The migration of the bovine-derived xenograft particles: A case series.

The long-term safety of xenografts and their potential association with disease are valid concerns. Bovine bone substitutes which are by far the most commonly used xenografts in dentistry are not biodegradable. The aim of the present report was to raise awareness on the long-term risks of the bovine-derived xenografts. Patients who experienced clinical complications after xenografting are reported. Patients' demographic, significant medical, and dental findings are reported. Complications included migration/encapsulation/displacement of the graft material, chronic inflammation, and soft-tissue disturbances/fenestrations. Albeit some xenograft complications are not significant enough to compromise the initial outcomes achieved, the xenografted particles seemed to be left intact favoring conditions for migration. The authors observed the inability of the human host to biodegrade the xenograft particles. The intact/migrated bovine bone particles present a risk to patients and may contribute to long-term clinical complications in implant dentistry.

Riesgos y complicaciones clínicas asociadas con los injertos de origen bovino / The long-term risks and complications of bovine-derived xenografts

La frecuencia de las cirugías relacionadas con implantes dentales que involucran procedimientos de aumento de tejido blando y hueso han aumentado significativamente. Los sustitutos óseos derivados de bovinos han sido, por mucho, los xenoinjertos más utilizados en odontología. Aunque la literatura está repleta de estudios clínicos a favor de los materiales de injerto derivados de bovinos, los estudios que reportan los riesgos y las complicaciones clínicas son escasos. La impresión clínica y la preocupación por la seguridad del paciente llevaron al informe que hemos proporcionado. El objetivo de esta presentación de una serie de casos es crear conciencia sobre los riesgos a largo plazo y las complicaciones clínicas tardías de los materiales de injerto derivados de bovinos. Los pacientes fueron referidos a un consultorio privado debido a complicaciones asociadas con los procedimientos de injerto óseo. Reportamos los datos demográficos, hallazgos médicos y dentales significativos. Las complicaciones incluyeron: sinusitis y patologías del hueso maxilar, desplazamiento de los materiales del injerto, falla del implante, reacción de cuerpo extraño, encapsulación del material, inflamación crónica, fenestraciones de tejidos blandos y quistes asociados. Los materiales de injerto derivados de bovino no fueron biodegradables. La preocupación de los autores es que la morbilidad del paciente puede no reducirse con los xenoinjertos, debido a los riesgos inherentes y a las complicaciones asociadas. La resolución de las lesiones y los síntomas asociados se logró después de la eliminación/ remoción de los materiales del injerto óseo. La extracción quirúrgica de los materiales de xenoinjerto puede requerir habilidades clínicas avanzadas, debido a las diferentes configuraciones que los cirujanos pueden encontrar en las partículas no resorbidas y migradas. Los médicos que buscan proporcionar resultados funcionales y estéticos deben ser conscientes de las complicaciones de los materiales de injerto derivados de bovinos. La seguridad a largo plazo de los xenoinjertos y su posible asociación con la transmisión de enfermedades son preocupaciones válidas (AU)

The frequency of dental implant related surgeries that involve soft and bone augmentation procedures has increased significantly. Bovinederived substitutes have been by far the most commonly used xenografts in dentistry. Albeit literature is replete with clinical studies in favor of bovine-derived graft materials, bibliographical data reporting on risks and clinical complications is scarce. Clinical impression and concern for patients' safety led to the report we have provided. The aim of the present case series was to raise awareness on the long-term risks and late clinical complications of bovine-derived graft materials. Patients were referred to a private practice due to bone augmentation complications. Demographics, significant medical and dental findings are reported. The present report was conceived with the safety of patients in mind. Complications included sinus and maxillary bone pathoses, displacement of the graft materials, oro-antral and oro-nasal communications, paresthesia, implant failure, foreign body reactions, encapsulation, chronic inflammation, soft tissue fenestrations and associated cyst. Bovine-derived graft materials were not biodegradable. Resolution of the associated lesions and symptoms was achieved after the removal of the bone graft materials. Clinicians seeking to provide functional and esthetic outcomes should be aware of the complications of the bovine-derived graft materials. The long-term safety of xenografts and their potential association with disease are valid concerns (AU)

The long-term risks and complications of bovine-derived xenografts: A case series.

The frequency of dental implant related surgeries that involve soft tissue and bone augmentation procedures has increased significantly. Bovine-derived substitutes have been by far the most commonly used xenografts in dentistry. Albeit literature is replete with clinical studies in favor of bovine-derived graft materials, bibliographical data reporting on risks and clinical complications is scarce. Clinical impression and concern for patient safety led to the report we have provided. The aim of the present case series was to raise awareness on the long-term risks and late clinical complications of bovine-derived graft materials. Patients were referred to a private practice due to bone augmentation complications. Demographics, significant medical and dental findings are reported. Complications included sinus and maxillary bone pathoses, displacement of the graft materials, oroantral communications, implant failure, foreign body reactions, encapsulation, chronic inflammation, soft tissue fenestrations and associated cysts. Bovine-derived graft materials were not biodegradable. Resolution of the associated lesions and symptoms was achieved after the removal of the bone graft materials. The surgical removal of the xenograft materials may require advanced clinical skills because of the different configurations clinicians might encounter of the non-resorbed and migrated particles. The authors' concern is that patient morbidity may not be reduced with xenografts, due to the inherent risks and associated complications. Clinicians seeking to provide functional and esthetic outcomes should be aware of the complications of the bovine-derived graft materials. The long-term safety of xenografts and their potential association with disease are valid concerns.

Impacted teeth: Closed flap surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The present pilot study evaluated the impact of closed flap surgical technique on periodontal tissues and the esthetic outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four consecutively treated patients with a mean age of 15 (range 12-30) underwent closed flap surgery for the exposure of impacted teeth. The study evaluated periodontal probing depths, bone level, zone of keratinized tissue, and esthetic appearance after the completion of orthodontic treatment. RESULTS: Tooth impaction was more frequent in females (No. 14) than males (No. 10) in this study. Palatal and buccal impactions were 77% and 23%, respectively. Post-orthodontic treatment, periodontal probing depth averaged 2.2 mm and zone of keratinized gingiva averaged 3.6 mm. No discernible radiographic bone loss or root resorption was noticed. Overall, gingival margins provided an esthetic appearance in all cases. CONCLUSION: Closed flap surgical technique was associated with periodontal health and esthetic outcomes for an average of 10 years post-orthodontic treatment. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The evolution of teeth and maxillary/mandibular bones has distinctively differed in origins and development contributing to tooth impaction and overcrowding. This study demonstrated that closed flap surgery is a reliable procedure for the treatment of impacted teeth that provides periodontal health and esthetic appearance post-orthodontic treatment.

The Risk of Prion Infection through Bovine Grafting Materials.

BACKGROUND: Bovine-derived grafting materials are frequently used in a variety of bone augmentation techniques. The aim of this paper is to assess the unique safety issue of bovine-derived grafting materials that is rarely addressed in dental literature: risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). METHODS: The validity of the current BSE diagnostic methods, surveillance and epidemiological trends in affected countries, and BSE infectivity in bovine bone before and after manufacturing processing were reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS: Prion screening has significant limits. Humans are not safe from the infection of prion disease of other species. Prions can and do break the species barrier. There is evidence there may be tens of thousands of infectious carriers in the western countries alone. This raises concern about the potential for perpetuation of infection via medical procedures. CONCLUSION: The limited ability to screen prions within the animal genome, along with a long latency period to manifestation of the disease (1 to over 50 years) in infected patients, provides a framework for discussing posible long-term risks of the xenografts that are used so extensively in dentistry. We suggest abolishing the use of bovine bone.