Anti-asthmatic and anxiolytic effects of Herissantia tiubae, a Brazilian medicinal plant.

Herissantia tiubae (HtE) is a Brazilian plant used in folk medicine to treat inflammatory diseases. Our aim was to determine whether the HtE has anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic effects in a murine model of asthma. Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized BALB/c mice were treated with HtE (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg) or dexamethasone before each OVA challenge. After the last challenge, animals were subjected to anxiety tests and respiratory measurements. Following euthanasia, we quantified immune cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), serum IgE titer and cytokine levels, cellular infiltration and mucus content in the lung tissues, and cellular composition of the mediastinal lymph nodes. OVA challenge in sensitized animals caused: (1) reduction of mean respiratory and dominant respiratory rate (from 398 ± 12 to 286 ± 20 cicles per minute (cpm) and from 320 ± 14 to 162 ± 15 cpm, respectively); (2) increase in behavioral markers of anxiety tests; (3) substantial pro-inflammatory effects, including rise in OVA-specific IgE titer (from 0 to 1:2048) and these inflammatory effect diminished the titer to 1:512 after HtE treatment; rise in plasma IL-13 (from 13 ng/mL in saline to 227 ng/mL in OVA and HtE treatment restored to 1.29 ng/mL; rise in total BAL cell count (from 0.742 cells/mL in saline to 11.77 cells/mL in OVA), with prominent eosinophilia. H. tiubae extract affected respiratory parameters similarly to aminophylline, behavioral changes comparable to diazepam, and inflammation being as efficient as dexamethasone. H. tiubae extract (HtE) possesses both anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic properties in the murine model of asthma.

Total phenol concentrations in coffee tree leaves during fruit development

Vegetables have a natural defense against external factors synthesizing phenolic compounds, which depends on the maturity stage and on the climate. Total phenol grades were extracted from mature and young coffee leaves and were analyzed in relation to yield, phenology and climate. The climatic conditions were described by air temperature, global radiation and daily insolation. Evaluations were made on height, diameter and length of reproductive branches to determine the respective vegetative growth rates of the plants. The amounts of total phenols in the plants at the production stage was 174.0 mg g-1 and 138.9 mg g-1 for young and mature leaves, respectively, and for plants without fruit formation 186.5 mg g-1 and 127.6 mg g-1 for young and mature leaves, respectively. The total phenol concentrations in young leaves with and without fruit formation were 25% and 46% greater compared to mature leaves. The secondary phenol synthesis in seed (146.8 mg g-1) was 31% lower than during grain maturation (212.4 mg g-1). The total phenol metabolization depends indirectly on the temperature and on the global radiation, presenting an inverse trend in relation to these climatic variables. Crop protection management should take into consideration periods of endanger of this natural defense of the plant.

Os vegetais apresentam defesa natural contra fatores externos, por meio da síntese de fenóis, as quais variam com as fases fenológicas e com o clima. Os teores de fenóis totais foram extraídos das folhas fonte e dreno e analisados em relação à produção de café, fenologia e clima. As variáveis climáticas consideradas foram: temperatura, radiação e insolação. Realizaram-se avaliações de altura, diâmetro e comprimento de ramos para determinar as taxas de crescimento. As quantidades de fenóis determinadas nas plantas com produção (174,0 mg g-1 e 138,9 mg g-1 - nova e madura) e sem produção (186,5 mg g-1 e 127,6 mg g-1 - nova e madura) não variaram. No entanto, a concentração de fenóis nas folhas nova das plantas com e sem produção foi maior que a quantidade determinada nas folhas madura, da ordem de 25% e 46%, respectivamente. A síntese de fenóis na granação (146,8 mg g-1) foi 31% inferior em relação às quantidades determinadas na maturação (212,4 mg g-1). A metabolização de fenóis depende, indiretamente, da temperatura e da radiação global. A orientação do manejo deve levar em consideração as épocas de comprometimento da defesa natural, em relação à produção de fenóis.

Total phenol concentrations in coffee tree leaves during fruit development

Vegetables have a natural defense against external factors synthesizing phenolic compounds, which depends on the maturity stage and on the climate. Total phenol grades were extracted from mature and young coffee leaves and were analyzed in relation to yield, phenology and climate. The climatic conditions were described by air temperature, global radiation and daily insolation. Evaluations were made on height, diameter and length of reproductive branches to determine the respective vegetative growth rates of the plants. The amounts of total phenols in the plants at the production stage was 174.0 mg g-1 and 138.9 mg g-1 for young and mature leaves, respectively, and for plants without fruit formation 186.5 mg g-1 and 127.6 mg g-1 for young and mature leaves, respectively. The total phenol concentrations in young leaves with and without fruit formation were 25% and 46% greater compared to mature leaves. The secondary phenol synthesis in seed (146.8 mg g-1) was 31% lower than during grain maturation (212.4 mg g-1). The total phenol metabolization depends indirectly on the temperature and on the global radiation, presenting an inverse trend in relation to these climatic variables. Crop protection management should take into consideration periods of endanger of this natural defense of the plant.

Os vegetais apresentam defesa natural contra fatores externos, por meio da síntese de fenóis, as quais variam com as fases fenológicas e com o clima. Os teores de fenóis totais foram extraídos das folhas fonte e dreno e analisados em relação à produção de café, fenologia e clima. As variáveis climáticas consideradas foram: temperatura, radiação e insolação. Realizaram-se avaliações de altura, diâmetro e comprimento de ramos para determinar as taxas de crescimento. As quantidades de fenóis determinadas nas plantas com produção (174,0 mg g-1 e 138,9 mg g-1 - nova e madura) e sem produção (186,5 mg g-1 e 127,6 mg g-1 - nova e madura) não variaram. No entanto, a concentração de fenóis nas folhas nova das plantas com e sem produção foi maior que a quantidade determinada nas folhas madura, da ordem de 25% e 46%, respectivamente. A síntese de fenóis na granação (146,8 mg g-1) foi 31% inferior em relação às quantidades determinadas na maturação (212,4 mg g-1). A metabolização de fenóis depende, indiretamente, da temperatura e da radiação global. A orientação do manejo deve levar em consideração as épocas de comprometimento da defesa natural, em relação à produção de fenóis.