Identification of histological threshold concepts in health sciences curricula: Students' perception.

Students' metacognitive skills and perceptions are considered important variables for high-quality learning. In this study, students' perceptions were used to identify histological threshold concepts (integrative, irreversible, transformative, and troublesome) in three health sciences curricula. A specific questionnaire was developed and validated to characterize students' perceptions of histological threshold concepts. A sample of 410 undergraduate students enrolled in the dentistry, medicine, and pharmacy degree programs participated in the study. Concepts assessed in the study were clustered to ten categories (factors) by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Concepts linked to tissue organization and tissue functional states received the highest scores from students in all degree programs, suggesting that the process of learning histology requires the integration of both static concepts related to the constituent elements of tissues and dynamic concepts such as stem cells as a tissue renewal substrate, or the euplasic, proplasic and retroplasic states of tissues. The complexity of integrating static and dynamic concepts may pose a challenging barrier to the comprehension of histology. In addition, several differences were detected among the students in different degree programs. Dentistry students more often perceived morphostructural concepts as threshold concepts, whereas medical students highlighted concepts related to two-dimensional microscopic identification. Lastly, pharmacy students identified concepts related to tissue general activity as critical for the comprehension and learning of histology. The identification of threshold concepts through students' perceptions is potentially useful to improve the teaching and learning process in health sciences curricula.

An early and late cytotoxicity evaluation of lidocaine on human oral mucosa fibroblasts.

Local anesthetic drugs are extensively used in dentistry. However, the cytotoxic effects of these pharmaceutical compounds remain unclear. In this work, we have evaluated the cell viability and cell function of human oral mucosa fibroblasts exposed to different concentrations of lidocaine for increasing incubation times, using a global screening methods including structural, metabolic and microanalytical analyses. Our results demonstrate that lidocaine is able to alter cell viability and function even at low concentrations and times, although the effect of lidocaine concentration was more important than the incubation time. First, the structural analysis methods revealed that ≥5% concentrations of lidocaine are able to significantly reduce cell viability. Then, the metabolic 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1) assays suggest that concentrations starting from 1% were able to significantly hinder cell physiology. Finally, electron-probe X-ray microanalysis confirmed the deleterious effects of lidocaine and allowed us to demonstrate that these effects are associated to an apoptosis process of cell death. Therefore, care should be taken when lidocaine is clinically used, and the lowest efficient concentrations should always be used. Furthermore, these results suggest that the comprehensive evaluation method used in this work is accurate and efficient for screening of local anesthetics.

Acid-etching effects in hypomineralized amelogenesis imperfecta. A microscopic and microanalytical study.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to use quantitative x-ray microprobe analysis with scanning electron microscopy to define the morphostructural and calcification patterns in the enamel of teeth with the hypomineralized variant of amelogenesis imperfecta. STUDY DESIGN: We compared 5 fragments of permanent human canines from patients with clinically diagnosed hypomineralized amelogenesis imperfecta and 5 normal permanent canines from subjects without amelogenesis imperfecta. All specimens were etched with phosphoric acid for morphological and microanalytical examination. RESULTS: Two types of etching patterns were found; in addition, islets of pattern I were seen within areas of pattern II. Microanalysis detected no significant differences in calcium concentration between specimens with amelogenesis imperfecta and normal control specimens after acid etching. Pattern III was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: The changes and their distribution in the enamel structure after 30 s of acid etching are described in teeth with this rare disorder. Although these data seem to coincide with alterations in prism development, no alterations in calcium concentration were found.

Efectos del grabado ácido en la amelogénesis imperfecta hipomineralizada. Estudio microscópico y microanalítico / Acid-etching effects in hypomineralized amelogenesis imperfecta. A microscopic and microanalytical study

Objetivos: El objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en definir los patrones morfológicos y de calcificación en el esmalte de dientes afectados con amelogénesis imperfecta hipomineralizada, tras la aplicación del grabado ácido, mediante la utilización de la microscopía electrónica analítica cuantitativa.Diseño del estudio: Se estudian 5 fragmentos de caninos humanos permanentes de pacientes con amelogénesis imperfecta hipomineralizada y 5 caninos controles. Todas las muestras fueron tratadas con ácido fosfórico y posteriormente procesadas para su estudio morfológico y microanalítico. Resultados: Se observan dos tipos de patrones de grabados, I y II, así como áreas o islotes de patrón I insertados en extensas áreas homogéneas en las que predomina el patrón II. No se aprecian diferencias significativas en la concentración de calcio entre las muestras con amelogénesis imperfecta hipomineralizada y control después del grabado ácido tras el estudio microanalíticocuantitativo. El patrón tipo III no fue observado. Conclusiones: Se describen los cambios y distribución en la estructura del esmalte después del grabado ácido durante 30 segundosen dientes con amelogénesis imperfecta hipomineralizada. Aunque los datos obtenidos coinciden con alteraciones en el desarrollo de los prismas, no se detectan alteraciones en la concentración de calcio

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to use quantitative x-ray microprobe analysis with scanning electron microscopy to define the morphostructural and calcification patterns in the enamel of teeth with the hypomineralized variant of amelogenesis imperfecta. Study design: We compared 5 fragments of permanent human canines from patients with clinically diagnosed hypomineralized amelogenesis imperfecta and 5 normal permanent canines from subjects without amelogenesis imperfecta. All specimens were etched with phosphoric acid for morphological and microanalytical examination. Results: Two types of etching patterns were found; in addition, islets of pattern I were seen within areas of pattern II. Microanalysisdetected no significant differences in calcium concentration between specimens with amelogenesis imperfecta and normal control specimens after acid etching. Pattern III was not observed. Conclusions: The changes and their distribution in the enamel structure after 30 s of acid etching are described in teeth with this rare disorder. Although these data seem to coincide with alterations in prism development, no alterations in calcium concentrationwere found