016. From now, the limit of SCC for refrigerated raw milk in the Southeast region is 6.0 x 105 cel.  mL-1, decreasing in the following years til it reaches 5.0 x 105 cel.  mL-1from July, 1st 2014. The control of the amount of SCC in the milk is important for monitoring the milk quality and sanity from a dairy herd. The objective of the present study was to verify if nine dairy farms in the state of São Paulo attend the NI 62 to the limit of SCC. Milk samples were collected directly from the milk glass recording jar in sterile flasks containing bromothymol as conservative. It was evaluated in each herd 15 cows randomly selected. From the results, averages were made from all farms. The determination of SCC was performed by flow cytometry in clinical milk ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba-SP. The herds had different results. One of the properties (A) produces pasteurized milk type A and the SCC is under the limit imposed by the NI 62. The others produce refr

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

California mastitis test in the diagnostic of subclinical mastitis / California mastitis test no diagnóstico da mastite subclínica

Milk production in Brazil is undoubtedly one of the most important Brazilian agroindustrial complex. Moves large sums of money, the dairy industry employs millions of the people, having potential to provide the domestic and foreign markets. Besides surpassing year by year the index production. The quality of milk is increasingly demanded by consumers and there are bonus programs for milk with low somatic cell counts, which reveal, indirectely, the udder sanity. Mastitis, the udder inflamation, is the main factor that substantially compromises the milk quality. Several methods can diagnose the incidence of subclinical mastitis in dairy herds. One these methods, the California Mastitis Test (CMT) has as advantages being practical, low cost and the results are immediately available. The CMT method consists of adding the anionic neutral detergent to a milk sample in order to disrupt milk somatic cell membranes and release nucleic material. The viscousity formed by this reaction allows estimating the number of somatic cells (immunity cells) presents in the milk. According to the degree of gelatinization obtained in this reaction, the interpretation of the scores varies from zero, no viscosity, to three crosses, highly viscous. This study was aimed to evaluate the CMT of eight dairy herds of different farms in Sao Paulo state, described by the letters A to H. The scores 1, 2 and 3 we

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

California mastitis test in the diagnostic of subclinical mastitis / California mastitis test no diagnóstico da mastite subclínica

Milk production in Brazil is undoubtedly one of the most important Brazilian agroindustrial complex. Moves large sums of money, the dairy industry employs millions of the people, having potential to provide the domestic and foreign markets. Besides surpassing year by year the index production. The quality of milk is increasingly demanded by consumers and there are bonus programs for milk with low somatic cell counts, which reveal, indirectely, the udder sanity. Mastitis, the udder inflamation, is the main factor that substantially compromises the milk quality. Several methods can diagnose the incidence of subclinical mastitis in dairy herds. One these methods, the California Mastitis Test (CMT) has as advantages being practical, low cost and the results are immediately available. The CMT method consists of adding the anionic neutral detergent to a milk sample in order to disrupt milk somatic cell membranes and release nucleic material. The viscousity formed by this reaction allows estimating the number of somatic cells (immunity cells) presents in the milk. According to the degree of gelatinization obtained in this reaction, the interpretation of the scores varies from zero, no viscosity, to three crosses, highly viscous. This study was aimed to evaluate the CMT of eight dairy herds of different farms in Sao Paulo state, described by the letters A to H. The scores 1, 2 and 3 we

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Somatic cell count of nine dairy herds in the State of Sao Paulo as complying the Normative Instruction 62 / Contagem de células somáticas de nove rebanhos leiteiros do Estado de São Paulo e atendimento a Instrução Normativa 62

The technical regulation that is currently in effect for the production, identity and quality of the milk in Brazil is the Normative Instruction 62 (NI 62), published on December 29th 2011. Since January 1st, 2012 this legislation sets for pasteurized milk type A the Somatic Cell Count (SCC) limit of 4.8 x 105 cel.  mL-1until June, 30th, 2014, decreasing the limit in the following years til it reaches 3.6 x 105 cel.  mL-1from July, first 2016. From now, the limit of SCC for refrigerated raw milk in the Southeast region is 6.0 x 105 cel.  mL-1, decreasing in the following years til it reaches 5.0 x 105 cel.  mL-1from July, 1st 2014. The control of the amount of SCC in the milk is important for monitoring the milk quality and sanity from a dairy herd. The objective of the present study was to verify if nine dairy farms in the state of São Paulo attend the NI 62 to the limit of SCC. Milk samples were collected directly from the milk glass recording jar in sterile flasks containing bromothymol as conservative. It was evaluated in each herd 15 cows randomly selected. From the results, averages were made from all farms. The determination of SCC was performed by flow cytometry in clinical milk ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba-SP. The herds had different results. One of the properties (A) produces pasteurized milk type A and the SCC is under the limit imposed by the NI 62. The others produce refr

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Milk microbiological profile produced in a dairy farm from São Paulo State / Perfil microbiológico do leite produzido em uma fazenda do Estado de São Paulo

Milk is considered one of the finest food because its composition presents several important elements for human nutrition, but problems with animal health, such as mastitis, leads to the decrease in its production and quality. Mastitis is a bovine udder disease that has been the cause of low productivity and offers potential risk to the animals health. Therefore, attention to the sanitary control of animals is very important. This study aimed to evaluate the milk microbiological quality of cows from a herd which is-composed of breed mixed /Jersey. Milk samples were collected fortnight in February and March of 2011, in 15 lactating cows that exhibited a herds profile. Each collection totaled 60 samples and a total of 240 samples were obtained in the period. The samples were collected individually in sterile test tubes, previously identified with animals name and number and mammary quarter. The teats were individually washed with water, dried with disposable paper and then dipped within antiseptic solution of iodine alcohol. The material was packed in insulated box material provided with ice cubes and taken to the laboratory for bacterial isolation and identification. The isolation and identification of strains were performed at Laboratory of the Milk Quality, in Instituto de Zootecnia. From 240 milk samples, 101 (42.08%) were infected and the microorganisms found and its prev

ês.

Antimicrobial sensitivity profile of Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from clinical mastitis / Perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana de Staphylococcus spp. isolados de mastite clínica

Inflammation of the mammary gland, which is also known as mastitis, occupies a prominent place among the diseases that affect dairy cattle, having a great economic importance in the dairy sector. Mastitis may have different origins, however, infectious mastitis is the most frequent and represents a risk to public health due to the propagation of microorganisms through milk. Staphylococcus spp. are considered the microorganisms that cause the greatest losses in milk production, being that Staphylococcus aureus is the pathogen of major importance because they present high resistence to antimicrobials. Empirical treatment, without prior identification of the pathogens and their resistance profile, may contribute to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains and risk the efficiency of the antimicrobial. In that scenery, the study aimed to evaluate the resistance profile of Staphylococcus spp. against some antimicrobials used in the treatment of cows with clinical mastitis. The study was conducted on a property in the state of São Paulo from January 2011 to June 2012. We evaluated 29 lactating cows that present clinical mastitis in, at least, one mammary quarter. The diagnosis of clinical mastitis was performed by evaluating the clinical signs and also by Tamis test. Samples of milk from mammary quarters were collected aseptically in sterile tubes for microbiological evaluation. M

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Occurrence of B1 Aflatoxin in diet and M1 Aflatoxin in bovine milk / Ocorrência de Aflatoxina B1 na dieta e de Aflatoxina M1 no leite de bovinos

Ensuring food quality is one of the principles of food safety. Food for dairy cattle may be contaminated by fungi of the genus Aspergillus, which produce aflatoxins. The B1 aflatoxin, when ingested by animals, is biotransformed in liver in several other toxic metabolites, including M1 aflatoxin which is excreted in milk. M1 aflatoxin has a carcinogenic effect, which the presence in milk poses a serious risk to public health because milk and dairy products are consumed mainly by children, pregnant women and elderly. The objective of this study was to detect the presence of B1 aflatoxin in feed supplied to dairy cows and the presence of M1 aflatoxin in milk. Samples were collected from complete diet (corn silage and concentrate) from a batch of 15 lactating cows from a dairy farm in the Campinas region. Two samples of diets were collected directly into the troughs in intervals of 24 hours at every 15 days, totalizing a period of 45 days. Milk samples of those cows were collected 24 hours after diet collection, directly from sample valves in the glass jars.. B1 and M1 aflatoxins were detected by the technique of High Performance Liquid Chromatography after extraction and purification on immunoaffinity columns. From the 40 samples of diets evaluated, 40% were contaminated with B1 aflatoxin, and the levels found ranged from 1.93 to 43.78g/Kg. One sample showed result higher than th

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Milk microbiological profile of four dairy farms from São Paulo State, Brazil / Perfil microbiológico do leite de quatro propriedades do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

The concern in milk quality, milk production, and in animals welfare is in constant increase. Mastitis is recognized as the main disease affecting dairy animals because of changing in milk composition and reduction in milk production. In Brazil, the highest incidence of mastitis is related to infectious agents. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of pathogenic microorganisms in milk produced by 60 cows from four dairy farms (15 cows/farm) located at Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Milk samples from each teat were collected fortnight in sterile tubes, previously identified, during two months. In each herd 240 samples were obtained, except on the farm A, where an extra collection was done, in a total amount of 300 samples. On the farm A, the sampling was done in a period of transition between the dry and rainy season. On the farm B, samples were collected mostly in the season of high temperatures. On the farm C the collections were made over a period of heat and humidity. On the farm D, on a period of warmer temperatures and reduced rainfall. The isolation and identification of microorganisms were conducted at Laboratory of Milk Quality from Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa, São Paulo, Brazil. Aliquots of 100 mL of milk were grown on plates with 5% sheep blood agar. After incubation, they were used for the production of catalase and Gram stain. Gram positive and catalase p

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Milk microbiological profile of four dairy farms from São Paulo State, Brazil / Perfil microbiológico do leite de quatro propriedades do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

The concern in milk quality, milk production, and in animals welfare is in constant increase. Mastitis is recognized as the main disease affecting dairy animals because of changing in milk composition and reduction in milk production. In Brazil, the highest incidence of mastitis is related to infectious agents. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of pathogenic microorganisms in milk produced by 60 cows from four dairy farms (15 cows/farm) located at Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Milk samples from each teat were collected fortnight in sterile tubes, previously identified, during two months. In each herd 240 samples were obtained, except on the farm A, where an extra collection was done, in a total amount of 300 samples. On the farm A, the sampling was done in a period of transition between the dry and rainy season. On the farm B, samples were collected mostly in the season of high temperatures. On the farm C the collections were made over a period of heat and humidity. On the farm D, on a period of warmer temperatures and reduced rainfall. The isolation and identification of microorganisms were conducted at Laboratory of Milk Quality from Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa, São Paulo, Brazil. Aliquots of 100 mL of milk were grown on plates with 5% sheep blood agar. After incubation, they were used for the production of catalase and Gram stain. Gram positive and catalase p

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Occurrence of B1 Aflatoxin in diet and M1 Aflatoxin in bovine milk / Ocorrência de Aflatoxina B1 na dieta e de Aflatoxina M1 no leite de bovinos

Ensuring food quality is one of the principles of food safety. Food for dairy cattle may be contaminated by fungi of the genus Aspergillus, which produce aflatoxins. The B1 aflatoxin, when ingested by animals, is biotransformed in liver in several other toxic metabolites, including M1 aflatoxin which is excreted in milk. M1 aflatoxin has a carcinogenic effect, which the presence in milk poses a serious risk to public health because milk and dairy products are consumed mainly by children, pregnant women and elderly. The objective of this study was to detect the presence of B1 aflatoxin in feed supplied to dairy cows and the presence of M1 aflatoxin in milk. Samples were collected from complete diet (corn silage and concentrate) from a batch of 15 lactating cows from a dairy farm in the Campinas region. Two samples of diets were collected directly into the troughs in intervals of 24 hours at every 15 days, totalizing a period of 45 days. Milk samples of those cows were collected 24 hours after diet collection, directly from sample valves in the glass jars.. B1 and M1 aflatoxins were detected by the technique of High Performance Liquid Chromatography after extraction and purification on immunoaffinity columns. From the 40 samples of diets evaluated, 40% were contaminated with B1 aflatoxin, and the levels found ranged from 1.93 to 43.78g/Kg. One sample showed result higher than th

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Antimicrobial sensitivity profile of Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from clinical mastitis / Perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana de Staphylococcus spp. isolados de mastite clínica

Inflammation of the mammary gland, which is also known as mastitis, occupies a prominent place among the diseases that affect dairy cattle, having a great economic importance in the dairy sector. Mastitis may have different origins, however, infectious mastitis is the most frequent and represents a risk to public health due to the propagation of microorganisms through milk. Staphylococcus spp. are considered the microorganisms that cause the greatest losses in milk production, being that Staphylococcus aureus is the pathogen of major importance because they present high resistence to antimicrobials. Empirical treatment, without prior identification of the pathogens and their resistance profile, may contribute to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains and risk the efficiency of the antimicrobial. In that scenery, the study aimed to evaluate the resistance profile of Staphylococcus spp. against some antimicrobials used in the treatment of cows with clinical mastitis. The study was conducted on a property in the state of São Paulo from January 2011 to June 2012. We evaluated 29 lactating cows that present clinical mastitis in, at least, one mammary quarter. The diagnosis of clinical mastitis was performed by evaluating the clinical signs and also by Tamis test. Samples of milk from mammary quarters were collected aseptically in sterile tubes for microbiological evaluation. M

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Milk microbiological profile produced in a dairy farm from São Paulo State / Perfil microbiológico do leite produzido em uma fazenda do Estado de São Paulo

Milk is considered one of the finest food because its composition presents several important elements for human nutrition, but problems with animal health, such as mastitis, leads to the decrease in its production and quality. Mastitis is a bovine udder disease that has been the cause of low productivity and offers potential risk to the animals health. Therefore, attention to the sanitary control of animals is very important. This study aimed to evaluate the milk microbiological quality of cows from a herd which is-composed of breed mixed /Jersey. Milk samples were collected fortnight in February and March of 2011, in 15 lactating cows that exhibited a herds profile. Each collection totaled 60 samples and a total of 240 samples were obtained in the period. The samples were collected individually in sterile test tubes, previously identified with animals name and number and mammary quarter. The teats were individually washed with water, dried with disposable paper and then dipped within antiseptic solution of iodine alcohol. The material was packed in insulated box material provided with ice cubes and taken to the laboratory for bacterial isolation and identification. The isolation and identification of strains were performed at Laboratory of the Milk Quality, in Instituto de Zootecnia. From 240 milk samples, 101 (42.08%) were infected and the microorganisms found and its prev

ês.

Evaluation of sphingolipids in Wistar rats treated to prolonged and single oral doses of fumonisin b1.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate sphingolipid levels (sphingosine-So and sphinganine-Sa) and to compare the Sa/So ratio in liver, serum and urine of Wistar rats after prolonged administration (21 days) of fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)). In parallel, the kinetics of sphingolipid elimination in urine was studied in animals receiving a single dose of FB(1). Prolonged exposure to FB(1) caused an increase in Sa levels in urine, serum and liver. The most marked effect on sphingolipid biosynthesis was observed in animals treated with the highest dose of FB(1). Animals receiving a single dose of FB(1) presented variations in Sa and So levels and in the Sa/So ratio.

Effects of the adiabatic evaporative cooling system in free-stall on physiological responses in dairy cows / Efeitos do sistema de resfriamento adiabático e evaporativo em free-stall sobre as resposatas fisiológicas de vacas em lactação

The purpose of this research was to compare the efficiency of three different schedules using an adiabatic evaporative cooling with misting system (AEC) in a free-stall and its influence on the physiological parameters on lactating cows. A total of 28 Brown Swiss and Holstein multiparous cows were random allocated in four groups. The overall experimental period was of 56 days, starting from January 20th. Treatments were: control group (without AEC); Day (AEC turned on from 7 to 19 h); Night (AEC turned on from 19 to 7 h) and 24 h (AEC turned on during 24h). The dry bulb temperature (DBT), relative humidity (RH) and black globe temperature (BGT) were measuread hourly inside and outside of facilities through a period of 24 hours. The respiratory frequency (RF), rectal temperature (RT) and skin temperature (ST) were registered twice a week at 7, 13 e 21 h. It was observed a positive linear correlation between rectal temperature and ST. The free-stall cooling used in the day group kept the temperature under the thermoneutrality range till 12 h, however from 17 h in the day group the DBT was statistically higher than control and 24 h groups.

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência da climatização por nebulização, em instalação do tipo free-stall, acionada em diferentes horários, por intermédio da temperatura de bulbo seco (TBS) e umidade relativa do ar (UR) e sua influência nos parâmetros fisiológicos, temperatura retal (TR), freqüência respiratória (FR) e temperatura do pelame (TP). Foram utilizadas 28 vacas, multíparas, com produção média diária de 23 kg de leite, com 60 dias de paridas, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualisado. O experimento foi realizado no verão e teve duração de 56 dias. Os tratamentos foram: controle (sem climatização); Dia (climatizado das 7-19h); Noite (climatizado das 19-7h) e 24 horas (climatizado 24h). Dentro do free-stall, em cada tratamento, foram tomadas medidas de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, com um registrador digital automático, durante período de 24 h a cada 60 minutos. A temperatura retal (TR), a freqüência respiratória (FR) e a temperatura do pelame (TP) foi obtida duas vezes por semana às 7, 13 e 21 h de três animais de cada tratamento. Foi observada uma correlação linear positiva entre a temperatura retal e as temperaturas do pelame. A climatização do free-stall utilizado no tratamento dia conseguiu manter a temperatura dentro da faixa de termoneutralidade até as 12 h, mas a partir da 17 h a TBS do tratamento dia foi significativamente maior q

Effects of the adiabatic evaporative cooling system in free-stall on physiological responses in dairy cows / Efeitos do sistema de resfriamento adiabático e evaporativo em free-stall sobre as resposatas fisiológicas de vacas em lactação

The purpose of this research was to compare the efficiency of three different schedules using an adiabatic evaporative cooling with misting system (AEC) in a free-stall and its influence on the physiological parameters on lactating cows. A total of 28 Brown Swiss and Holstein multiparous cows were random allocated in four groups. The overall experimental period was of 56 days, starting from January 20th. Treatments were: control group (without AEC); Day (AEC turned on from 7 to 19 h); Night (AEC turned on from 19 to 7 h) and 24 h (AEC turned on during 24h). The dry bulb temperature (DBT), relative humidity (RH) and black globe temperature (BGT) were measuread hourly inside and outside of facilities through a period of 24 hours. The respiratory frequency (RF), rectal temperature (RT) and skin temperature (ST) were registered twice a week at 7, 13 e 21 h. It was observed a positive linear correlation between rectal temperature and ST. The free-stall cooling used in the day group kept the temperature under the thermoneutrality range till 12 h, however from 17 h in the day group the DBT was statistically higher than control and 24 h groups.

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência da climatização por nebulização, em instalação do tipo free-stall, acionada em diferentes horários, por intermédio da temperatura de bulbo seco (TBS) e umidade relativa do ar (UR) e sua influência nos parâmetros fisiológicos, temperatura retal (TR), freqüência respiratória (FR) e temperatura do pelame (TP). Foram utilizadas 28 vacas, multíparas, com produção média diária de 23 kg de leite, com 60 dias de paridas, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualisado. O experimento foi realizado no verão e teve duração de 56 dias. Os tratamentos foram: controle (sem climatização); Dia (climatizado das 7-19h); Noite (climatizado das 19-7h) e 24 horas (climatizado 24h). Dentro do free-stall, em cada tratamento, foram tomadas medidas de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, com um registrador digital automático, durante período de 24 h a cada 60 minutos. A temperatura retal (TR), a freqüência respiratória (FR) e a temperatura do pelame (TP) foi obtida duas vezes por semana às 7, 13 e 21 h de três animais de cada tratamento. Foi observada uma correlação linear positiva entre a temperatura retal e as temperaturas do pelame. A climatização do free-stall utilizado no tratamento dia conseguiu manter a temperatura dentro da faixa de termoneutralidade até as 12 h, mas a partir da 17 h a TBS do tratamento dia foi significativamente maior q

Respostas fisiológicas de vacas em lactação à ventilação e aspersão na sala de espera

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of climatization (ventilation or ventilation plus sprinkler) inside a holding pen in a milking parlor on environmental and physiological parameters. The experiment was conducted from August to October during 90 consecutive days. Twenty-one lactating dairy cows with an average milk yield of 21kg.d-1 were randomly allocated in three treatments. The treatments were: holding pen without cooling (control); holding pen with ventilation (V) and holding pen with ventilation plus sprinkler (VS). The physiological parameters measured were respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (BT) and skin temperature (head, flank and mammary gland). These measurements were taken before and after each treatment. The data on the environmental parameters dry bulb temperature (DBT), black globe temperature (BGT) and relative humidity (RH) were collected both from each treatment session and from a meteorological station at a nearby site three times a day. Results showed that VS reduced DBT (6.4°C) and BGT (6.5°C); and increased the RH. Both V and VS reduced significantly respiratory rate. The skin temperature, with VS showed a decrease of 4.2°C for the head and 2.8°C for the flank. Hence, VS improved the environmental condition and physiological responses and increased heat losses of the dairy cows.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do uso da climatização no ambiente da sala de espera (ventilação forçada ou ventilação forçada e aspersão) sobre as variáveis ambientais e fisiológicas de vacas em lactação. O período experimental teve duração de 90 dias, em que foram avaliadas 21 fêmeas, com produção média de leite de 21kg leite d-1,distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos foram: sala de espera sem climatização (CONTR), sala de espera com ventilação forçada (V) e sala de espera com ventilação forçada e aspersão (VA). As variáveis fisiológicas analisadas foram a temperatura retal (TR), freqüência respiratória (FR) e temperatura de pele (cabeça, dorso e glândula mamária) coletadas antes e depois da aplicação de cada tratamento. As variáveis ambientais registradas foram a temperatura de bulbo seco (TBS), temperatura de globo negro (TGN) e umidade relativa (UR), coletadas antes e depois da aplicação de cada tratamento. O tratamento VA foi mais eficiente em reduzir a TBS (6,4°C) e TGN (6,5°C). Os tratamentos V e VA diminuíram significativamente a FR dos animais. A variável temperatura de pele apresentou redução de 4,2°C para a região da cabeça e 2,8°C para a região do dorso, no tratamento VA. O tratamento VA proporcionou maiores reduções nas variáveis ambientais e fisiológicas resultando em melhores condições de conforto aos animais e maior eficácia na dissipação de calor pela pele dos animais.

Respostas fisiológicas de vacas em lactação à ventilação e aspersão na sala de espera

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of climatization (ventilation or ventilation plus sprinkler) inside a holding pen in a milking parlor on environmental and physiological parameters. The experiment was conducted from August to October during 90 consecutive days. Twenty-one lactating dairy cows with an average milk yield of 21kg.d-1 were randomly allocated in three treatments. The treatments were: holding pen without cooling (control); holding pen with ventilation (V) and holding pen with ventilation plus sprinkler (VS). The physiological parameters measured were respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (BT) and skin temperature (head, flank and mammary gland). These measurements were taken before and after each treatment. The data on the environmental parameters dry bulb temperature (DBT), black globe temperature (BGT) and relative humidity (RH) were collected both from each treatment session and from a meteorological station at a nearby site three times a day. Results showed that VS reduced DBT (6.4°C) and BGT (6.5°C); and increased the RH. Both V and VS reduced significantly respiratory rate. The skin temperature, with VS showed a decrease of 4.2°C for the head and 2.8°C for the flank. Hence, VS improved the environmental condition and physiological responses and increased heat losses of the dairy cows.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do uso da climatização no ambiente da sala de espera (ventilação forçada ou ventilação forçada e aspersão) sobre as variáveis ambientais e fisiológicas de vacas em lactação. O período experimental teve duração de 90 dias, em que foram avaliadas 21 fêmeas, com produção média de leite de 21kg leite d-1,distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos foram: sala de espera sem climatização (CONTR), sala de espera com ventilação forçada (V) e sala de espera com ventilação forçada e aspersão (VA). As variáveis fisiológicas analisadas foram a temperatura retal (TR), freqüência respiratória (FR) e temperatura de pele (cabeça, dorso e glândula mamária) coletadas antes e depois da aplicação de cada tratamento. As variáveis ambientais registradas foram a temperatura de bulbo seco (TBS), temperatura de globo negro (TGN) e umidade relativa (UR), coletadas antes e depois da aplicação de cada tratamento. O tratamento VA foi mais eficiente em reduzir a TBS (6,4°C) e TGN (6,5°C). Os tratamentos V e VA diminuíram significativamente a FR dos animais. A variável temperatura de pele apresentou redução de 4,2°C para a região da cabeça e 2,8°C para a região do dorso, no tratamento VA. O tratamento VA proporcionou maiores reduções nas variáveis ambientais e fisiológicas resultando em melhores condições de conforto aos animais e maior eficácia na dissipação de calor pela pele dos animais.

Effects climatization in holding pen on physiological parameters, milk production and composition in lactating cows / Efeitos da climatização em sala de espera sobre as variáveis fisiológicas e produtivas de vacas em lactação

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of climatization (ventilation and ventilation + sprinkler) inside a holding pen in a milking parlor on milk production and composition (fat, protein, lactose) and physiological parameters (rectal temperature and breathing rate). Fifteen lactating dairy cows, managed in open field, were allocated randomly into three treatments: holding pen without climatization (control); holding pen with ventilation (V) and holding pen with ventilation + sprinkler (VS). Milk production data were collected twice a day during the experimental period of 4 a days (7AM and 3PM). Milk samples were collected once a week to determine fat content; milk density and total milk solids. Breathing rate and rectal temperature of three animals from each treatment were measured everyday {before and after posing the treatments}. VS treatment reduced breathing rate of dairy cows. Treatments did not affeat by milk production and composition, suggesting that the 20 minutes in the holding pen with climatization may be insufficient to decrease heat stress.

Este trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar a climatização da sala de espera e seus reflexos sobre as variáveis fisiológicas (temperatura retal e freqüência respiratória), produção e composição do leite de 15 vacas em lactação, mantidas em sistema de lotação rotacionada, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. O período experimental teve a duração de 40 dias, divididos em quatro sub-períodos de 10 dias. Foram utilizados os seguintes tratamentos: sala de espera sem ventilação ou aspersão (controle); sala de espera com ventilação (V) e sala de espera com ventilação + aspersão (VA). A ordenha foi realizada às 7 e 15 horas e as produções diárias registradas. Amostras de leite foram colhidas para determinação do teor de gordura, densidade e extrato seco total. Antes e depois da aplicação dos tratamentos foram mensuradas a freqüência respiratória e temperatura retal de três animais de cada tratamento. O tratamento VA reduziu a freqüência respiratória dos animais, entretanto, os tratamentos não apresentaram a eficácia esperada em relação à produção e composição do leite, sugerindo que o tempo de permanência dos animais na sala de espera (20 minutos) tenha sido insuficiente para diminuir o estresse térmico.

Effects climatization in holding pen on physiological parameters, milk production and composition in lactating cows / Efeitos da climatização em sala de espera sobre as variáveis fisiológicas e produtivas de vacas em lactação

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of climatization (ventilation and ventilation + sprinkler) inside a holding pen in a milking parlor on milk production and composition (fat, protein, lactose) and physiological parameters (rectal temperature and breathing rate). Fifteen lactating dairy cows, managed in open field, were allocated randomly into three treatments: holding pen without climatization (control); holding pen with ventilation (V) and holding pen with ventilation + sprinkler (VS). Milk production data were collected twice a day during the experimental period of 4 a days (7AM and 3PM). Milk samples were collected once a week to determine fat content; milk density and total milk solids. Breathing rate and rectal temperature of three animals from each treatment were measured everyday {before and after posing the treatments}. VS treatment reduced breathing rate of dairy cows. Treatments did not affeat by milk production and composition, suggesting that the 20 minutes in the holding pen with climatization may be insufficient to decrease heat stress.

Este trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar a climatização da sala de espera e seus reflexos sobre as variáveis fisiológicas (temperatura retal e freqüência respiratória), produção e composição do leite de 15 vacas em lactação, mantidas em sistema de lotação rotacionada, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. O período experimental teve a duração de 40 dias, divididos em quatro sub-períodos de 10 dias. Foram utilizados os seguintes tratamentos: sala de espera sem ventilação ou aspersão (controle); sala de espera com ventilação (V) e sala de espera com ventilação + aspersão (VA). A ordenha foi realizada às 7 e 15 horas e as produções diárias registradas. Amostras de leite foram colhidas para determinação do teor de gordura, densidade e extrato seco total. Antes e depois da aplicação dos tratamentos foram mensuradas a freqüência respiratória e temperatura retal de três animais de cada tratamento. O tratamento VA reduziu a freqüência respiratória dos animais, entretanto, os tratamentos não apresentaram a eficácia esperada em relação à produção e composição do leite, sugerindo que o tempo de permanência dos animais na sala de espera (20 minutos) tenha sido insuficiente para diminuir o estresse térmico.

Aspectos relacionados à ocorrência e mecanismo de ação de fumonisinas

Fumonisins are micotoxins produced by a fungus of the genera Fusarium, one of the main fitopathogens that occur in maize. Isolated in 1988, from moudly corn samples in a high incidence area of esophageal cancer in Africa, fumonisins are related with several diseases including equine leucoencephalomalacia and porcine pulmonary edema and hydrothorax. The present review approaches the natural occurrence of fumonisins in maize, its physical and quimical molecular characteristics and toxicological effects in horses, porcine, poultry and cattle. This review also discusses the micotoxins pathophisiology.

As fumonisinas são micotoxinas produzidas por fungos do gênero Fusarium, um dos principais fitopatógenos de grãos de milho. Isoladas em 1988, a partir de amostras de milho mofado proveniente de região com alta incidência de câncer do esôfago na África, foram relacionadas à ocorrência de leucoencefalomalácia eqüina e hidrotórax e edema pulmonar suíno, e outras patologias animais. A presente revisão aborda aspectos da ocorrência natural das fumonisinas em grãos de milho, características físico-química das moléculas e efeitos toxicológicos em eqüinos, suínos, aves e bovinos, além do provável mecanismo de ação das micotoxinas.