Set and setting predict psychopathology, wellbeing and meaningfulness of psychedelic experiences: a correlational study.

BACKGROUND: In psychedelic therapy, the importance of set and setting is a fundamental but under-researched assumption. The aim of this study is to correlate variables of set (psychedelic use motivation) and setting (psychedelic use location and type of companion) with psychopathology, wellbeing and personality variables. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A sample of 1022 participants of the Spanish-speaking population was collected through an online survey. A novel instrument, the Psychedelic Use Scale (PUS), was developed to measure substance use variables of LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, DMT, 5-Meo-DMT, ketamine, Salvia divinorum, ibogaine and MDMA. Various personality, well-being and psychopathology instruments were implemented to measure outcome variables. RESULTS: Growth motivations, natural settings and presence of significant others predicted less psychopathology, greater wellbeing and meaningfulness of psychedelic experiences, whereas problematic motivations predicted greater psychopathology, lower wellbeing and did not predict meaningfulness of psychedelic experiences. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, we suggest experimental hypotheses for future clinical trials and longitudinal studies with potential clinical implications.

Hofmann vs. Paracelsus: Do Psychedelics Defy the Basics of Toxicology?-A Systematic Review of the Main Ergolamines, Simple Tryptamines, and Phenylethylamines.

Psychedelics are experiencing a strong renaissance and will soon be incorporated into clinical practice. However, there is uncertainty about how much harm they can cause at what doses. This review aimed to collect information on the health-hazardous doses of psychedelic substances, to be aware of the risks to which patients may be subjected. We focused on ergolamines, simple tryptamines, and phenylethylamines. We reviewed articles published in major medical and scientific databases. Studies reporting toxic or lethal doses in humans and animals were included. We followed PRISMA criteria for revisions. We identified 3032 manuscripts for inclusion. Of these, 33 were ultimately useful and gave relevant information about effects associated with high psychedelics doses. Despite having different molecular structures and different mechanisms of action, psychedelics are effective at very low doses, are not addictive, and are harmful at extremely high doses. For LSD and psilocybin, no dose has been established above which the lives of users are endangered. In contrast, MDMA appears to be the most dangerous substance, although reports are biased by recreational missuses. It seems that it is not only the dose that makes the poison. In the case of psychedelics, the set and setting make the poison.

Mindfulness Prevents Depression and Psychopathology in Elderly People with Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: This longitudinal study addressed whether mindfulness practice prevents psychological and behavioral symptoms, especially mood disorders, in Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of depression in the course of AD and to determine which non-pharmacological treatment (NPT) is most effective in preventing psychopathological symptoms. METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal, non-inferiority and equivalence randomized clinical trial, repeated-measures design, with a control group and three experimental treatments: mindfulness, cognitive stimulation, and relaxation. Each experimental group performed three weekly sessions for two years. The pharmacological treatment of all participants was donepezil (10 mg). Participants were patients with probable AD without diagnosed depression from the public neurology services of the Canary Health Service, Spain. Psychological evaluation was performed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI-Q). The statistical analysis included only patients who attended at least 75% of the sessions. A nonparametric, repeated-measures analysis was performed with Kruskal-Wallis H test and between-group differences with Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction (p < 0.008). Effect size was calculated with partial eta-squared. RESULTS: The results showed significant differences with large effect sizes (η2p>0.14) between mindfulness and the rest of the experimental groups as well as the control in the GDS, HDRS, and NPI-Q scales. CONCLUSION: Compared to the other experimental groups, only mindfulness prevented the onset of depression and other psychopathologies in early-stage AD. Based on its effectiveness in maintaining cognitive functions and preventing psychopathology, we recommend mindfulness as the first-choice NPT for mild to moderate AD.

Estimulación basada en mindfulness en la enfermedad de Alzheimer avanzada: ensayo clínico piloto comparativo de equivalencia / Mindfulness-based stimulation in advanced Alzheimer's disease: a comparative, non-inferiority, clinical pilot study

Introducción. Se llevó a cabo un estudio longitudinal para analizar la viabilidad, la seguridad y los efectos de la práctica de mindfulness, relajación y estimulación cognitiva en la evolución clínica de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) con el objetivo de analizar la equivalencia de estos tratamientos. Material y métodos. En el estudio participaron 168 personas con EA probable en tratamiento con donepezilo. En este artículo se muestra a los 21 participantes en estadio grave que completaron el seguimiento de 24 meses. Se agrupó a los sujetos en 3 grupos experimentales (estimulación cognitiva, relajación y mindfulness) y uno control. Cada grupo desarrolló 3 sesiones semanales con medidas semestrales de seguimiento (cognición: CAMCOG y MMSE; funcionalidad: RDRS-2; psicopatología: NPI). Se realizaron análisis no paramétricos. Resultados. Las puntuaciones de la función cognitiva y la funcionalidad indicaron que no existían diferencias significativas entre los diferentes grupos. No obstante, los grupos de mindfulness y estimulación cognitiva no perdieron puntuación en la capacidad cognitiva en el análisis intragrupo. En el NPI se produjeron diferencias entre el grupo de mindfulness y el control al final del estudio (p < 0,017). Conclusión. Los datos muestran que el tratamiento de donepezilo con mindfulness o estimulación cognitiva presenta una mejor evolución clínica que el tratamiento farmacológico solo o combinado con relajación. Estos datos indican que se debe seguir trabajando en nuevas alternativas terapéuticas para la EA avanzada y que los tratamientos no farmacológicos deben ser recomendados en la práctica clínica para el control evolutivo de la enfermedad a largo plazo. Ensayos con un mayor número de participantes son necesarios para confirmar los resultados informados en este estudio (AU)

Introduction. A longitudinal study was conducted in order to analyze the feasibility, safety, and effects of the practice of mindfulness, relaxation and cognitive stimulation on the evolution of Alzheimer's disease, with the aim of testing the equivalence of these interventions. Material and methods. There were a total of 168 participants with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) treated with donepezil. In the present article, the 21 participants with advanced AD who completed a follow-up period of 24 months are presented. The participants were grouped into three experimental groups (mindfulness, relaxation, and cognitive stimulation) and one control group. Each group carried out three weekly sessions with bi-annual follow-up measurements (cognition: CAMCOG and MMSE; functionality: RDRS; psychopathology: NPI). Non-parametric analyses were performed. Results. The cognitive function and functionality scores showed no significant differences between the groups. However, the scores in cognitive function of the mindfulness group and the cognitive stimulation group did not decrease in an intra-group analysis. In NPI, there were significant differences between the mindfulness group and the control group by the end of the study (P<.017). Conclusion. The data showed that the treatment with donepezil in combination with mindfulness or cognitive stimulation presented a better clinical evolution than the pharmacological treatment alone or combined with relaxation. These data suggest that these therapeutic alternatives should be investigated further, and that the non-pharmacological treatments should be recommended in clinical practice in order to control the evolution of AD in the long term. In order to confirm these findings, a larger study is necessary (AU)

[Mindfulness-based stimulation in advanced Alzheimer's disease: A comparative, non-inferiority, clinical pilot study]. / Estimulación basada en mindfulness en la enfermedad de Alzheimer avanzada: ensayo clínico piloto comparativo de equivalencia.

INTRODUCTION: A longitudinal study was conducted in order to analyze the feasibility, safety, and effects of the practice of mindfulness, relaxation and cognitive stimulation on the evolution of Alzheimer's disease, with the aim of testing the equivalence of these interventions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: There were a total of 168 participants with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) treated with donepezil. In the present article, the 21 participants with advanced AD who completed a follow-up period of 24 months are presented. The participants were grouped into three experimental groups (mindfulness, relaxation, and cognitive stimulation) and one control group. Each group carried out three weekly sessions with bi-annual follow-up measurements (cognition: CAMCOG and MMSE; functionality: RDRS; psychopathology: NPI). Non-parametric analyses were performed. RESULTS: The cognitive function and functionality scores showed no significant differences between the groups. However, the scores in cognitive function of the mindfulness group and the cognitive stimulation group did not decrease in an intra-group analysis. In NPI, there were significant differences between the mindfulness group and the control group by the end of the study (P<.017). CONCLUSION: The data showed that the treatment with donepezil in combination with mindfulness or cognitive stimulation presented a better clinical evolution than the pharmacological treatment alone or combined with relaxation. These data suggest that these therapeutic alternatives should be investigated further, and that the non-pharmacological treatments should be recommended in clinical practice in order to control the evolution of AD in the long term. In order to confirm these findings, a larger study is necessary.

Efectos de un programa de intervención neuropsicológica basado en mindfulness sobre la enfermedad de Alzheimer: ensayo clínico aleatorizado a doble ciego / Effects of a neuropsychology program based on mindfulness on Alzheimer's disease: randomized double-blind clinical study

Introducción. Evaluar los efectos de un programa de intervención neuropsicológica basado en mindfulness en la evolución clínica de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Material y método. Se realizó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado de dos años de duración a doble ciego. En el estudio participaron 127 personas mayores con enfermedad de Alzheimer probable según criterios de la NINCDS-ADRDA. Se agruparon los enfermos en tres grupos experimentales (estimulación cognitiva, relajación muscular progresiva y mindfulness) y un grupo control. Todos los enfermos estaban en tratamiento con donepezilo. Se evaluaron las capacidades cognitivas con el CAMCOG y MMSE, el área funcional con el RDRS-2 y el área psicopatológica con el NPI. Se desarrollaron tres sesiones a la semana durante 2 años con medidas semestrales de seguimiento. Resultados. Las mediciones de la función cognitiva global, la funcionalidad y los trastornos de conducta asociados a la demencia indicaron que los enfermos del grupo experimental basado en mindfulness se han mantenido estables durante los dos años, mientras que los controles y el resto de los grupos experimentales muestran un leve pero significativo empeoramiento de sus capacidades mentales. Conclusión. El programa de intervención neuropsicológica basado en mindfulness se ha asociado con la estabilidad cognitiva y funcional y mejoras significativas en la situación psicopatológica de los enfermos de Alzheimer en fase leve y moderada. Estos resultados apoyan la idea de que la intervención basada en mindfulness puede producir un beneficio clínicamente relevante en el tratamiento de la demencia. Se debe seguir trabajando en esta línea para confirmar estos datos (AU)

Introduction. The purpose of this research was to assess effects of a mindfulness based neuropsychological intervention on the clinical course of Alzheimer's disease. Material and method. A two year randomized and double blind clinical trial was conducted on 127 probable Alzheimer's disease patients, according to NINCDS-ADRDA scale. Patients were grouped into three experimental groups (cognitive stimulation, progressive muscular relaxation, and mindfulness) plus a control group. All participants were receiving donepezil. Cognitive skills were assessed with CAMCOG and MMSE, functional area with RDRS-2, and NPI was used for psychopathology screening. Three treatment sessions per week were carried out for two years, and follow up measurements were taken every six months. Results. The global cognitive function, functionality and behavioral disorders measurements indicated that patients from the experimental group based on mindfulness were stable during the two years, while patients from the control group, as well as the other experimental groups, showed a mild but significant worsening of their mental capacities. Conclusion. The mindfulness based neuropsychological program showed better cognitive and functional stability, as well as significant improvement in the psychopathological condition of mild to moderate Alzheimer’ patients. These results support the idea that a mindfulness based intervention can produce a clinically relevant improvement in the treatment of dementia. More research is needed to confirm these data (AU)