Ecotoxicological assessment of the effects of fluoxetine on Daphnia magna based on acute toxicity, multigenerational reproduction effects, and attraction-repellence responses.

Fluoxetine, a common pharmaceutical used as an antidepressant, is already considered potentially hazardous to biota due to its increasing use and detection in European, North American, and Asian rivers. We studied the effects of fluoxetine on Daphnia magna, as we hypothesized that fluoxetine might have harmful effects, short and long-term, at different levels: survival, behaviour, and reproduction (offspring production). We applied two different approaches: (i) a scenario at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.1-1.0 µg/L) and (ii) a scenario simulating a future worsening of contamination (1-800 µg/L) until the reach of lethal concentrations. In the former, we examined whether there are multigenerational effects on reproduction and on the avoidance/colonisation behaviour in previously exposed populations. In the latter, three responses were assessed: survival, avoidance behaviour and reproduction. We did not detect differences in the reproduction output of D. magna among the treatments over the three generations examined. Irrespective of the multigenerational treatment, D. magna colonised the environments with fluoxetine in a similar way. In the second scenario, we determined the lethal concentration for 50% of the population (96 h-LC50 = 365 µg/L), which, in spite of the toxic effect, was attractive to organisms during the avoidance tests (24 h); in fact, D. magna were attracted (no repellence) even to the highest concentrations of fluoxetine tested (800 µg/L). Lastly, in a 21-day chronic toxicity test the reproduction output of D. magna increased with higher concentrations of fluoxetine. This effect might be related to the fact that the organisms in the contaminated treatment began their first reproduction earlier, when compared to that in the control treatments. In conclusion, this study discusses an identified hazard for aquatic biota due to the fluoxetine attraction effect and a predictive assessment of the consequences expected if its indiscriminate use increases.

A Non-Stressful Temperature Rise and Greater Food Availability Could Increase Tolerance to Calcium Limitation of Daphnia cf. pulex (Sensu Hebert, 1995) Populations in Cold Soft-Water Lakes.

Calcium (Ca) is an important driver of community structure in freshwaters. We examined the combined effects of increased temperatures and variations in food quantity on the tolerance to low Ca of Daphnia pulex. The aim was to predict the impact of climate warming on this keystone zooplanktonic species in cold-climate lakes. We conducted a factorial life-history experiment in a clone of North American Daphnia cf. pulex to analyse the interaction effects of a temperature increase (17.5 °C−21 °C) within their physiological preferred range and expected by climate warming over the next few decades and a narrow Ca gradient (0.25−1.74 mg Ca L−1) under stressful vs. abundant food conditions. We found a striking positive synergistic effect of Ca and temperature on D. pulex reproduction at high food conditions. Although the increase in temperature to 21 °C greatly reduced survival, high energy allocation to reproduction at high food levels allowed the population to succeed in poor Ca (<0.25 mg Ca L−1). Results suggest that climate warming and higher food availability will make the populations of many cold and Ca-limited lakes more tolerant to low Ca levels with higher growth population rates, thereby altering zooplanktonic community structures and inducing potential cascading effects on the food web.

Intervenciones de enfermería en la práctica social para la salud de la persona post-operada por lesión medular / Nursing interventions in social practice for the health of people post-operated by spinal injury

INTRODUCCIÓN: El profesional de enfermería colabora en la prestación de cuidado de la salud de personas que presentan invalidez congénita y adquirida. Las consecuencias asociadas a lesiones medulares no se derivan de la lesión en sí, sino de la falta de efectividad de los servicios de atención médica. OBJETIVO: Identificar intervenciones de enfermería en la práctica social para la salud de la persona posoperada por lesión medular. MÉTODO: Estudio cualitativo, abordaje descriptivo-exploratorio. Paciente posoperado por lesión medular, (Durango, México). Se utilizó la entrevista semiestructurada en el año 2020, a través del análisis de discurso oral. RESULTADOS: Se evidenció, la presencia de barreras sociales, que coartan el pleno desarrollo y participación de la persona con discapacidad por lesión medular en su diario vivir con la familia, comunidad y sociedad. También la autonomía de la persona no sólo se coarta al hecho de realizar tareas o labores o participar con otras personas. Incluso engloba las capacidades de pensar, de decidir por ellos, decidiendo por sí solo y que estas decisiones sean respetadas por los demás. CONCLUSIONES: Se hace necesaria la contribución del profesional de enfermería en las Políticas Públicas en el ámbito local y del país donde se propongan y establezcan, estrategias acordes a la prestación de servicios: atención a la enfermedad, promoción, prevención y rehabilitación incluyéndolo en las actividades y servicios sociales; por otra parte las necesidades de las personas con discapacidades deben considerarse también en las políticas, programas y proyectos desarrollados a nivel local y nacional. Estas personas deben tener acceso a los servicios acostumbrados, sostenidos con servicios especializados para mejorar de esta manera la calidad de vida de la persona con discapacidad.

INTRODUCTION: The nursing professional collaborates in the provision of health care for people with congenital and acquired disabilities. The consequences associated with spinal cord injuries do not derive from the injury itself, but from the lack of effectiveness of medical care services. OBJECTIVE: To identify nursing interventions in social practice for the health of the post-operated person for spinal cord injury. Method: Qualitative study, descriptive-exploratory approach. Postoperative patient for spinal cord injury, (Durango, Mexico). The semi-structured interview was used in the year 2020, using oral discourse analysis. RESULTS: The presence of social barriers was evidenced, which restrict the full development and participation of the person with disabilities due to spinal cord injury in her daily life with the family, community and society. Also the autonomy of the person is not only limited to the fact of carrying out tasks or tasks or participating with other people. It even encompasses the ability to think, to decide for them, deciding for themselves and for these decisions to be respected by others. CONCLUSIONS: The contribution of the nursing professional is necessary in Public Policies at the local level and in the country where strategies according to the provision of services are proposed and established: care for illness, promotion, prevention and rehabilitation, including it in the activities and social services; on the other hand, the needs of people with disabilities must also be considered in the policies, programs and projects developed at the local and national levels. These people must have access to the usual services, supported by specialized services to improve the quality of life of the person with disabilities.

Not Only Toxic but Repellent: What Can Organisms' Responses Tell Us about Contamination and What Are the Ecological Consequences When They Flee from an Environment?

The ability of aquatic organisms to sense the surrounding environment chemically and interpret such signals correctly is crucial for their ecological niche and survival. Although it is an oversimplification of the ecological interactions, we could consider that a significant part of the decisions taken by organisms are, to some extent, chemically driven. Accordingly, chemical contamination might interfere in the way organisms behave and interact with the environment. Just as any environmental factor, contamination can make a habitat less attractive or even unsuitable to accommodate life, conditioning to some degree the decision of organisms to stay in, or move from, an ecosystem. If we consider that contamination is not always spatially homogeneous and that many organisms can avoid it, the ability of contaminants to repel organisms should also be of concern. Thus, in this critical review, we have discussed the dual role of contamination: toxicity (disruption of the physiological and behavioral homeostasis) vs. repellency (contamination-driven changes in spatial distribution/habitat selection). The discussion is centered on methodologies (forced exposure against non-forced multi-compartmented exposure systems) and conceptual improvements (individual stress due to the toxic effects caused by a continuous exposure against contamination-driven spatial distribution). Finally, we propose an approach in which Stress and Landscape Ecology could be integrated with each other to improve our understanding of the threat contaminants represent to aquatic ecosystems.

Intraspecific variation in sensitivity to food availability and temperature-induced phenotypic plasticity in the rotifer Keratella cochlearis.

Organisms with wide environmentally induced morphological plasticity and cosmopolitan distribution, e.g. the common freshwater rotifer Keratella cochlearis, are ideal models to study the evolution of plastic polymorphisms and the capacity of zooplankton to adapt to local selection conditions. We investigated population-level differences (population-by-environment interaction) in sensitivity to food availability and temperature-induced phenotypic plasticity between two clones of K. cochlearis isolated from neighboring populations in Ruidera Natural Park (Spain) with different trophic statuses: Tinaja lake (mesotrophic) and Cueva Morenilla lake (eutrophic). Using common-garden experiments, each clone proved to have a different sensitivity to food availability, with substantial phenotypic differences between them. When rotifers grew at moderate temperature (15.6°C), low food levels were more efficiently used by the Tinaja versus Cueva Morenilla clone, whereas high food levels were more efficiently used by the Cueva Morenilla versus Tinaja clone. The posterior spine was much longer and the lorica wider in the Tinaja versus Cueva Morenilla clone, with no difference in lorica length. Phylogenetic analysis based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences showed that the two populations have the same haplotype. This is the first study to show possible local adaptation by a rotifer species to habitats that consistently differ in food availability. We also detected an intriguing deviation from the expected negative relationship between posterior spine length and temperature. Our experimental results indicate that intermediate temperatures may activate the gene responsible for spine elongation in K. cochlearis This suggests that rotifers in nature could use water temperature as proxy signal of a change in predation risk before defense is needed.

Protein compounds of Bacillus subtilis with in vitro antifungal activity against Pseudocercospora fijiensis (Morelet).

The metabolites of Bacillus subtilis CCIBP-M27 were evaluated as an antagonist of Pseudocercospora fijiensis. The culture filtrate did not inhibit ascospore germination but significantly reduced conidial germination and mycelial growth. Through microscopic analysis, deformations were observed as vacuolization and swelling in P. fijiensis mycelia when exposed to culture filtrate during 48 h. A similar response was induced by peptide-type compounds found on Bacillus subtilis CCIBP-M27 culture filtrate. The results obtained suggest that the in vitro antifungal effect of the strain CCIBP-M27 against P. fijiensis is related to the action of diffused metabolites such as proteins or peptide substances.

Soporte social en usuarios de los servicios de salud en una institucion de segundo nivel / Suporte social para usuários de serviços de saúde em uma instituição de atençao secundária / Social support for health service users at a secondary-care institution

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir el nivel del soporte social percibido por los usuarios de los servicios de salud de segundo nivel. Método: estudio descriptivo, con una muestra de 287 usuarios de los servicios de salud del estado de Durango, México, aplicando la Escala de Soporte Social de Salud, utilizando en programa SPSS para el análisis de resultados. Resultados: se encontró que el usuario de la consulta externa del hospital, percibe mayor soporte social por parte del personal de enfermería en comparación con el médico y trabajo social, presentando una media de (M=10.70, 10.19, 9.58) respectivamente; con una diferencia significativa de p<0.05. Conclusión: es el personal de enfermería el que brinda mayor soporte social a los usuarios de los servicios de salud, resolviendo cada una de las dudas que se les presenten y permitiéndoles expresar sus sentimientos.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o nível de suporte social percebido por usuários de serviços de atenção secundária. Método: Estudo descritivo com uma amostra de 287 usuários de serviços de saúde do estado de Durango, México, aplicando a Escala de Suporte Social de Saúde, e utilizando o programa SPSS para a análise de resultados. Resultados: Os usuários ambulatoriais do hospital perceberam maior suporte por parte da equipe de enfermagem quando comparado aos médicos e assistentes sociais, com uma média de M=10,70, 10,19, e 9,58, respectivamente; e com uma diferença significativa de p<0,05. Conclusão: A equipe de enfermagem fornece mais suporte social aos usuários dos serviços de saúde, respondendo às perguntas que são feitas e permitindo aos pacientes que expressem seus sentimentos.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the level of social support perceived by users of a second-level health service. Method: This was a descriptive study with 287 users of health services in the state of Durango, Mexico, using the Social Support Scale in Health to collect data and SPSS software to analyze the results. Results: The outpatients perceived more social support from nursing staff than from physicians and social workers, with a mean of 10.70, 10.19, 9.58, respectively; with a p<0.05 significant difference. Conclusion: Nursing professionals provide health service users with the greatest social support, answering their questions and allowing them to express their feelings.

Association between Blood Lead Levels and Delta-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase in Pregnant Women.

Blood lead levels (BLLs) and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity are considered biomarkers of lead exposure and lead toxicity, respectively. The present study was designed to investigate the association between BLLs and ALAD activity in pregnant women from Durango, Mexico. A total of 633 pregnant women aged 13-43 years participated in this study. Blood lead was measured by a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. ALAD activity was measured spectrophotometrically. Mean blood lead was 2.09 ± 2.34 µg/dL; and 26 women (4.1%) crossed the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommended level of 5 µg/dL. ALAD activity was significantly lower in women with levels of lead ≥5 µg/dL compared to those with BLLs < 5 µg/dL (p = 0.002). To reduce the influence of extreme values on the statistical analysis, BLLs were analyzed by quartiles. A significant negative correlation between blood lead and ALAD activity was observed in the fourth quartile of BLLs (r = -0.113; p < 0.01). Among women with blood lead concentrations ≥2.2 µg/dL ALAD activity was negatively correlated with BLLs (r = -0.413; p < 0.01). Multiple linear regression demonstrated that inhibition of ALAD in pregnant women may occur at levels of lead in blood above 2.2 µg/dL.

The relationship between blood lead levels and occupational exposure in a pregnant population.

BACKGROUND: Pregnant women exposed to lead are at risk of suffering reproductive damages, such as miscarriage, preeclampsia, premature delivery and low birth weight. Despite that the workplace offers the greatest potential for lead exposure, there is relatively little information about occupational exposure to lead during pregnancy. This study aims to assess the association between blood lead levels and occupational exposure in pregnant women from Durango, Mexico. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a population of 299 pregnant women. Blood lead was measured in 31 women who worked in jobs where lead is used (exposed group) and 268 who did not work in those places (control group). Chi-square test was applied to compare exposed and control groups with regard to blood lead levels. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Multivariable regression analysis was applied to determine significant predictors of blood lead concentrations in the exposed group. RESULTS: Exposed women had higher blood lead levels than those in the control group (4.00 ± 4.08 µg/dL vs 2.65 ± 1.75 µg/dL, p = 0.002). Furthermore, women in the exposed group had 3.82 times higher probability of having blood lead levels ≥ 5 µg/dL than those in the control group. Wearing of special workwear, changing clothes after work, living near a painting store, printing office, junkyard or rubbish dump, and washing the workwear together with other clothes resulted as significant predictors of elevated blood lead levels in the exposed group. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant working women may be at risk of lead poisoning because of occupational and environmental exposure. The risk increases if they do not improve the use of protective equipment and their personal hygiene.

Herramientas para lapráctica de intervenciones de educación sanitaria / Health education intervention tools

Las intervenciones de educación sanitaria tienen un gran potencial de impacto individual y social, pues su objetivo se dirige a la modificación de estilos de vida no saludables y a la mejora de la calidad de la misma en la población. La educación sanitaria es uno de los pilares esenciales de la Salud Pública y, posiblemente, el más económico de todos ellos. El profesional de Enfermería se encuentra en una posición privilegiada para promover la salud y evitar la enfermedad a través del desarrollo de este tipo de intervenciones educativas. Pero el éxito de las mismas depende, en gran medida, de la competencia que tenga el enfermero en esta materia. Existen diversas herramientas para llevar a cabo intervenciones de educación en función de las características del sujeto o de la población a laque van dirigidas, del ámbito de actuación y de los recursos humanos y materiales disponibles. El propósito de este trabajo es describir las herramientas que el profesional enfermero puede utilizar para el desarrollo práctico de intervenciones de educación sanitaria dirigidas a mejorar y/o modificar el estilo de vida de las personas. Se describen los modelos teóricos más usados como guía, los métodos de comunicación unidireccional y bidireccional, los tipos de intervención y las técnicas de valoración y comunicación, así como la importancia dela evaluación (AU)

Health education interventions have great potential for individual and social impact, as their objective is aimed at modifying unhealthy lifestyles and improving the population’s health. Health education is one of the cornerstones of Public Health and possibly the most economical of all. Nursing professionals are in a privileged position to promote health and prevent disease by way of carrying out this type of educational interventions, but the success thereof depends to a great extent on how skilled the nursing professional in question is regarding this subject. Different tools exist for carrying out education interventions depending on the characteristics of the individual or of the population for whom they are being provided, the field of action and the human and material resources available. The purpose of this study is to describe the tools which Nursing professionals can use for carrying out health education interventions in practice aimed at improving and/or modifying individuals’ lifestyles. A description is provided of the theoretical models used as a guide, the one-way and two-way communications methods, the types of interventions and the techniques of assessment and communication, as well as the importance of evaluation (AU)

Propuesta de cuidado de enfermería domiciliario en personas mastectomizadas: adaptación – afrontamiento / Nursing care household proposal’s in mastectomized people: adaptation - coping

Introducción: Cáncer de mama una amenaza para la salud a nivel mundial que constituye ya una prioridad, el cuidado de enfermería a personas con esta afección es fundamental, su acompañamiento en el perioperatorio y recuperación en el domicilio apoya la disminución de complicaciones y la adaptación a su situación, siendo la mastectomía un proceso quirúrgico agresivo, acompañado de consecuencias traumáticas, que requiere estrategias de afrontamiento adecuadas. Objetivo: Diseñar un programa de cuidado de enfermería que promueva estrategias de afrontamiento favoreciendo la adaptación y disminución de complicaciones. Materiales y Métodos: Se realiza estudio previo identificando prevalencia de diagnósticos de enfermería en mujeres mastectomizadas, se revisan y analizan planes de cuidado publicados en literatura nacional e internacional, se identifican los modos de adaptación afectados según los diagnósticos presentados, para concluir con la propuesta de cuidado domiciliario con apoyo de tipología de problemas de adaptación y taxonomía para enfermería. Resultados: Edades prevalecientes 20 a 45 años y de 45 a 60, 76% casadas, 81% sin impedimento para el cuidado en casa, la prevalencia de diagnósticos de enfermería en dos instituciones de salud es similar variando en sus frecuencias, los diagnósticos identificados frecuentemente son contemplados en los planes de cuidados publicados, Se distinguen alteración en los cuatro modos de adaptación, con base en la información se conforma el algoritmo de actuación como propuesta de programa de cuidado domiciliario. Discusión y Conclusiones: La elaboración de estudios exploratorios y el análisis lógico deductivo, permite una aproximación al fenómeno de estudio, y apoya la realización de programas de cuidados multidisciplinario.

Introduction: Breast cancer a threat to global health that is already a priority nursing care for people with this condition is essential, accompaniment in the perioperative and recovery at home supports the reduction of complications and adaptation their situation, being the aggressive surgical procedure mastectomy, accompanied by other traumatic, requiring appropriate coping strategies. Objective: To design a program of nursing care that promotes coping strategies favoring adaptation and reduced complications. Materials and Methods: We performed preliminary study identifying prevalence of nursing diagnoses in women with mastectomies, are reviewed and discussed care plans published in national and international literature, we identify the modes of adaptation affected by the diagnoses presented, concluding with the proposed home care supported by type of adjustment problems and taxonomy for nursing. Results: Age prevailing 20 to 45 years and 45 to 60, 76% married, 81% no impediment to home care, the prevalence of nursing diagnoses in two health institutions is similar varying frequencies, commonly identified diagnoses are listed in the care plans published alteration are distinguished in the four modes of adaptation, based on the information conforms algorithm performance as a proposed program of home care. Discussions and Conclusions: The development of exploratory and logical deductive analysis, an approach allows the phenomenon of study, and supports the implementation of multidisciplinary care programs.

Long-term coexistence of rotifer cryptic species.

Despite their high morphological similarity, cryptic species often coexist in aquatic habitats presenting a challenge in the framework of niche differentiation theory and coexistence mechanisms. Here we use a rotifer species complex inhabiting highly unpredictable and fluctuating salt lakes to gain insights into the mechanisms involved in stable coexistence in cryptic species. We combined molecular barcoding surveys of planktonic populations and paleogenetic analysis of diapausing eggs to reconstruct the current and historical coexistence dynamics of two highly morphologically similar rotifer species, B. plicatilis and B. manjavacas. In addition, we carried out laboratory experiments using clones isolated from eight lakes where both species coexist to explore their clonal growth responses to salinity, a challenging, highly variable and unpredictable condition in Mediterranean salt lakes. We show that both species have co-occurred in a stable way in one lake, with population fluctuations in which no species was permanently excluded. The seasonal occurrence patterns of the plankton in two lakes agree with laboratory experiments showing that both species differ in their optimal salinity. These results suggest that stable species coexistence is mediated by differential responses to salinity and its fluctuating regime. We discuss the role of fluctuating salinity and a persistent diapausing egg banks as a mechanism for species coexistence in accordance with the 'storage effect'.

Salud mental y etudiantes de enfermería / Mental health and nursing students

Los autores aplicaron un cuestionario diseñado por ellos, en forma de encuesta anónima a 250 estudiantes de la Escuela de Enfermería de la Universidad Juárez del estado de Durango. El custionario investigó tres tipos de problemas específicos: de personalidad, de sexualidad y sobre farmacodependencia. El panorama general de la investigación, revela una población escolar sana en las áreas estudiadas, sin desconocer la existencia de problemas de los tipos antes señalados, que fueron detectados en individuos aislados. Comparando los resultados de esta investigación con los realizados en otros lugares, es notable la gran incidencia de estos problemas informados en esos estudios y que contrastan notablemente con los resultados obtenidos aquí(AU)