Impact of genetic diversity and antibiotic-resistance of Salmonella isolated from feral cats: One Health approach.

Free-living cats usually live in colonies in urban areas, especially close to parks and neighbourhoods where people feed them without any sanitary control. This can pose a human, animal and environmental health concern due to the close contact between uncontrolled colonies, the population and other domestic and/or wild animals. Thus, this study aimed to assess the genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strains isolated from feral cats in a previous epidemiological study in the Gran Canaria island (Spain). A total of nineteen Salmonella isolates were obtained from November 2018 to January 2019 in a Salmonella epidemiological study in feral cats. All isolates obtained were genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PGFE) and were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, in accordance with Decision 2013/652/EU. PFGE analysis revealed isolates clustering by serovar, with identical clones for serovars Bredeney and Grancanaria, while differing pulsotypes were observed for serovars Florida (88.89 % similarity) and Nima (83.23 % similarity). All but two isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. The results obtained demonstrate that feral cats in the region investigated are a reservoir of Salmonella strains resistant to gentamicin (94.1 %) and of the critically important antimicrobial tigecycline (23.5 %). Hence, they could excrete AMR strains through their faeces and contaminate the environment, favoring the spread of such bacteria to cohabiting pets. Moreover, this widespread presence of AMR Salmonella clones across various serovars highlights the urgent need to implement efficient antimicrobial stewardship and control programs by the local governments due to the ongoing need to protect human and animal health under a One Health concept.

Potential value of tedera (B. bituminosa) as high protein resource for poultry feed.

Bituminaria bituminosa (C.H. Stirt.) is a drought tolerant legume that grows spontaneously in subtropical areas: Canary Islands (Spain) and in North African and Mediterranean regions, traditionally used as forage for ruminants. The aim of this research was to investigate the potential of B. bituminosa as a high protein resource for poultry feed by means of feed intake, growth, feed conversion rate (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and the influence of B. bituminosa feed form (fresh green and dried) on the preference by chicks. B. bituminosa showed higher crude protein content (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and gross energy than commercial feed. Average daily feed intake (ADFI) for the commercial feed group (control group) was higher than ADFI of the B. bituminosa group (experimental group). However, both groups had no significant differences in total crude protein intake, total NDF intake, average daily gain (ADG), FCR, and PER. The poultry's preference for fresh green B. bituminosa was higher than for dry B. bituminosa. Our results suggest that B. bituminosa (tedera) could be an alternative feedstuff in tropical countries or where protein sources are scarce and costly.

Effects of replacing rye-grass (Lolium spp.) hay by banana (Musa acuminata L.) by-products on feed intake, growth, and feed conversion rate of Canary hair sheep breed (Pelibuey) lambs.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing rye-grass (Lolium spp.) hay with banana (Musa acuminata L.) by-products on feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion rate (FCR) in Pelibuey (hair sheep breed) lambs. The lambs (n = 22; initial BW = 14.8 ± 2.5 kg) were individually housed and fed on two different types of diet for 58 days: the first group (experimental diet) received as forage a mixture of fresh banana by-products composed of leaves and pseudostem. The second group received commercial rye-grass hay (conventional diet) as a fiber source. Both groups received a supplementary commercial concentrate food. The total daily forage intake and FCR were lower (P < 0.001) in animals fed on the conventional diet (rye-grass hay) than animals fed on the experimental diet (banana by-products). However, there were no significant differences in total dry matter intake, total digestible energy intake, total body weight gain, and ADG between the two groups. The results obtained in this study suggest that banana by-products could be used as alternative forage for Pelibuey lambs raised in subtropical conditions.

The study of microanatomy of intestinal epithelium in the Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis).

The microanatomy of the intestinal epithelium in the Chinese soft-shelled turtle (CST) was studied by light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The small intestinal epithelium (SIE) was single layered or pseudostratified. The enterocytes contained mitochondria or mitochondria and lipid droplets. The enterocytes were arranged tightly in the apical parts of epithelium and connected by desmosomes and interdigitations. The large intestinal epithelium (LIE) was pseudostratified and the enterocytes did not contain lipid droplets. Enterocytes were arranged compactly in the apical part, forming spaces in the middle and basal parts of epithelium. Numerous mucous cells were scattered in the epithelium and there were intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) with their pseudopodia extended into the intestinal lumen. This study provides detailed features of intestinal epithelium in the Pelodiscus sinensis that could be related to function. In addition, these findings are discussed in relation to other vertebrates.

IGM and IGG response to 29-35-kDa Toxoplasma gondii protein fractions in experimentally infected goats.

The evolution of the humoral responses of IgG and IgM against 29-35-kDa Toxoplasma gondii fractions from experimentally infected goats were studied and compared by ELISA with the use of whole T. gondii soluble extracts and 29-35-kDa electroeluted proteins as antigens. The IgM response to electroeluted proteins was detected from wk 1 to wk 3 postinfection, showing a similar evolution to that observed when T. gondii crude extracts were used as antigens. These results suggest that this group of proteins could be used for a more specific detection of anti-T. gondii IgM. In the same way, the IgG response was equivalent in both cases, although when 29-35-kDa T. gondii fractions were used as antigens, the level of specific IgGs reached a peak 2 wk before than when T. gondii crude extract was used. The detection by ELISA of anti-T. gondii IgM in goats does not seem to be affected by the presence of specific IgG in serum samples when 29-35-kDa protein fractions were used as antigens.

Analysis of IgG response to experimental infection with RH Toxoplasma gondii in goats.

The IgG response of goats experimentally infected with RH Toxoplasma gondii has been analysed using an indirect ELISA and Western-blot analysis. Specific IgG antibodies were first detected at 14 days post-inoculation (p.i.), reaching a peak by day 35 p.i. and showing slight fluctuations until the end of the experiment (91 p.i.). Specific IgG showed a reactivity over a whole range of peptides (125-24 kDa approximately), but the highest reactivity was observed against a group of antigens with a molecular weight between 34 and 28 kDa, in particular against a 30 kDa fraction which is considered to represent the major surface protein of T. gondii named p30 or SAG-1.

Cross-reactive antigens of Haemonchus contortus adult worms in Teladorsagia circumcincta infected goats.

The adult Haemonchus contortus somatic antigens responsible for cross-reactivity have been analysed using serum samples from goat kids infected and reinfected with Teladorsagia circumcincta. Goat kids infected with T. circumcincta had similar serum ELISA values against somatic antigens of H. contortus as goats infected with H. contortus itself. Immunoblotting confirmed this extensive cross-reactivity particularly in the molecular weight range 105-29 kDa. However, peptides with high (195, 152 and 119 kDa) or low (23 kDa) molecular weight were only faintly recognized by heterologous sera.

Abomasal nematodes in goats from the subtropical island of Grand Canary (Spain).

The prevalence of gastric nematodes in 151 goats on Grand Canary Island is around 56%, with a mean burden of 691 worms/animal. No significant differences of prevalence and intensity were found between the four isoclimatic areas of the island [dry-desert (DD); dry-steppe (DS); temperate-mild (TM); temperate-cold (TC)]. Five nematode species were identified, the most commonly-occurring being Teladorsagia circumcincta (observed in 65.8% of parasitized animals) and Trichostrongylus axei (51.9%). The distribution of the two species showed opposing trends: T circumcincta was more prevalent in the coastal areas (DD), diminishing in frequency closer to the centre of the island (TC), while the reverse was true of T axei. The other species identified were Haemonchus contortus, T trifurcata and Camelostrongylus mentulatus; their ranges were restricted to certain areas (H contortus in DS and TM; T trifurcata in DD, DS and TM; and C mentulatus in DD). To analyse the parasite association under natural conditions of an unusual nematode in goats, C mentulatus, with the usual parasites a principal component analysis (PCA) was used to assess the overall behaviour of the nematode community and to examine the Euclidean distances of the parasite associations. The mean Euclidean distances obtained for C mentulatus showed a tendency to a positive association which has also been observed for the other abomasal nematodes.