In Silico Analysis: Anti-Inflammatory and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of New α-Methylene-γ-Lactams.

The research about α-methylene-γ-lactams is scarce; however, their synthesis has emerged in recent years mainly because they are isosters of α-methylene-γ-lactones. This last kind of compound is structurally most common in some natural products' nuclei, like sesquiterpene lactones that show biological activity such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, etc., effects. In this work, seven α-methylene-γ-lactams were evaluated by their inflammation and α-glucosidase inhibition. Thus, compounds 3-methylene-4-phenylpyrrolidin-2-one (1), 3-methylene-4-(p-tolyl)pyrrolidin-2-one (2), 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylenepyrrolidin-2-one (3), 4-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-methylenepyrrolidin-2-one (4), 5-ethyl-3-methylene-4-phenylpyrrolidin-2-one (5), 5-ethyl-3-methylene-4-(p-tolyl)pyrrolidin-2-one (6) and 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-ethyl-3-methylenepyrrolidin-2-one (7) were evaluated via in vitro α-glucosidase assay at 1 mM concentration. From this analysis, 7 exerts the best inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase compared with the vehicle, but it shows a low potency compared with the reference drug at the same dose. On the other side, inflammation edema was induced using TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate) on mouse ears; compounds 1-7 were tested at 10 µg/ear dose. As a result, 1, 3, and 5 show a better inhibition than indomethacin, at the same doses. This is a preliminary report about the biological activity of these new α-methylene-γ-lactams.

Refined Detection and Classification of Knee Ligament Injury Based on ResNet Convolutional Neural Networks.

Currently, medical imaging has largely supplanted traditional methods in the realm of diagnosis and treatment planning. This shift is primarily attributable to the non-invasive nature, rapidity, and user-friendliness of medical-imaging techniques. The widespread adoption of medical imaging, however, has shifted the bottleneck to healthcare professionals who must analyze each case post-image acquisition. This process is characterized by its sluggishness and subjectivity, making it susceptible to errors. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), a frequently injured knee ligament, predominantly affects a youthful and sports-active demographic. ACL injuries often leave patients with substantial disabilities and alter knee mechanics. Since some of these cases necessitate surgery, it is crucial to accurately classify and detect ACL injury. This paper investigates the utilization of pre-trained convolutional neural networks featuring residual connections (ResNet) along with image-processing methods to identify ACL injury and differentiate between various tear levels. The ResNet employed in this study is not the standard ResNet but rather an adapted version capable of processing 3D volumes constructed from 2D image slices. Achieving a peak accuracy of 97.15% with a custom split, 96.32% through Monte-Carlo cross-validation, and 93.22% via five-fold cross-validation, our approach enhances the performance of three-class classifiers by over 7% in terms of raw accuracy. Moreover, we achieved an improvement of more than 1% across all types of evaluation. It is quite clear that the model's output can effectively serve as an initial diagnostic baseline for radiologists with minimal effort and nearly instantaneous results. This advancement underscores the paper's focus on harnessing deep learning for the nuanced detection and classification of ACL tears, demonstrating a significant leap toward automating and refining diagnostic accuracy in sports medicine and orthopedics.

Chemical Constituents from Agave applanata and Its Antihyperglycemic, Anti-inflammatory, and Antimicrobial Activities Associated with Its Tissue Repair Capability.

Agave applanata is a Mexican agave whose fresh leaves are employed to prepare an ethanol tonic used to relieve diabetes. It is also applied to skin to relieve varicose and diabetic foot ulcers, including wounds, inflammation, and infections. In this study, the chemical composition of this ethanol tonic is established and its association with antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound healing activities is discussed. The fresh leaves of A. applanata were extracted with ethanol : H2O (85 : 15). A fraction of this extract was lyophilized, and the remainder was partitioned into CH2Cl2, n-BuOH, and water. CH2Cl2 and n-BuOH fractions were subjected to a successive open column chromatography process. The structure of the isolated compounds was established using nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry spectra. The antihyperglycemic activity was evaluated through in vivo sucrose and glucose tolerance experiments, as well as ex vivo intestinal absorption and hepatic production of glucose. Wound healing and edema inhibition were assayed in mice. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the hydroalcoholic extract, its fractions, and pure compounds were determined through agar microdilution against the most isolated pathogens from diabetic foot ulcers. Fatty acids, ß-sitosterol, stigmasterol, hecogenin (1: ), N-oleyl-D-glucosamine, ß-daucosterol, sucrose, myo-inositol, and hecogenin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-ß-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[ß-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-ß-D-galactopyranoside (2: ) were characterized. This research provides evidence for the pharmacological importance of A. applanata in maintaining normoglycemia, showing anti-inflammatory activity and antimicrobial effects against the microorganisms frequently found in diabetic foot ulcers. This plant plays an important role in wound healing and accelerated tissue reparation.

Phytochemical analysis and antihyperglycemic activity of Castilleja arvensis.

Castilleja genus comprises approximately 211 species, some of them exhibiting potential in treating various diseases. Remarkably, despite its abundance, there is a significant lack of scientific studies that explore the chemical composition and/or therapeutic activity of this genus. In this work, the chemical composition of Castilleja arvensis was determined, and its antihyperglycemic activity was evaluated in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo. Hydroalcoholic extract of C. arvensis (HECa) was obtained from the maceration of aerial parts. HECa was fractionated by liquid-liquid extractions to obtain the CH2Cl2 fraction (DF), EtOAc fraction (EF), n-BuOH fraction (BF) and aqueous residue (AR). The antihyperglycemic activity was determined in vivo through oral glucose and sucrose tolerance tests in normoglycemic CD-1 mice. Ex vivo assays were performed to determine intestinal glucose absorption, muscular glucose uptake and hepatic glucose production. α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was evaluated in vitro. Phytochemical screening was carried out through conventional chromatography techniques. Structure elucidation of the isolated compounds was performed by GC-MS and NMR experiments. HECa, its fractions and AR showed significant antihyperglycemic activity in vivo. According to the in vitro and ex vivo assays, this effect can be attributed to different mechanisms of action, including a delay in intestinal glucose absorption, an improvement in insulin sensitivity, and the regulation of hepatic glucose production. These effects may be due to different metabolites identified in fractions from the HECa, including genkwanin, acacetin, verbascoside and ipolamiide. Thus, current research shows that C. arvensis is an important source of bioactive compounds for the management of glycemia.

Searching for microbial contribution to micritization of shallow marine sediments.

Micritization is an early diagenetic process that gradually alters primary carbonate sediment grains through cycles of dissolution and reprecipitation of microcrystalline calcite (micrite). Typically observed in modern shallow marine environments, micritic textures have been recognized as a vital component of storage and flow in hydrocarbon reservoirs, attracting scientific and economic interests. Due to their endolithic activity and the ability to promote nucleation and reprecipitation of carbonate crystals, microorganisms have progressively been shown to be key players in micritization, placing this process at the boundary between the geological and biological realms. However, published research is mainly based on geological and geochemical perspectives, overlooking the biological and ecological complexity of microbial communities of micritized sediments. In this paper, we summarize the state-of-the-art and research gaps in micritization from a microbial ecology perspective. Since a growing body of literature successfully applies in vitro and in situ 'fishing' strategies to unveil elusive microorganisms and expand our knowledge of microbial diversity, we encourage their application to the study of micritization. By employing these strategies in micritization research, we advocate promoting an interdisciplinary approach/perspective to identify and understand the overlooked/neglected microbial players and key pathways governing this phenomenon and their ecology/dynamics, reshaping our comprehension of this process.

Multitechnique characterization of secondary minerals near HI-SEAS, Hawaii, as Martian subsurface analogues.

Secondary minerals in lava tubes on Earth provide valuable insight into subsurface processes and the preservation of biosignatures on Mars. Inside lava tubes near the Hawaii-Space Exploration and Analog Simulation (HI-SEAS) habitat on the northeast flank of Mauna Loa, Hawaii, a variety of secondary deposits with distinct morphologies were observed consisting of mainly sodium sulphate powders, gypsum crystalline crusts, and small coralloid speleothems that comprise opal and calcite layers. These secondary deposits formed as a result of hydrological processes shortly after the formation and cooling of the lava tubes and are preserved over long periods of time in relatively dry conditions. The coralloid speleothem layers are likely related to wet and dry periods in which opal and calcite precipitates in cycles. Potential biosignatures seem to have been preserved in the form of porous stromatolite-like layers within the coralloid speleothems. Similar secondary deposits and lava tubes have been observed abundantly on the Martian surface suggesting similar formation mechanisms compared to this study. The origin of secondary minerals from tholeiitic basalts together with potential evidence for microbial processes make the lava tubes near HI-SEAS a relevant analog for Martian surface and subsurface environments.

Improved Performance for PMSM Sensorless Control Based on Robust-Type Controller, ESO-Type Observer, Multiple Neural Networks, and RL-TD3 Agent.

This paper summarizes a robust controller based on the fact that, in the operation of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), a number of disturbance factors naturally occur, among which both changes in internal parameters (e.g., stator resistance Rs and combined inertia of rotor and load J) and changes in load torque TL can be mentioned. In this way, the performance of the control system can be maintained over a relatively wide range of variation in the types of parameters mentioned above. It also presents the synthesis of robust control, the implementation in MATLAB/Simulink, and an improved version using a reinforcement learning twin-delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (RL-TD3) agent, working in tandem with the robust controller to achieve superior performance of the PMSM sensored control system. The comparison of the proposed control systems, in the case of sensored control versus the classical field oriented control (FOC) structure, based on classical PI-type controllers, is made both in terms of the usual response time and error speed ripple, but also in terms of the fractal dimension (DF) of the rotor speed signal, by verifying the hypothesis that the use of a more efficient control system results in a higher DF of the controlled variable. Starting from a basic structure of an ESO-type observer which, by its structure, allows the estimation of both the PMSM rotor speed and a term incorporating the disturbances on the system (from which, in this case, an estimate of the PMSM load torque can be extracted), four variants of observers are proposed, obtained by combining the use of a multiple neural network (NN) load torque observer and an RL-TD3 agent. The numerical simulations performed in MATLAB/Simulink validate the superior performance obtained by using properly trained RL-TD3 agents, both in the case of sensored and sensorless control.

Study of the Reaction Mechanism of Triazines and Associated Species for H2S Scavenging.

Natural gas produced worldwide contains, among other compounds, H2S and CO2. Both gases in the presence of free water can generate problems of corrosion in pipes and subtract calorific value to this gaseous hydrocarbon. Natural gas containing H2S and CO2 above the permissible limits should be treated to remove these components. Particularly, H2S is removed mainly using hexahydro-1,3,5-tris-(-2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine (TZ), which is the liquid scavenger of H2S leading on the market. By means of computational methods, we have studied the reaction of H2S with TZ, oxazolidine, and oxazinane to elucidate, explain, or confirm different aspects related to their proposed reaction mechanisms. Our results validate thermodynamically the production of TZ from MEA and formaldehyde, justify the presence of mixtures of TZ and oxazolidine in some commercial products, and explain why in the complexity of the H2S scavenging mechanism with TZ, tritiane is not formed and dithiazine will prefer to react by polymerization to form amorphous dithiazine and that the scavenging capacity for H2S should follow the TZ ≫ oxazinane > oxazolidine sequence.

[The Death of Children: Ethical dilemmas about the limitation of therapeutic effort]. / La muerte de los niños. Debates éticos en torno a la limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico.

Ethical dilemmas take importance in current medical practice, especially at the end of life. Limitation of therapeutic effort, understood as not starting or withdrawing life support measures, is an alternative to preserve patient dignity when death approaches. Ethical dilemmas in this context have been widely studied in adults; not in children, in which the big psychological tension experienced by parents and professionals makes difficult to take accepted and consensual ethical decisions. The objective of this work has been to understand the concept of limitation of therapeutic effort and the deontological principles that support them in the pediatric field. The purpose was none other than to establish improvements in dying children whom peculiar life-end makes necessary a different approach of adults and an ethical conceptual clarification which justify LET practice in youngers.

Coupled C, H, N, S and Fe biogeochemical cycles operating in the continental deep subsurface of the Iberian Pyrite Belt.

Microbial activity is a major contributor to the biogeochemical cycles that make up the life support system of planet Earth. A 613 m deep geomicrobiological perforation and a systematic multi-analytical characterization revealed an unexpected diversity associated with the rock matrix microbiome that operates in the subsurface of the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB). Members of 1 class and 16 genera were deemed the most representative microorganisms of the IPB deep subsurface and selected for a deeper analysis. The use of fluorescence in situ hybridization allowed not only the identification of microorganisms but also the detection of novel activities in the subsurface such as anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) and anaerobic methane oxidation, the co-occurrence of microorganisms able to maintain complementary metabolic activities and the existence of biofilms. The use of enrichment cultures sensed the presence of five different complementary metabolic activities along the length of the borehole and isolated 29 bacterial species. Genomic analysis of nine isolates identified the genes involved in the complete operation of the light-independent coupled C, H, N, S and Fe biogeochemical cycles. This study revealed the importance of nitrate reduction microorganisms in the oxidation of iron in the anoxic conditions existing in the subsurface of the IPB.

Artificial neural networks applied for predicting and explaining the education level of Twitter users.

This paper provides a novel procedure to estimate the education level of social network (SN) users by leveraging artificial neural networks (ANN). Additionally, it provides a robust methodology to extract explanatory insights from ANN models. It also contributes to the study of socio-demographic phenomena by utilizing less explored data sources, such as social media. It proposes Twitter data as an alternative data source for in-depth social studies, and ANN for complex patterns recognition. Moreover, cutting edge technology, such as face recognition, on social media data are applied to explain the social characteristics of country-specific users. We use nine variables and three hidden layers of neurons to identify high-skilled users. The resulted model describes well the level of education by correctly estimating it with an accuracy of 95% on the training set and an accuracy of 92% on a testing set. Approximately 30% of the analyzed users are highly skilled and this share does not differ among the two genders. However, it tends to be lower among users younger than 30 years old. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13278-021-00832-1.

Advanced nonlinear control strategies for a fermentation bioreactor used for ethanol production.

This study addresses the design of advanced control schemes implemented for a continuous fermentation process used to produce ethanol. Due to the inaccuracy of the models that express this complex process, a feasible controller is required to maximize the production of ethanol and to minimize its environmental impact, despite the existence of some significant uncertainties. Therefore, novel estimation and control schemes are designed and tested. These schemes are adaptive control laws including nonlinear estimation algorithms: a sliding mode observer to estimate the unknown influent concentration, but also state observers and parameter estimators used to estimate the unknown states and kinetics. Since the temperature is an important factor for an efficient operation of the process, an algorithm for temperature control in the bioreactor is also developed. To verify the control algorithms effectiveness, several tests performed via numerical simulations under realistic conditions are presented.

Effect of humic acid on CO2-wettability in sandstone formation.

HYPOTHESIS: Millions of tons of CO2 are stored in CO2 geological storage (CGS) formations (depleted oil reservoirs and deep saline aquifers) every year. These CGS formations naturally contain small concentrations of water-soluble organic components in particular humic acid (HA), which may drastically affect the rock wettability - a significant factor determining storage capacities and containment security. Hence, it is essential to characterise the effect of humic acid concentration on CO2-wettability and its associated impact on storage capacity. EXPERIMENTAL: To achieve this, we measured advancing and receding contact angles at reservoir conditions using the pendant drop tilted plate method for various humic acid concentrations (1, 10, and 100 mg/L) as a function of pressure (0.1-25 MPa), temperature (303-333 K), and brine salinity (0-0.3 M NaCl). Further, the influence of humic acid adsorption on the mineral's surface was examined by several independent techniques. RESULTS: Our results demonstrate that humic acid significantly changes rock wettability from water-wet (0-50°) towards CO2-wet (90-110°). An increase in pressure, temperature, and salinity had a similar effect. Humic acid adsorption also increased the surface roughness of the substrates. We conclude that even trace amounts of humic acid (i.e. 1 mg/L), which exist in storage aquifers, significantly increase CO2-wettability and thus reduce structural and residual trapping capacities. Therefore, it is pertinent to account for these humic acid concentrations to de-risk CGS projects.

Obstructive sleep apnea and Alzheimer's disease-related cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment.

Previous studies have demonstrated that sleep-breathing disorders, and especially obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), can be observed in patients with a higher risk of progression to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent evidence indicates that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD-biomarkers are associated with OSA. In this study, we investigated these associations in a sample of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a condition that is considered the first clinical phase of AD, when patients showed biomarkers consistent with AD pathology. A total of 57 patients (mean age = 66.19; SD = 7.13) with MCI were included in the study. An overnight polysomnography recording was used to assess objective sleep parameters (i.e. apnea/hypopnea index [AHI], total sleep time, sleep efficiency, sleep latency, arousal index, awakening, stage 1, 2, and slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep, periodic limb movement index, O2 saturation during sleep, and percentage of time O2 saturation <90%). Phosphorylated-tau (P-tau), total-tau (T-tau), and amyloid-beta 42 (Aß42) were measured in CSF. Unadjusted correlation analyses showed that a higher AHI (reflecting higher OSA severity) was related to higher P-tau and T-tau (both results remained significant after Bonferroni correction, p = 0.001). Importantly, these associations were observed even after adjusting for potential confounders (i.e. age, sex, body mass index, sleep medication, smoking, hypertension, and heart disease). Although more research is needed to establish a causal link, our findings provide evidence that OSA could be related to the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration in MCI patients.

Trastornos del movimiento y de la conducta durante el sueño en el adulto / Sleep-related movement and behavioural disorders in adults

Los trastornos del movimiento y de la conducta durante el sueño pueden tener un impacto en la calidad del sueño del paciente y dar lugar a síntomas diurnos. En estos grupos de enfermedades se incluyen entidades como el síndrome de piernas inquietas, los movimientos periódicos de las piernas y las parasomnias del sueño de movimientos oculares rápidos (REM) y no REM. El conocimiento de sus características clínicas y nociones sobre su manejo es de gran importancia para el neurólogo y especialista en sueño por su frecuencia e impacto en la calidad del sujeto. Con frecuencia, estos pacientes son referidos a dichos especialistas, y es relevante conocer que ciertos trastornos del sueño pueden asociarse a otras enfermedades neurológicas

Sleep-related movement and behaviour disorders may have an impact on sleep quality and lead to daytime symptoms. These groups of conditions include diseases such as restless legs syndrome, periodic leg movements, and REM and NREM parasomnias. The knowledge of their clinical features and management is of utmost importance for the neurologist and sleep specialist. Frequently, these patients are referred to such specialists and it is relevant to know that certain sleep disorders may be associated with other neurological conditions

Electro-clinical analysis of epilepsy patients with generalized seizures on adjunctive perampanel treatment.

Quantifying epileptiform discharges before and after the initiation of treatment can be useful for evaluating the efficacy of antiepileptic drugs in generalized epilepsy. The aim of this study was to determine if the selective α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist perampanel alters the electroencephalographic signals in patients with drug resistant generalized seizures (primary or secondary). We also assessed the clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability of perampanel as an adjunctive treatment for patients with refractory generalized seizures after 3, 6 and 12 months of treatment to determine if there is an electro-clinical correlation. We carried out a 1-year retrospective, unicentric, observational, descriptive and non-interventional study to analyze changes in epileptiform discharges, seizure frequency and adverse effects in patients with generalized seizures taking perampanel as an add-on treatment. Perampanel significantly reduced the total number, total duration, maximal duration and average duration of epileptiform discharges in patients with primary generalized epilepsy (n = 44). In patients with focal onset epilepsy and secondary generalized seizures (n = 8) significant decreases in the maximal duration and average duration of epileptiform discharges were found. These findings correlate with the significant decrease in seizure frequency and clinical improvement observed after taking perampanel as an adjunctive therapy for 3, 6 and 12 months. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that perampanel reduces epileptiform activity, and that this effect correlates with patients' clinical improvement. Analysing patients' electroencephalographic activity in response to perampanel could be useful for assessing the drug's efficacy and optimising adjunctive treatments.

Stromatolites as Biosignatures of Atmospheric Oxygenation: Carbonate Biomineralization and UV-C Resilience in a Geitlerinema sp. - Dominated Culture.

Modern stromatolites are key to the record of past microbial activity preserved in fossil carbonate deposits. Mono-phototrophic cultures dominated by the cyanobacterium Geitlerinema sp. were obtained from a laboratory-maintained, low magnesium-calcite stromatolite originating from Lagoa Vermelha, Brazil. This lagoonal system has been described as a Precambrian analog, illustrating a period of photosynthetically induced atmospheric oxygenation, which created a global sanctuary from shortwave solar radiation and enabled the evolution of modern life on Earth. The enrichment cultures precipitate carbonates in minimal media, suggesting that cyanobacterial photosynthesis and extracellular polymeric substance production may be crucial in the mineralization of the studied stromatolite. We further show that Geitlerinema sp. can build and maintain filamentous mats under long-term UV-C exposure. Our results suggest that present day stromatolites dominated by cyanobacteria may be interpreted as biosignatures of atmospheric oxygenation and have implications for the search for putative biological traces on Mars.

Control schemes for a complex biorefinery plant for bioenergy and biobased products.

This work proposes innovative feedback control schemes for a complex biorefinery plant which contains two continuous bioreactors: an anaerobic digester and a photobioreactor. The anaerobic digester is used to decompose organic matter inside a wastewater treatment process, the most useful final product being biogas/methane. The photobioreactor is used for a microalgae photosynthetic growth process where some components with added value are produced, and bio-mitigation of the carbon dioxide emissions is achieved. By using realistic models of the anaerobic digester and of the photobioreactor, novel adaptive and robust control schemes are designed. These proposed structures contain linearizing controllers, state observers and parameter estimators for the bioprocess unknown kinetics. The control designs are validated via numerical simulations that consider several realistic restrictions and disturbances which act on the process: unavailability of some biological variables, unknown and time-varying reaction kinetics, uncertain and time-varying influent flow rates, noisy measurements.

Deciphering Biosignatures in Planetary Contexts.

Microbial life permeates Earth's critical zone and has likely inhabited nearly all our planet's surface and near subsurface since before the beginning of the sedimentary rock record. Given the vast time that Earth has been teeming with life, do astrobiologists truly understand what geological features untouched by biological processes would look like? In the search for extraterrestrial life in the Universe, it is critical to determine what constitutes a biosignature across multiple scales, and how this compares with "abiosignatures" formed by nonliving processes. Developing standards for abiotic and biotic characteristics would provide quantitative metrics for comparison across different data types and observational time frames. The evidence for life detection falls into three categories of biosignatures: (1) substances, such as elemental abundances, isotopes, molecules, allotropes, enantiomers, minerals, and their associated properties; (2) objects that are physical features such as mats, fossils including trace-fossils and microbialites (stromatolites), and concretions; and (3) patterns, such as physical three-dimensional or conceptual n-dimensional relationships of physical or chemical phenomena, including patterns of intermolecular abundances of organic homologues, and patterns of stable isotopic abundances between and within compounds. Five key challenges that warrant future exploration by the astrobiology community include the following: (1) examining phenomena at the "right" spatial scales because biosignatures may elude us if not examined with the appropriate instrumentation or modeling approach at that specific scale; (2) identifying the precise context across multiple spatial and temporal scales to understand how tangible biosignatures may or may not be preserved; (3) increasing capability to mine big data sets to reveal relationships, for example, how Earth's mineral diversity may have evolved in conjunction with life; (4) leveraging cyberinfrastructure for data management of biosignature types, characteristics, and classifications; and (5) using three-dimensional to n-D representations of biotic and abiotic models overlain on multiple overlapping spatial and temporal relationships to provide new insights.

Nonlinear estimation and control schemes for a complex anaerobic digestion of microalgae with unknown kinetics and inputs.

This work addresses estimation and advanced control schemes for a complex microalgae anaerobic digestion process, used for wastewater treatment as well as for converting organic waste and biomass into biogas. The control goal is to keep the inhibitory compounds at imposed low levels despite the influent pollutant concentration and load variations. The proposed innovative control schemes work in accurate operating conditions and can cope with harsh assumptions: unknown kinetic rates, unknown feed-in pollutant concentration, unmeasurable state variables. The adaptive and robust-adaptive control laws are based on nonlinear algorithms: a sliding mode observer for the unknown inputs, kinetics parameter estimators, asymptotic and interval state observers. The tests performed under realistic conditions showed that the closed-loop bioprocess is preserved at specific operating points such that the control goal is fulfilled. The state and parameter estimators provide enough on-line information such that the control schemes can handle all the input and kinetic uncertainties.