Corrigendum: Cross-reactive humoral and CD4+ T cell responses to Mu and Gamma SARS-CoV-2 variants in a Colombian population.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1241038.].

Cross-reactive humoral and CD4+ T cell responses to Mu and Gamma SARS-CoV-2 variants in a Colombian population.

The SARS CoV-2 antibody and CD4+ T cell responses induced by natural infection and/or vaccination decline over time and cross-recognize other viral variants at different levels. However, there are few studies evaluating the levels and durability of the SARS CoV-2-specific antibody and CD4+ T cell response against the Mu, Gamma, and Delta variants. Here, we examined, in two ambispective cohorts of naturally-infected and/or vaccinated individuals, the titers of anti-RBD antibodies and the frequency of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells up to 6 months after the last antigen exposure. In naturally-infected individuals, the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response declined 6 months post-symptoms onset. However, the kinetic observed depended on the severity of the disease, since individuals who developed severe COVID-19 maintained the binding antibody titers. Also, there was detectable binding antibody cross-recognition for the Gamma, Mu, and Delta variants, but antibodies poorly neutralized Mu. COVID-19 vaccines induced an increase in antibody titers 15-30 days after receiving the second dose, but these levels decreased at 6 months. However, as expected, a third dose of the vaccine caused a rise in antibody titers. The dynamics of the antibody response upon vaccination depended on the previous SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Lower levels of vaccine-induced antibodies were associated with the development of breakthrough infections. Vaccination resulted in central memory spike-specific CD4+ T cell responses that cross-recognized peptides from the Gamma and Mu variants, and their duration also depended on previous SARS-CoV-2 exposure. In addition, we found cross-reactive CD4+ T cell responses in unexposed and unvaccinated individuals. These results have important implications for vaccine design for new SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest and concern.

Toward elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Malawi: Findings from the Malawi Population-based HIV Impact Assessment (2015-2016).

BACKGROUND: Malawi spearheaded the development and implementation of Option B+ for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT), providing life-long ART for all HIV-positive pregnant and breastfeeding women. We used data from the 2015-2016 Malawi Population-based HIV Impact Assessment (MPHIA) to estimate progress toward 90-90-90 targets (90% of those with HIV know their HIV-positive status; of these, 90% are receiving ART; and of these, 90% have viral load suppression [VLS]) for HIV-positive women reporting a live birth in the previous 3 years. METHODS: MPHIA was a nationally representative household survey; consenting eligible women aged 15-64 years were interviewed on pregnancies and outcomes, including HIV status during their most recent pregnancy, PMTCT uptake, and early infant diagnosis (EID) testing. Descriptive analyses were weighted to account for the complex survey design. Viral load (VL) results were categorized by VLS (<1,000 copies/mL) and undetectable VL (target not detected/below the limit of detection). RESULTS: Of the 3,153 women included in our analysis, 371 (10.1%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.8%-11.3%) tested HIV positive in the survey. Most HIV-positive women (84.2%, 95% CI: 79.9%-88.6%) reported knowing their HIV-positive status; of these, 94.9% (95% CI: 91.7%-98.2%) were receiving ART; and of these, 91.2% (95% CI: 87.4%-95.0%) had VLS. Among the 371 HIV-positive women, 76.0% (95% CI: 70.4%-81.7%) had VLS and 66.5% (95% CI: 59.8%-73.2%) had undetectable VL. Among 262 HIV-exposed children, 50.8% (95% CI: 42.8%-58.8%) received EID testing within 2 months of birth, whereas 17.9% (95% CI: 11.9%-23.8%) did not receive EID testing. Of 190 HIV-exposed children with a reported HIV test result, 2.1% (95% CI: 0.0%-4.6%) had positive results. CONCLUSIONS: MPHIA data demonstrate high PMTCT uptake at a population level. However, our results identify some gaps in VLS in postpartum women and EID testing.

Cumulative incidence, prevalence, seroconversion, and associated factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers of a University Hospital in Bogotá, Colombia.

This study aimed to determine the cumulative incidence, prevalence, and seroconversion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its associated factors among healthcare workers (HCWs) of a University Hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. An ambispective cohort was established from March 2020 to February 2021. From November 2020 to February 2021, SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were measured on two occasions 14-90 days apart to determine seroprevalence and seroconversion. We used multivariate log-binomial regression to evaluate factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among 2,597 HCWs, the cumulative incidence of infection was 35.7%, and seroprevalence was 21.5%. A reduced risk of infection was observed among those aged 35-44 and ≥45 years (adjusted relative risks [aRRs], 0.84 and 0.83, respectively), physicians (aRR, 0.77), those wearing N95 respirators (aRR, 0.82) and working remotely (aRR, 0.74). Being overweight (aRR, 1.18) or obese (aRR, 1.24); being a nurse or nurse assistant (aRR, 1.20); working in the emergency room (aRR, 1.45), general wards (aRR, 1.45), intensive care unit (aRR, 1.34), or COVID-19 areas (aRR, 1.17); and close contact with COVID-19 cases (aRR, 1.47) increased the risk of infection. The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection found in this study reflects the dynamics of the first year of the pandemic in Bogotá. A high burden of infection calls for strengthening prevention and screening measures for HCWs, focusing especially on those at high risk.

Cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities in people living with HIV: A cross-sectional multicenter study from Colombia comorbidities in a Colombian PLWHIV population.

INTRODUCTION: HIV is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). There is insufficient information regarding comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors in the Colombian HIV population. The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities in patients from the HIV Colombian Group VIHCOL. METHODS: This is a multicenter, cross-sectional study conducted in the VIHCOL network in Colombia. Patients 18 years or older who had at least 6 months of follow-up were included. A stratified random sampling was performed to estimate the adjusted prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities. RESULTS: A total of 1616 patients were included. 83.2% were men, and the median age was 34 years. The adjusted prevalence for dyslipidemia, active tobacco use, hypothyroidism, and arterial hypertension was 51.2% (99% CI: 48.0%-54.4%), 7.6% (99% CI: 5.9%-9.3%), 7.4% (99% CI: 5.7%-9.1%), and 6.3% (99% CI: 4.8%-7.9%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this Colombian HIV cohort, there is a high prevalence of modifiable CVD risk factors such as dyslipidemia and active smoking. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological measures for the prevention and management of these risk factors should be reinforced.

Prevalence of and factors associated with late diagnosis of HIV in Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe: Results from population-based nationally representative surveys.

INTRODUCTION: Late diagnosis of HIV (LD) increases the risk of morbidity, mortality, and HIV transmission. We used nationally representative data from population-based HIV impact assessment (PHIA) surveys in Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (2015-2016) to characterize adults at risk of LD and to examine associations between LD and presumed HIV transmission to cohabiting sexual partners. METHODS: We estimated the prevalence of LD, defined as CD4 count <350 cells/µL, among adults newly diagnosed with HIV during the surveys and odds ratios for associated factors. We linked newly diagnosed adults (index cases) to their household sexual partners and calculated adjusted odds ratios for associations between LD of the index case, viral load of the index case, and duration of HIV exposure in the relationship, and the HIV status of the household sexual partner. RESULTS: Of 1,804 adults who were newly diagnosed with HIV in the surveys, 49% (882) were diagnosed late. LD was associated with male sex, older age, and almost five times the odds of having an HIV-positive household sexual partner (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.65 [95% confidence interval: 2.56-8.45]). Longer duration of HIV exposure in a relationship and higher viral load of the index case were both independently associated with higher odds of having HIV-positive household sexual partners. Individuals with HIV exposure of more than 5 years had more than three times (aOR 3.42 [95% CI: 1.63-7.18]) higher odds of being HIV positive than those with less than 2 years HIV exposure. The odds of being HIV positive were increased in individuals who were in a relationship with an index case with a viral load of 400-3499 copies/mL (aOR 4.06 [95% CI 0.45-36.46]), 3,500-9,999 copies/mL (aOR 11.32 [95% CI: 4.08-31.39]), 10,000-49,999 copies/mL (aOR 17.07 [95% CI: 9.18-31.72]), and ≥50,000 copies/mL (aOR 28.41 [95% CI: 12.18-66.28]) compared to individuals who were in a relationship with an index case with a viral load of <400 copies/mL. CONCLUSIONS: LD remains a challenge in Southern Africa and is strongly associated with presumed HIV transmission to household sexual partners. Our study underscores the need for earlier HIV diagnosis, particularly among men and older adults, and the importance of index testing.

Opportunities for Closing the Gap in HIV Diagnosis, Treatment, and Viral Load Suppression in Children in Malawi: Results From a 2015-2016 Population-based HIV Impact Assessment Survey.

BACKGROUND: Control of the pediatric HIV epidemic is hampered by gaps in diagnosis and linkage to effective treatment. The 2015-2016 Malawi Population-based HIV impact assessment data were analyzed to identify gaps in pediatric HIV diagnosis, treatment, and viral load suppression. METHODS: In half of the surveyed households, children ages ≥18 months to <15 years were tested using the national HIV rapid test algorithm. Children ≤18 months reactive by the initial rapid test underwent HIV total nucleic acid polymerase chain reaction confirmatory testing. Blood from HIV-positive children was tested for viral load (VL) and presence of antiretroviral drugs. HIV diagnosis and antiretroviral treatment (ART) use were defined using guardian-reporting or antiretroviral detection. RESULTS: Of the 6166 children tested, 99 were HIV-positive for a prevalence of 1.5% (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.1-1.9) and 8.0% (95% CI: 5.6-10.5) among HIV-exposed children. The prevalence of 1.5% was extrapolated to a national estimate of 119,501 (95% CI: 89,028-149,974) children living with HIV (CLHIV), of whom, 30.7% (95% CI: 20.3-41.1) were previously undiagnosed. Of the 69.3% diagnosed CLHIV, 86.1% (95% CI: 76.8-95.6) were on ART and 57.9% (95% CI: 41.4-74.4) of those on ART had suppressed VL (<1000 HIV RNA copies/mL). Among all CLHIV, irrespective of HIV diagnosis or ART use, 57.7% (95% CI: 45.0-70.5) had unsuppressed VL. CONCLUSIONS: Critical gaps in HIV diagnosis in children persist in Malawi. The large proportion of CLHIV with unsuppressed VL reflects gaps in diagnosis and need for more effective first- and second-line ART regimens and adherence interventions.

Elaboración de una guía de práctica clínica con enfoque homeopático para el manejo de la enfermedad diarreica aguda infantil, con la utilización de la herramienta adapte 2 0 / Preparation of a clinical practice guide with homeopathic approach for the management of acute childhood diarrheal disease, with the use of the tool adapte 2 0

La homeopatía es un sistema medico usado en el manejo de pacientes pediátricos cuya demanda ha sido creciente en los últimos años, al igual que la alopatía está sujeta a los requerimientos legales para su práctica clínica. En el anexo técnico 01 de la Resolución N°. 1043 de 3 de abril de 2006 la ley colombiana establece las condiciones de los prestadores de salud para la habilitación de servicios y fija los requerimientos mínimos para la práctica médica. Dentro de las condiciones contempla la necesidad de Guías de Práctica Clínica de las principales causas de consulta creando la necesidad de generar guías con enfoque homeopático que cumplan con estándares internacionales de calidad. Este trabajo propone la creación de una guía clínica adaptada del manejo de la diarrea aguda infantil con un enfoque homeopático, a partir de fuentes primarias alopáticas tratadas con la aplicación de la herramienta ADAPTE 2.0.

Immediate function of four zygomatic implants: a 1-year report of a prospective study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcome of maxillary prostheses supported by four immediately loaded zygomatic implants after 1 year of function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeen patients were consecutively included and followed up to 1 year after prosthetic loading. Patients had severely atrophic maxillae (Cawood and Howell classification C-VI and D-V or D-VI) and were rehabilitated using four immediately loaded zygomatic implants, two in each zygoma bone. Outcome measures were success rates of the prostheses, of the zygomatic implants, complications and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). RESULTS: No patients dropped out. No zygomatic implants were lost, although one implant could not be used because it was placed in an unfavourable position. The orbital cavity was penetrated during the drilling procedure in one patient with no relevant clinical consequences. One patient experienced an infection followed by a fistula in one zygomatic implant, which was successfully treated. The average score from the OHIP-14 questionnaire was 3.4, which is similar to that of the general population. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that four immediately loaded zygomatic implants can be used to rehabilitate patients with severely atrophied maxillae.

Subclinical coronary atherosclerosis, HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy: Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of HIV infection and cumulative exposure to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with the presence and extent of coronary artery calcification (CAC). DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of 947 male participants (332 HIV-seronegative, 84 HAART-naive and 531 HAART-experienced HIV-infected) from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. METHODS: The main outcome was CAC score calculated as the geometric mean of the Agatston scores of two computed tomography replicates. Presence of CAC was defined as calcification score above 10, and extent of CAC by the score for those with CAC present. Multivariable regression was used to evaluate the association between HIV infection and HAART and presence and extent of calcification. RESULTS: Increasing age was most strongly associated with both prevalence and extent of CAC for all study groups. After adjustment for age, race, family history, smoking, high-density lipoprotein-C, low-density lipoprotein-C and hypertension, HIV infection (odds ratio, 1.35; 95% confidence interval, 0.70, 2.61) and long-term HAART use (odds ratio, 1.33; 95% confidence interval, 0.87, 2.05) increased the odds for presence of CAC. In contrast, after adjustment for these covariates, the extent of CAC was lower among HAART users. Among those not taking lipid-lowering therapy, HAART usage of at least 8 years was associated with significantly reduced CAC scores (relative CAC score, 0.43; 95% confidence interval, 0.24, 0.79). CONCLUSION: HAART use may have different effects on the presence and extent of coronary calcification. Although prevalence of calcification was marginally increased among long-term HAART users, the extent of calcification was significantly reduced among HAART users compared with HIV-seronegative controls.

Sinus reactions to immediately loaded zygoma implants: a clinical and radiological study.

AIM: There are no published studies regarding sinus reactions to immediately loaded zygomatic implants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the maxillary sinus in a cohort of patients by means of clinical criteria and computerised tomography performed before surgery and after zygomatic implant placement (immediate function protocol). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 36 patients with 71 immediately loaded zygomatic implants were evaluated to find clinical criteria of maxillary sinus disturbance 13 to 42 months (average 21.9 months) after zygoma implant placement. A total of 44 implants had a machined surface and 27 had a porous titanium oxide surface. Twenty-six patients with 52 immediately loaded zygomatic implants were evaluated by means of a CT scan of the paranasal sinuses, 3 to 20 months (average 10.5 months) after zygomatic implant placement. All patients had no sinus symptoms before surgery and had a preoperative CT scan. RESULTS: No clinical signs or symptoms of sinusitis were found. Radiological opacity of the antrum was found in two sinuses (out of 52), and minimal thickening of the Schneiderian membrane was found in 12 patients (out of 26). In eight of them, this was present in the preoperative CT scan. CONCLUSIONS: Sinuses penetrated by zygomatic implants seem to maintain a normal physiology. However, in approximately 15 to 20% of patients, early radiological findings without clinical symptoms were observed.

Clinical outcome of 42 patients treated with 81 immediately loaded zygomatic implants: a 12- to 42-month retrospective study.

AIM: Rehabilitation of the edentulous atrophic maxilla by implants to allow placement of a fixed dental prosthesis remains a challenge, especially if immediate function is provided. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the success rate of immediately loaded zygomatic implants placed in atrophic maxillae. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-two consecutively treated patients (19 men and 23 women), with a mean age of 57 years (range: 34 to 79 years) were followed for at least one year (range: 12 to 42 months, mean: 20.5 months). Thirty-seven patients were totally edentulous and five were partially edentulous. In total, 81 zygomatic and 140 conventional implants were inserted. The success criteria for the zygomatic implants were: (1) confirmed individual implant anchorage to the zygomatic bone by means of anteroposterior cranial radiograph; (2) the implant acting as an anchor for the functional prostheses; (3) no suppuration, pain, or ongoing pathological process at maxillary and zygomatic level; (4) confirmed individual implant stability. All patients had a fixed prosthesis screwed onto implants within 48 hours of implant placement. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. RESULTS: After one year, there was no patient drop-out. None of the zygomatic implants were lost over the observation period (100% success rate). Four conventional implants were lost, resulting in a success rate of 97%. All the prostheses were stable. Oroantral fistula and sinusitis was found in one patient, which was solved with antibiotics and meatotomy, with no further complications. Soft tissue swelling and pain at the zygomatic area were found in another patient after 10 days of surgery. This was solved with antibiotics, with no further complications. CONCLUSIONS: Zygomatic implants together with conventional implants in severely resorbed maxillae appear to be a reliable technique for providing immediate function to patients. The time of treatment can be substantially decreased in a predictable way if zygomatic implants are loaded immediately after placement.

Immediate function in the atrophic maxilla using zygoma implants: a preliminary study.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Oral rehabilitation of the edentulous atrophic maxilla to allow placement of a fixed dental prosthesis remains a challenge, especially if immediate function is provided. PURPOSE: The aim of this retrospective, preliminary study was to evaluate, after a period of a 6 to 29 months' follow-up of prosthetic loading, the survival rate of 36 immediately loaded zygomatic implants placed in 18 atrophied maxillae. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighteen consecutive patients (6 men and 12 women), with an average age of 58 years (range of 44-74 years), were followed up to 29 months (average of 14 months). The clinical criteria included stability of the implants and the prosthesis, resonance frequency analysis (RFA), and evaluation of swelling, pain, or discomfort. Radiographic analysis was completed for conventional implants, but not for zygoma implants. All patients had a fixed prosthesis screwed onto implants within 48 hours after implant placement. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: No zygomatic implants were lost over the observation period. Survival rate was 100% over an average 14-month observation period. Three conventional implants were lost, resulting in a survival rate of 95.6%. All the provisional prostheses were stable, and no relevant complications were noted. CONCLUSIONS: The use of zygoma implants, together with conventional implants, in severely resorbed maxilla, appears to be a reliable technique for providing immediate function to patients.

Diseño e implementación del sistema integrado de información para la E.S.E. Hospital San Rafael de Fusagasugá 2004 / Design and implementation of the integrated system of information for the E.S.E. Hospital San Rafael of Fusagasuga 2004

La E.S.E. Hospital San Rafael de Fusagasuga en Cundinamarca, presta servicios en los niveles I, II y algunos del III nivel de atención, para alrededor de 200.000 y 300.000 usuarios potenciales de la región del Sumapaz, los cuales pertenecen a diversos regímenes de salud y poseen diferentes beneficios de atención. Dentro de los problemas actuales del Hospital se encuentra que los procesos y procedimientos están desactualizados, y que se tiene un sistema de información insuficiente y desintegrado, lo que lleva a la inadecuada gestión dentro de las áreas, ineficiente prestación de los servicios de salud, aumento de las glosas y de los costos operativos; todo ello se traduce en insatisfacción de los usuarios por múltiples razones entre ellas, la insuficiente información acerca de los trámites concernientes a la atención, los largos períodos de espera en asignación de citas y consecución de documentos, además de los excesivos filtros para acceder a los servicios. Por otro lado, se hace necesario que la administración del Hospital tenga conocimiento de las necesidades tanto internas como las de la población, mediante indicadores que reflejen la situación real de la organización y de la comunidad, para poder destinar los recursos al fortalecimiento de los servicios más requeridos por la población, a la implementación de medidas de control de la gestión en las diferentes áreas, a la redefinición de funciones de su personal; finalmente esto será un gran aporte para la región, ya que con la adecuada intervención del sector salud se contribuye al mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de la población. Por lo tanto se propone realizar el montaje y puesta en marcha del sistema integrado de información para la E.S.E. Hospital San Rafael de Fusagasugá en un término de dieciocho meses, por medio del diseño e implementación de un software modular, con un costo aproximado de seiscientos veinte millones de pesos. Paralelamente se desarrollarán los proyectos de definición y doc.

Aproximación cualitativa al abandono del tratamiento antituberculoso en casos nuevos tratados en Bogotá / Qualitative approach to the abandonment of anti-tuberculosis treatment in new cases treated in Bogota

Antecedentes: el abandono del tratamiento antituberculoso constituye un importante problema de salud pública, dada su magnitud y efecto desfavorable en el logro de las metas de control de la tuberculosis. El conocimiento de las razones que lo motivan es prioritario para definir estrategias efectivas de intervención. Objetivo: identificar los factores individuales y de la atención de salud que son referidos como causa de abandono por pacientes tuberculo-sos que dejaron el tratamiento durante 1999. Metodología: el abordaje metodológico fue cualitativo, utilizando la técnica de entrevista en profundidad. La población objetivo correspondió a los 78 casos de abandono que se presentaron en la cohorte de casos nuevos de Tuberculosis que iniciaron tratamiento en instituciones notificadoras de Bogotá durante 1999. Para el estudio se eligieron 63 casos, todos ellos entrevistados. Resultados: en orden de frecuencia se identificaron como principales razones para haber abandonado el tratamiento: los efectos secundarios de la medicación, problemas con la atención, dificultades para conseguir el tratamiento, problemas económicos, problemas sociales, problemas con la información, problemas relacionados con el abuso de sustancias, decisión/olvido, mejoría sintomática y hospitalización por enfermedad intercurrente. Con respecto a los efectos secundarios de la medicación, las respuestas sugieren que como los factores adicionales al efecto adverso (sus características, intensidad o duración), la calidad de la atención y el seguimiento juegan un papel importante en la decisión de suspender el tratamiento. También fueron Identificados problemas en aspectos relacionados con el programa, con la institución donde se recibió tratamiento, con el personal de salud, con el personal administrativo de la institución de tratamiento, con el personal administrativo de la entidad de afiliación, con la información, con el inicio del tratamiento y con el régimen de aseguramiento en salud. Conclusiones: las razones para el abandono en este grupo de pacientes difieren considerablemente de las tradicionalmente encontradas e indican el importante papel jugado por las deficiencias en los aspectos logísticos y operativos del programa.

Background: the abandonment of tuberculosis treatment is an important public health problem, given its magnitude and unfavorable effect on the achievement of tuberculosis control goals. Knowledge of the reasons for this is a priority in order to define effective intervention strategies. Objective: to identify the individual and health care factors that are referred as a cause of abandonment by tuberculosis patients who stopped treatment during 1999. Methodology: the methodological approach was qualitative, using the in-depth interview technique. The target population corresponded to the 78 dropout cases that occurred in the cohort of new cases of tuberculosis that started treatment in notifying institutions in Bogota during 1999. Sixty-three cases were selected for the study, all of them interviewed. Results: in order of frequency, the following were identified as the main reasons for having abandoned treatment: medication side effects, problems with care, difficulties in obtaining treatment, economic problems, social problems, problems with information, problems related to substance abuse, decision/forgetfulness, symptomatic improvement, and hospitalization for intercurrent disease. With respect to medication side effects, the responses suggest that as factors in addition to the adverse effect (its characteristics, intensity or duration), quality of care and follow-up play an important role in the decision to discontinue treatment. Problems were also identified in aspects related to the program, to the institution where treatment was received, to the health personnel, to the administrative personnel of the treatment institution, to the administrative personnel of the affiliation entity, to the information, to the start of treatment and to the health insurance regime. Conclusions: the reasons for dropout in this group of patients differ considerably from those traditionally found and indicate the important role played by deficiencies in the logistical and operational aspects of the program.

Regeneración osea guiada utilizando sulfato de calcio como barrera biodegradable en fracturas inducidas en mandíbula de conejo / Bone regeneration in rabbits

El propósito de este estudio fué evaluar los efectos del sulfato de calcio,utilizando como membrana biodegradable en fracturas mandibulares inducidas en mandíbulas de conejo en comparación con la no utilización del material en períodos de cicatrización de 15,30,y 45 días.Se utilizaron para éste estudio 18 conejos de raza Nueva Zelandia,adultos jóvenes,con un peso entre 1200 a 2000,como sujetos de experimentación, en los cuales se indujeron fracturas mandibulares completas dividiéndolos en dos grupos:Al grupo estudio se le colocó sulfato de calcioadicional a la osteosíntesis y en elgrupocontrol se descartó las utilización del material,para posteriorment ser sacrificados y evaluar cicatrización.Durante el tiempo pos-operatorio se descartaron 4 ejemplares por muerte y de estaforma la muestra se redujo a 14 especímenes.Con el presente estudio se puede afirmar que existe variación en la cicatrización ósea al utilizar el sulfato de calcio como barrera biodegradable y la no utilización de este tipo de material,comprobando que se obtienen mejores resultados sin la colocación de dicho material en el sitio de la fractura,al ser valorado en los tres periodos de cicratización de 15,30 y 45 días.