[Transanesthetic anaphylactic shock induced by propofol and fentanyl: case report]. / Choque anafiláctico transanestésico por propofol y fentanil: comunicación de un caso.

We report an anaphylactic shock case secondary to propofol and fentanyl exposition, demonstrated by skin tests. A male patient, 19 years old, was admitted in the operating room for resection of residual juvenile nasal angyofibroma. The anesthetic induction was done with atropin 800 microg, midazolam 2 mg, fentanyl 200 microg, propofol 150 mg, and neuromuscular block with rocuronium 30 mg. One minute after the application of drugs, hypotension of 60/30 mmHg and tachycardia of 130 was observed. By the second minute the blood pressure dropped to 40/20 mmHg, tachycardia got 135, facial edema and generalized wheals occurred and the plestimography and oxymetry record were absent. Once resolved the event and the patient recovered, skin tests were performed with positive results to propofol and fentanyl, so that they were excluded in the next surgical intervention that concluded without incidents and with success.

Solución de glucosa-insulina-potasio (GIK): efectos cardioprotectores de la insulina / Glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) solution: cardioprotective effects of insulin

In the Anesthesiology Department of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología The medical staff uses the glucose insulin potassium i.v. for myocardial protection. The energy is dereived from lipidic beta oxidation, glucose breakdown and amino acid catabolism in mitochondria. In myocardial ischemia, from de aortic cross clamping, the metabolic myocardial substrates diminished as well as the energy produced by adenosine (ATP). During myocardial ischemia, an increase in long chain lipids emhances mitochondrial permeability, promotes depletion of citochrome C and lost of the capability of transmembrane regulation. In the hipoperfused myocardium, by coronary vasoconstriction, short chain fatty acids oxidation predominates, if fatty metabolism during reperfusion is elevated. More of them will enter [IBM1] the Krebs cycle and, as a consequence, less energy will be produced. The glucose-insulin-potassium solution provides the glucose needed by the myocardium in reperfusion conditions and protects the cellular membrane's integrity as well as pumps and ionic channels, it allows maintaining the action potential probably because ATP-depended channels block and prevent potassium loss, it reduces the cytosol calcium overload and prevent cardiac arrhythmias, preserves the sodium ATPasa pump avoiding the rise in cytosolic sodium; glucose prevents the production of free oxygen radicals. Fatty acids, during ischemia, are responsible for the metabolism and elevation of enzymes, such as acilcarnitine and acylcoenzime-A, which promote intracellular calcium overload and arrhythmias. The insulin has anti-inflammatory effects and anti-apoptoic effects. When blood glucose is controlled during the perioperative period the mortality is reduced.

[Metabolic support of the ischemic heart during cardiac surgery]. / Apoyo metabólico del corazón isquémico en cirugía cardíaca.

We examine [IBM1] the basic principles and clinical results of the metabolic intervention with glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) solutions in the field of cardiovascular surgery. On the basis of many international publications concerning this subject, and the experience obtained in the operating room of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia "Ignacio Chávez", we conclude that the metabolic support wit GIK is a powerful system that provides very useful energy to protect the myocardium during cardiac and non-cardiac surgery. The most recent publications indicate their effects in reducing low output syndromes, due to interventions on the coronary arteries, as well as producing a significant reduction of circulating fatty acids. These effects are produced also in the field of interventional cardiology, where GIK solutions protect the myocardium against damage due to impaired microcirculation. It is evident that these solutions must be utilized in higher concentrations that the initial ones, equal to those employed in laboratory animals. On the other side, it is worthy to remember that it has been always underlined that this treatment represents only a protection for the myocardium. Therefore, its association with other drugs or treatments favoring a good myocardial performance is not contraindicated--on the contrary, it yields better results. The present review presents pharmacological approaches, such as the use of glutamato, aspartate, piruvato, trimetazidina ranolazine and taurine to optimize cardiac energy metabolism, for the management of ischemic heart disease.

[Glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) solution: cardioprotective effects of insulin]. / Solución de glucosa-insulina-potasio (GIK): efectos cardioprotectores de la insulina.

In the Anesthesiology Department of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología The medical staff uses the glucose insulin potassium i.v. for myocardial protection. The energy is dereived from lipidic beta oxidation, glucose breakdown and amino acid catabolism in mitochondria. In myocardial ischemia, from de aortic cross clamping, the metabolic myocardial substrates diminished as well as the energy produced by adenosine (ATP). During myocardial ischemia, an increase in long chain lipids emhances mitochondrial permeability, promotes depletion of citochrome C and lost of the capability of transmembrane regulation. In the hipoperfused myocardium, by coronary vasoconstriction, short chain fatty acids oxidation predominates, if fatty metabolism during reperfusion is elevated. More of them will enter [IBM1] the Krebs cycle and, as a consequence, less energy will be produced. The glucose-insulin-potassium solution provides the glucose needed by the myocardium in reperfusion conditions and protects the cellular membrane's integrity as well as pumps and ionic channels, it allows maintaining the action potential probably because ATP-depended channels block and prevent potassium loss, it reduces the cytosol calcium overload and prevent cardiac arrhythmias, preserves the sodium ATPasa pump avoiding the rise in cytosolic sodium; glucose prevents the production of free oxygen radicals. Fatty acids, during ischemia, are responsible for the metabolism and elevation of enzymes, such as acilcarnitine and acylcoenzime-A, which promote intracellular calcium overload and arrhythmias. The insulin has anti-inflammatory effects and anti-apoptoic effects. When blood glucose is controlled during the perioperative period the mortality is reduced.

A randomized trial of caudal block with bupivacaine 4 mg x kg-1 (1.8 ml x kg-1) plus morphine (150 microg x kg-1) vs general anaesthesia with fentanyl for cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Regional anaesthesia has been used effectively in paediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery and is thought to be safe. METHODS: Thirty patients ASA physical status II-III undergoing scheduled palliative or corrective cardiac surgery, receiving premedication with midazolam and anaesthetic induction with sevoflurane, fentanyl and pancuronium were randomly allocated to two groups. In group 1, patients received bupivacaine 0.22% 4 mg.kg-1 (1.8 ml.kg-1) and morphine 150 microg x kg-1 by the caudal route. After a 20-min period for the block to take effect, sevoflurane 0.5-1.0% and fentanyl 5 microg x kg-1 were administered for maintenance of anaesthesia. In group 2, the anaesthetic technique was the same as in group 1, without a caudal block and fentanyl 25 microg x kg-1 was administered at the moment of surgical incision. RESULTS: Cardiovascular and haemodynamic responses of patients receiving caudal block showed minor variations during the 20-min period between caudal and general anaesthesia. Fentanyl requirements during surgery were lower (P = 0.001) in patients with caudal block than patients with general anaesthesia. Extubation time was shorter (P = 0.034) in the caudal group. Two patients in the general anaesthesia group and one in the caudal group died because of postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: Caudal block with bupivacaine 0.22% 4 mg.kg-1 (1.8 ml.kg-1) and morphine 150 microg x kg-1 was safe and effective for paediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. However, patients might have a better outcome with a reduction of morphine dosage and administration of a muscle relaxant of shorter duration of action than pancuronium.

Funcionamiento del anciano y anestesia / Elderly function and anesthesia

Se estudiaron 103 pacientes mayores de 65 años de edad, los cuales fueron sometidos a diferentes procedimientos anestésico-quirúrgicos en el Hospital Lic. Adolfo López Mateos del Instituto de Seguridad y Servicio de los Trabajadores del Estado, durante el periodo comprendido entre el primero de marzo de 1994 y el 31 de septiembre del mismo año a todos los pacientes se les realizo historia clínica, biometría hemática, tiempo de protrombina, tiempo parcial de tromboplastina, electrocardiograma y tele de tórax. Así mismo se utilizo la valoración de ASA, Goldman y Caldera y la escala de funcionalidad de Crichton. Se tomaron en cuenta las enfermedades asociadas, la técnica anestésica y las complicaciones transanestésicas, al igual que el tiempo quirúrgico y anestésico. Se llego a la conclusión de que la valoración preoperatoria y el tratamiento de las enfermedades asociadas, pueden disminuir la mortalidad y la morbilidad perioperatoria en el paciente geriátrico. También puede asegurarse que a mayor edad biológica, menor funcionalidad en el anciano y que los factores patológicos contribuyen a aumentar la mortalidad

Bloqueo del plexo braquial con lidocaína más opioides para disminuir el tiempo de latencia / Block of the brachial plexus with lidocaine and fentanyl or bupreorphine to decrease the time of latency

Se estudió el efecto analgésico de la buprenorfina y fentanyl mezclados con lidocaína al 1.5 por ciento en el bloqueo del plexo braquial, en 26 pacientes divididos en tres grupos. El grupo I formado por 5 pacientes, recibió lidocaína al 1.5 por ciento 350 mg; en el grupo II se incluyeron 7 pacientes a quienes se les inyectó lidocaína al 1.5 por ciento 350 mg más 300 µg de buprenorfina; y el grupo III, formado por 14 pacientes recibió lidocaína al 1.5 por ciento 350 mg más 50 µg de fentanyl. El objetivo de agregar un opioide al anestésico local fue disminuir el tiempo de latencia y aumentar la duración del bloqueo sensitivo y motor. La latencia promedio del bloqueo sensitivo total del grupo I fue mayor a la del grupo II (p< 0.001) y III (p< 0.05). El tiempo de latencia promedio del bloqueo motor total del grupo I fue mayor al del grupo II (p< 0.05) y grupo III (p< 0.001). La duración del bloqueo motor total del grupo I fue menor a la del grupo II (p< 0.001) y grupo III (p< 0,05). Por lo tanto se concluye que los opiodes si disminuyen la latencia y aumentan la duración del bloqueo sensitivo y motor cuando se aplican en el plexo braquial

Efecto de la presión intra abdominal sobre la ventilación toraco-pulmonar en cirugía abdominal por laparoscopía / Effects of the intra-abdominal pressure on the toraco-pulmonar ventilation under abdominal laparoscopic surgery

Este reporte determina los efectos del aumento de la presión intra abdominal (PIA) sobre la mecánica de la ventilación en pacientes sometidos a cirugía laparoscópica. Se estudiaron 35 pacientes ASA 1, II ó III. Las variables hemodinámicas y respiratorias fueron medidas antes de la insuflación, después de la intubación, durante la insuflación y en desinsuflación. El ETCO2 (bióxido de carbono al final de espiración) y la presión de la vía aérea aumentaron significativamente (p<0.05). La compliance diámica y el volumen corriente disminuyeron significativamente (p<0.05). Este método no invasivo de monitorización permite reconocer los efectos respiratorios de la PIA, y asegura la entrega al paciente un flujo de gases y presión adecuados