The impact of health on wages: evidence for Europe.

This paper analyses the effects of health on wages in sixteen European countries using production frontier methodology. It is assumed that workers have a potential income/productivity which basically depends on their human capital, but due to several health problems, situations could exist where workers fail to reach their potential income frontier. The estimation of a true-random-effects model allows us to conclude that the potential hourly wage of workers is significantly influenced by their level of education and their job experience. However, health problems, especially those strongly influencing work activities, contribute towards an individual not attaining the potential income which would otherwise be guaranteed by their human capital endowment. Suffering a strong limitation reduces gross wage per hour by 6.1%. This wage reduction is also observed in the case of a weak limitation, but here the wage difference with respect to workers without any limitation is 2.6%. Additionally, other factors, such as being a woman, the economic cycle or having a temporary contract, appear to distance an individual from their wage frontier.

Diferencias de género en las audiencias televisivas de deportes: El caso de la Vuelta Ciclista a España / Gender differences on TV audicences of sport: The case of the vuelta ciclista a España

Los estudios de las diferencias de género en la demanda de deportes por televisión son poco frecuentes, aunque apuntan a un predominio de la audiencia masculina, particularmente motivada por la competitividad y la incertidumbre del resultado. Este artículo incorpora el caso español a este debate, estudiando las audiencias de hombres y mujeres de la Vuelta Ciclista a España 2015. Para ello, se realiza un análisis de regresión múltiple que considera como variables explicativas las características propias de la carrera y la oferta televisiva alternativa. Los principales resultados obtenidos corroboran la evidencia internacional: la audiencia masculina crece cuando aumenta la competitividad de la carrera y se reduce con la emisión de publicidad. Sin embargo, el comportamiento de la audiencia femenina es menos especializado. En cuanto a la programación alternativa, la emisión de películas de cine o series españolas es la que más desanima el seguimiento del ciclismo entre las mujeres (AU)

A dominance of male audience, more interested in competitiveness and uncertainty of the result, can be observed among the scarce research of gender differences on the demand of sports on TV. Our paper contributes to this research topic analyzing male and female audiences of the Vuelta Ciclista a España 2015. We conduct a multiple regression analysis including alternative TV scheduling and the main characteristics of the race as independent variables. Our main outcomes support previous international empirical evidence: the male audience increases with competitiveness of the race and decreased with the broadcasting of commercials. At the same time, the female audience is less specialized and decreases when the TV alternative scheduling includes movies or Spanish series (AU)