Comparison of manual and automated digital image analysis systems for quantification of cellular protein expression.

OBJECTIVE: Quantifying protein expression in immunohistochemically stained histological slides is an important tool for oncologic research. The use of computer-aided evaluation of IHC-stained slides significantly contributes to objectify measurements. Manual digital image analysis (mDIA) requires a user-dependent annotation of the region of interest (ROI). Others have built-in machine learning algorithms with automated digital image analysis (aDIA) and can detect the ROIs automatically. We aimed to investigate the agreement between the results obtained by aDIA and those derived from mDIA systems. METHODS: We quantified chromogenic intensity (CI) and calculated the positive index (PI) in cohorts of tissue microarrays (TMA) using mDIA and aDIA. To consider the different distributions of staining within cellular sub-compartments and different tumor architecture our study encompassed nuclear and cytoplasmatic stainings in adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas. RESULTS: Within all cohorts, we were able to show a high correlation between mDIA and aDIA for the CI (p<0.001) along with high agreement for the PI. Moreover, we were able to show that the cell detections of the programs were comparable as well and both proved to be reliable when compared to manual counting. CONCLUSION: mDIA and aDIA show a high correlation in acquired IHC data. Both proved to be suitable to stratify patients for evaluation with clinical data. As both produce the same level of information, aDIA might be preferable as it is time-saving, can easily be reproduced, and enables regular and efficient output in large studies in a reasonable time period.

Neurophysiology of rule switching in the corticostriatal circuit.

The ability to adjust behavioral responses to cues in a changing environment is crucial for survival. Activity in the medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFC) is thought to both represent rules to guide behavior as well as detect and resolve conflicts between rules in changing contingencies. While lesion and pharmacological studies have supported a crucial role for mPFC in this type of set-shifting, an understanding of how mPFC represents current rules or detects and resolves conflict between different rules is still unclear. Meanwhile, medial dorsal striatum (mDS) receives major projections from mPFC and neural activity of mDS is closely linked to action selection, making the mDS a potential major player for enacting rule-guided action policies. However, exactly what is signaled by mPFC and how this impacts neural signals in mDS is not well known. In this review, we will summarize what is known about neural signals of rules and set shifting in both prefrontal cortex and dorsal striatum, as well as provide questions and directions for future experiments.

[Evaluation of satisfaction after in-office conization under local anesthesia]. / Évaluation de la satisfaction des patientes après conisation en consultation sous anesthésie locale.

OBJECTIVES: Treating cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is essential in cervix carcinoma prevention and conization is the standard treatment. In the current medical and economic context, which advocates the simplification of procedures, loop excision conization is well adapted to an in-office procedure. Therefore, we evaluated the patient satisfaction after an in-office conization. METHOD: We conducted an observational study at the Besançon University Medical Centre. Between November 2013 and October 2014, all patients treated by an in-office conization were included. Global satisfaction of patient was retrospectively collected by answering a telephone questionnaire. RESULTS: Seventy patients were treated by in-office conization and answered the questionnaire. Global satisfaction was 88.6%. Moreover, 75.7% of patients declared to have felt no pain or moderate pain during the conization. Most of the patients (91.4%) would advise this in-office care to their relatives. The rate of positive margins for dysplasia was 31.4% and postoperative haemorrhage occurred in 7.1%. CONCLUSION: In this context of medical care cost reduction, conization seems to be perfectly adapted to in-office surgery. It was also found to be well accepted by patients without raising neither positive margins rate nor postoperative haemorrhage risk.

Development and function of the midbrain dopamine system: what we know and what we need to.

The past two decades have seen an explosion in our understanding of the origin and development of the midbrain dopamine system. Much of this work has been focused on the aspects of dopamine neuron development related to the onset of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, with the intent of hopefully delaying, preventing or fixing symptoms. While midbrain dopamine degeneration is a major focus for treatment and research, many other human disorders are impacted by abnormal dopamine, including drug addiction, autism and schizophrenia. Understanding dopamine neuron ontogeny and how dopamine connections and circuitry develops may provide us with key insights into potentially important avenues of research for other dopamine-related disorders. This review will provide a brief overview of the major molecular and genetic players throughout the development of midbrain dopamine neurons and what we know about the behavioral- and disease-related implications associated with perturbations to midbrain dopamine neuron development. We intend to combine the knowledge of two broad fields of neuroscience, both developmental and behavioral, with the intent on fostering greater discussion between branches of neuroscience in the service of addressing complex cognitive questions from a developmental perspective and identifying important gaps in our knowledge for future study.

[Obstetrical prognosis of breech presentations with premature rupture of membranes at term]. / Pronostic obstétrical des présentations podaliques à terme en cas de rupture des membranes avant travail.

OBJECTIVES: Breech delivery is still a controversial situation in literature. Added complexity exists when breech presentations are associated with premature rupture of membranes (PROM) as such cases are conventionally excluded in studies dealing with PROM and are often indications for elective caesarean section. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the obstetrical prognosis of breech presentations after PROM at term. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational study at the Besançon University Medical Centre, between 1(st) January 2008 and 31(th) December 2012. Two groups of patients with breech presentations at term were constituted according to the existence or not of a PROM. The primary endpoint was the delivery mode: caesarean section or vaginal. Other endpoints were maternal characteristics, type of onset of labour and neonatal criterias. RESULTS: Two hundred and nine patients were included. In the control group, 67.9 % of vaginal deliveries occurred versus 60 % in the group with PROM (P=0.25). No difference was found on neonatal criterias such as pH, lactate and the Apgar score at 5 minutes. CONCLUSION: PROM at term in breech presentation doesn't seem to change the obstetrical prognosis and should therefore not be a systematic indication for elective caesarean section.

[Second twin delivery in cephalic presentation. Apropos of a series of 127 patients]. / L'accouchement du deuxième jumeau en présentation céphalique. À propos d'une série de 127 patientes.

INTRODUCTION: In 2009, the French National College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (CNGOF) clinical practice guidelines encouraged the active management of the second twin (T2) in high and mobile cephalic presentation (CP) by performing systematic internal maneuvers. In our department, this type of management is less frequent as whenever T2 is not delivered spontaneously after a short time interval, an instrumental extraction is realized. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed our practice for 5 years upon 127 twin pregnancies with a trial of vaginal delivery for T2 in CP. We compared the results following different modes of delivery which are: spontaneous delivery, instrumental extraction, and total breech extraction after manual internal version. RESULTS: No significant difference was found among the 3 groups in terms of maternal, fetal and neonatal well-being. Moreover, instrumental delivery was feasible, with a mean time interval for delivery between the 2 twins<15 minutes, even when performed by an obstetrician on training. CONCLUSION: The aim of our study was to evaluate our practice on T2 in CP, because this event can be quite tricky, thus discouraging less experienced obstetricians towards this practice and resulting in an increase in caesarean sections for T2. Instrumental delivery should be considered a possible option for any T2 in CP so as to ensure the continued existence of vaginal births for twin pregnancies.

[Evaluation of satisfaction after hysteroscopic tubal ligation. About a study from the CHU of Besançon]. / Évaluation de la satisfaction après stérilisation tubaire par voie hystéroscopique sans anesthésie. À propos d'une étude au CHU de Besançon.

OBJECTIVE: The Essure(®) system is a hysteroscopic sterilization method. The purpose of our study was to retrospectively evaluate the sterilization procedure with Essure(®) devices without anesthesia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The descriptive study included all tubal sterilizations with Essure(®) devices performed without anesthesia, with MEOPA, from January 1st, 2013 till February 28th, 2014 in the CHU of Besançon. The evaluation of the global satisfaction of the patients was collected by telephone survey. RESULTS: A hundred and forty-three patients benefited from Essure(®) without anesthesia during the period of study in the CHU of Besançon and among them, 120 patients answered the telephone survey questionnaire. The average age was of 41.3 years. As regards the satisfaction and the tolerance, 89.2% of the patients declared to be globally satisfied by this procedure and 95.8% would recommend it to a friend. Indeed, 66.6% of the patients declared to have felt no pain or moderate pain. Furthermore, the MEOPA was well tolerated at 79.9% of the patients. As regards the procedure of Essure(®) inserts without anesthesia the rate of failure was 9.2% and at 3 months the radiological control was satisfactory in 94.5% of the patients. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The tubaire sterilization by implants Essure(®) is a fast and effective procedure. Our study shows, that at present, this technique can be realized without anesthesia, during a dedicated consultation, with an important rate of global satisfaction of the patients. It thus allows to decrease the number of hospitalization in ambulatory surgery and to decrease the cost of this intervention.

[Active management of the second twin for vaginal delivery: ruptured versus intact membranes. Apropos a series of 182 patients]. / Accouchement manœuvrier du deuxième jumeau: membranes rompues versus membranes intactes. À propos d'une série de 182 patientes.

AIM: The vaginal management of the second twin (T2) differs throughout our country. In 2009, the French National College of Gynecologists and Obstetricians released practice guidelines, with low-level evidence, encouraging active management of the second twin, using maneuvers with intact membrane. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In our level III labour ward, these maneuvers are systematically performed when the second twin is in a breech or transverse presentation and after ruptured membranes in most cases. We studied 182 twin pregnancies with active management of the T2 at more than 28 weeks of gestation, from 1st January 1996 to 31st December 2010, by comparing the membrane status during delivery of T2. RESULTS: The results did not show any significant differences between the two groups of patients concerning the neonatal or maternal results. The technique is feasible, even by residents. Our results show that total breech extraction of the second twin with ruptured membranes is feasible, which allows for reappraisal of the national recommendations. CONCLUSION: In our practice, it is possible to actively deliver the T2 with ruptured membranes without altering maternal and fetal prognosis and thus simplifying learning for young doctors.

Nucleus accumbens core lesions enhance two-way active avoidance.

The majority of work examining the nucleus accumbens core (NAc) has focused on functions pertaining to behaviors guided by appetitive outcomes. These studies have pointed to the NAc as being critical for motivating behavior toward desirable outcomes. For example, we have recently shown that lesions of the NAc impaired performance on a reward-guided decision-making task that required rats to choose between differently valued rewards. Unfortunately, much less is known about the role that the NAc plays in motivating behavior when aversive outcomes are predicted. To address this issue we asked if NAc lesions impact performance on a two-way active avoidance task in which rats must learn to shuttle back and forth in a behavioral training box in order to avoid a footshock predicted by an auditory tone. Although bilateral NAc lesions initially impaired reward-guided decision-making, we found that the same lesions improved acquisition and retention of two-way active avoidance.

Management, feeding, production, reproduction and udder health on organic and conventional Swiss dairy farms.

Organic dairy farms (OP; n=60) and conventional dairy farms (integrated production, IP; n=60), matched in size, location, and agricultural zone (altitude), were studied for possible differences in management, feeding, production, reproduction and udder health. OP and IP farms were similar in size (17.7 and 16.9 ha), milk quota (65900 and 70,000 kg/year), cow number (14 and 15), cow age (5.3 and 5.2 years), housing of cows of the Simmental x Red Holstein or Holstein breeds (87 and 75%; 45 and 60%), but differed significantly with respect to loose housing systems (18 and 7%), outside paddocks (98 and 75%), energy-corrected 305-d milk yield (5,695 and 6,059 kg), milk protein content (31.8 and 32.7 g/kg), use of bucket milking systems (73 and 33%), observance of regular (12-h) milking intervals (47 and 68%), routine application of the California-Mastitis-Test (10 and 28%), teat dipping after milking (25 and 43%) and blanket dry cow treatments (0 and 45%). Milk somatic cell counts on OP and IP farms (119 000 and 117,000/mL) and reproduction data were similar and there were no significant differences between OP and IP farms as concerns available feeds, planning and management of feeding. Alternative veterinary treatments were used more often on OP than IP farms (55 and 17%). Main causes for cow replacements on OP and IP farms were fertility disorders (both 45%), age (40 and 42%), sale (30 and 37%) and udder health (35 and 13%). Between OP and IP Swiss dairy farms thus relatively few larger differences were found.

Comparison of antibiotic resistance of udder pathogens in dairy cows kept on organic and on conventional farms.

There has been a rapid rise in the emergence of multi-drug-resistant pathogens in the past 10 to 15 yr and some bacteria are now resistant to most antimicrobial agents. Antibiotic use is very restricted on Swiss organic dairy farms, and a purely prophylactic use, such as for dry cow mastitis prevention, is forbidden. A low prevalence of antibiotic resistance in organic farms can be expected compared with conventional farms because the bacteria are infrequently or not exposed to antibiotics. The occurrence of antibiotic resistance was compared between mastitis pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, nonaureus staphylococci, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis) from farms with organic and conventional dairy production. Clear differences in the percentage of antibiotic resistance were mainly species-related, but did not differ significantly between isolates from cows kept on organic and conventional farms, except for Streptococcus uberis, which exhibited significantly more single resistances (compared with no resistance) when isolated from cows kept on organic farms (6/10 isolates) than on conventional farms (0/5 isolates). Different percentages were found (albeit not statistically significant) in resistance to ceftiofur, erythromycin, clindamycin, enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol, penicillin, oxacillin, gentamicin, tetracycline, and quinupristin-dalfopristin, but, importantly, none of the strains was resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid or vancomycin. Multidrug resistance was rarely encountered. The frequency of antibiotic resistance in organic farms, in which the use of antibiotics must be very restricted, was not different from conventional farms, and was contrary to expectation. The antibiotic resistance status needs to be monitored in organic farms as well as conventional farms and production factors related to the absence of reduced antibiotic resistance in organic farms need to be evaluated.

The prevalence of low vision and blindness in Canada.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to ascertain the prevalence and primary causes of visual impairment in a representative Canadian population. METHODS: We reviewed a representative sample of patients who attended ophthalmologists' offices in a medium-sized Canadian city between 1996 and 2001 in order to estimate the prevalence of visual impairment. Demographic data, visual diagnoses, best-corrected visual acuities (BCVA), and visual field information were recorded. Visual status was categorized based on accepted World Health Organization (WHO) and North American criteria. Population data were obtained from the Canadian census. RESULTS: The prevalence of low vision and blindness in our population was 35.6 and 3.8 per 10 000 individuals, according to the WHO classification, and 71.2 and 23.6 per 10 000 individuals, using the North American definition. Among individuals with some vision loss (vision worse than 20/40), cataract and visual pathway disease were the most common causes, together accounting for 40% of visual impairment. Age-related macular degeneration and other retinal diseases were the next most common causes of vision loss. Diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma were less frequently encountered as causes of visual impairment. CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of low vision and blindness in Canada are in keeping with data from large population-based studies from other developed nations. Cataract, visual pathway disease, and macular degeneration are the leading causes of visual impairment. These results are important for enhancing our understanding of the scope of vision health in Canada and may direct future health planning and cost-utilization research.

Performance of dairy cows on Swiss farms with organic and integrated production.

Milk production of cows on farms in which milk was organically produced (OP) tends to be less than that on farms with conventional or integrated production (IP), but causes for the difference have not been thoroughly evaluated. We performed a study to investigate management, nutritional, metabolic, and endocrine risk factors that may be associated with lower milk production on OP farms. Fertility traits were also compared. In 60 OP and 60 IP farms, matched in size, location, and agricultural zone (altitude), 970 cows were selected. Body condition scores (BCS) and body weights (BW) were determined at approximately 29 d prepartum (visit 1) and at 31 (visit 2) and 102 d postpartum (visit 3). Blood was sampled at visit 2 to determine plasma concentrations of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, albumin, urea, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I), and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine. Metabolic and endocrine traits as well as milk yield, fertility, and feeding factors were compared among cows in the 2 production systems. A univariable and stepwise multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify risk factors for poor milk yield. Energy-corrected milk yield medians and milk urea concentrations were less in OP than in IP cows at visits 2 and 3. Organic farms provided less concentrates, and OP cows at all visits had lower BW than IP cows. Plasma albumin and urea concentrations were lower in OP than IP cows. The following factors were positively associated with low milk yield (below median): Simmental breed, greater BCS, positive California mastitis test in hindquarters, and sampling during summer. Factors associated with an elevated (above median) milk yield were: Holstein breed, greater BW and lactation number (age), weak udder suspension, greater blood albumin, milk fat and milk protein, more lactation persistency, longer calving intervals, routine teat dipping, and more outdoor access during winter. In conclusion, significant differences including milk yield were detected between Swiss OP and IP cows. Lower milk yields were due to a range of individual animal and farm-level factors such as breed, nutrition, management, and udder health.

Functional treatment of physeal and periphyseal injuries of the metacarpal and proximal phalangeal bones.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Hand fractures are common injuries in infants. Complications are rare because of potent remodeling dimension and rapid healing of growing bone. There is limited remodeling capacity for angular and rotational deformity so displaced fractures often require open reduction and internal fixation. METHODS: The authors present a splint system for a protected reduction and mobilization program of displaced proximal phalanx and metacarpal fractures. The custom-molded 2-component thermoplastic splint allows motion of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints. It has been developed to allow bone healing and recovery of motion at the same time. In this study, the authors evaluated the clinical and radiologic results of a series of 11 consecutive infants with displaced metacarpal fractures and 13 displaced proximal phalanx fractures who received functional treatment. RESULTS: Fracture consolidation and full active motion was achieved simultaneously in 4 weeks in 21 children; 2 infants required physiotherapy, and 1 child was lost to follow-up. No further growth abnormality was seen within a 12-month observation period. CONCLUSION: When there is no damage of soft tissue the functional mobilization program can lead to good results treating displaced physeal and periphyseal hand injuries of proximal phalanx and metacarpal fractures. J Pediatr Surg 36:611-615.

Influence of etiology in heterotopic bone formation of the hip.

OBJECTIVE: Heterotopic ossification (HO) in periarticular tissue can appear after brain or local joint trauma. The aim of this study was to investigate differences of manifestation and outcome after surgical therapy of patients suffering from HO of the hip after isolated brain injury (n = 18), local hip trauma (n = 21), or the combination of both (n = 25). HO can cause progressive lost of joint movement; once mature, the only therapy to improve joint mobility is the excision. METHODS: All patients underwent surgical removal of HO and postoperative irradiation therapy. On the basis of plain radiographic findings, we evaluated the recurrent ossification after 1-year and 5-year follow-up periods. Within this prospective study, clinical performance status was scored according to the classification of d'Aubigne and a planimeter was used to evaluate the area of heterotopic bone formation in standard x-rays films. RESULTS: The severity of brain trauma observed by Glasgow Coma Scale correlated with the ossification size (square centimeters). Correlation was noticed as well between severity of brain injury and functional outcome. The evaluation of an average 1-year and 5-year follow-up period showed relief of pain and clear improvement of range of motion in all patients. There was mild recurrence of heterotopic bone growth within the first postoperative year without deterioration of the functional results. CONCLUSION: The severity of brain trauma has an influence on the extent of HO near the hip joint and also on the rehabilitation process. The histologic findings and recurrence of HO after excision were not affected by the localization of initial trauma. There was only mild recurrence of heterotopic bone growth between the first and fifth postoperative year. For objective evaluation of heterotopic bone formation in standard x- ray films, planimetric measurement is a useful method.

Retrograde transynaptic pseudorabies virus infection of central autonomic circuits in neonatal rats.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is widely used to map synaptically-linked neural circuits in adult animals. The present study sought to determine whether PRV has similar utility in neonatal rats, and whether central PRV infection in neonates elicits astrocytic and microglia/macrophage responses similar to those that contribute to specific transynaptic neuronal infection in adult rats. Retrograde transneuronal infection of autonomic circuits was examined 24-64 h after injection of an attenuated strain of PRV (PRV-Bartha) into the ventral stomach wall of 1-day-old rats. Brain and spinal cord sections were processed for immunocytochemical detection of PRV. Alternate sections were processed for immunolocalization of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) to identify fibrous astrocytes, or for an antigen associated with the complement C3bi receptor (OX42) to identify microglia. As in adult rats, the number and distribution of infected CNS neurons in neonatal rats increased progressively with advancing post-inoculation survival. Infected CNS neurons initially were restricted to the thoracic intermediolateral cell column and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Longer survival times led to retrograde transynaptic infection of additional neurons in the thoracic spinal cord, nucleus of the solitary tract, ventrolateral medulla, and caudal raphe nuclei. At the longest post-inoculation intervals, infected neurons also were observed in the area postrema and in certain autonomic-related regions of the rostral brainstem, hypothalamus, and amygdala. Quantitative analysis of immunolabeling in the dorsal vagal complex demonstrated that regions containing neurons at early stages of viral infection displayed increased astrocytic GFAP immunostaining; conversely, areas containing neurons at later stages of infection were characterized by a significant loss of GFAP staining and a parallel increase of OX42 microglia/macrophage immunolabeling. We conclude that PRV is effectively transported through synaptically-linked CNS circuits in neonatal rats, and that spatiotemporally-ordered responses by non-neuronal cells may contribute to the synaptic specificity of transneuronal viral transport.

The natural history of X-linked retinoschisis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate long-term changes in visual acuity, clinical features and complications in X-linked retinoschisis, and to analyse recombinant chromosomes in affected males, carrier females and unaffected males to further refine the retinoschisis gene locus. DESIGN: Longitudinal study. SETTING: Ophthalmology department at a university-affiliated hospital in Saskatoon. PATIENTS: A total of 92 male patients from 6 pedigrees affected with X-linked retinoschisis examined between 1962 and 1994. Of the 92, 73 were followed for a mean of 19.78 (standard deviation 8.74) years (range 1.5 to 31 years). Blood samples were taken from 91 affected males, 100 unaffected males and 86 carrier females for DNA analysis. OUTCOME MEASURES: Significant visual loss was defined as a doubling or more in the visual angle. Clinical comparisons of fundus features were aided by stereoscopic fundus photographs. RESULTS: The mean geometric visual acuity was 20/67 on initial examination and 20/78 on last assessment. Significant loss in visual acuity occurred in 18 (21.2%) of 85 eyes of 43 patients during childhood or adolescence and in 20 (17.1%) of 117 eyes of 59 patients in the postadolescent period. All 183 eyes had changes at the macula. Peripheral schisis was detected in 106 eyes (57.9%), with a mean of 1.48 (standard deviation 1.03) involved quadrants. Asymmetric disease was detected in 19 patients (20.6%). Vitreal hemorrhages occurred in 24 eyes (13.1%), retinal detachments in 10 (5.5%). Thirteen eyes (7.1%) of eight patients had a very poor visual outcome (light perception or no light perception). A new gene, XLRSI, was identified by means of positional cloning. XLRSI is mutated in affected people. CONCLUSIONS: In uncomplicated cases of X-linked retinoschisis the visual prognosis is good. There is wide variation in clinical features among those affected and in the disease over time.

Remodeling filtering blebs with the neodymium:YAG laser.

PURPOSE: To describe a new method of treating large, overfiltering, leaking blebs using a continuous-wave neodymium:YAG laser. METHODS: Twenty-three eyes of 23 patients underwent YAG laser remodeling because of overfiltration and hypotony (group 1; n = 14); leaking bleb and hypotony (group 2; n = 5); and large, irritating bleb (group 3; n = 4). Using a neodymium:YAG laser in the continuous-wave multimode, a grid pattern of laser treatment was placed over the entire bleb using energy levels between 3.0 and 4.0 J and a laser offset between 0.9 and 1.2 mm. A torpedo patch then was placed directly over the bleb for 48 hours. Steroid therapy was avoided. RESULTS: In group 1, 64% of eyes had an intraocular pressure increase of at least 3.0 mmHg. In group 2, 80% of bleb leaks were sealed. In group 3, 100% of patients had resolution of their discomfort. The elevation in intraocular pressure peaked at 1 to 3 months and diminished thereafter. There was improvement in vision of at least two Snellen acuity lines in 52% of eyes. Complications included the need for laser retreatment (7 eyes), creation of temporary bleb leak by the YAG laser (2 eyes), transient increase in intraocular pressure (2 eyes), and corneal edema (1 eye). CONCLUSION: The continuous-wave neodymium:YAG laser can be used to effectively change the appearance and behavior of filtering blebs, although the duration of treatment effect is unknown.

X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (RS) maps between DXS987 and DXS443.

X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (RS) has previously been localized to a 7-8 cM interval between markers at (DXS43, DXS207) and (DXS274, DXS41). Our analysis of more than 300 meioses in two multigeneration RS families identified eight recombinant RS chromosomes and narrowed the RS locus to an interval between DXS987 and DXS443. Our data suggest the following order of loci: Xpter-DXS207-DXS987-([DXS418-DXS999], RS)-DXS443-DXS365-DXS274-Xcen.