Population Dynamics of the Swallowtail Butterfly Battus polystictus polystictus (Butler) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) with Notes on Its Natural History.

Battus polystictus (Butler) is a butterfly from the Neotropical region, occurring in the Atlantic Forest and Pampa biomes. It is commonly found in forest fragments surrounded by meadow formations, subjected to marked seasonal changes. Here, we report the population dynamics of B. polystictus at a high latitude environment and provide notes on its natural history. Population parameters were estimated on a 12-month mark-recapture program and the seasonality of resources investigated by exhaustive mapping of host-plants and flowers. The number of butterflies per day was not stable during the year, ranging from zero (winter) to 22 (summer); the sex ratio was always male biased (3M:1F). The age structure was not constant, with an increase of older individuals toward summer. The population density was positively correlated with temperature, relative humidity, and day length. The residence time was lower for males, while the vagility was lower for females; the increment of resources at forest edges seems to increase the likelihood of occurrence of both sexes. The results shown here suggest that South Brazilian populations of B. polystictus have high ecological demands for spring and summer conditions, avoiding winter in diapause.

Species composition and structure of Thysanoptera communities in different microhabitats at the Parque Estadual de Itapuã, Viamão, RS.

Although thrips are known as inhabitants of flowers, they are also abundant and diverse in other microhabitats. There is an information gap concerning them, especially related to the native fauna in southern Brazil. The structure and composition of the thysanopteran community in different microhabitats was studied at the "Parque Estadual de Itapuã" (30 degrees 22' S 51 degrees 02' W), RS, southern Brazil. Between June 1999 and May 2001, branches (n = 1,274), flowers (n = 774), grass tussocks (n = 596) and leaf litter (n = 603) were sampled systematically in 20 points of four trails (T1 - Pedreira beach, T2 - Araçá beach, T3 - Lagoinha, and T4 - Grota hill). We found 2,197 adult thrips determined in 73 species in 41 genera, of which 37 could be nominated. Four families are represented, Thripidae, Phlaeothripidae, Heterothripidae and Merothripidae, with the first the most abundant (N = 1,599) and with the highest species richness (S = 32). The highest thrips abundance occurred in flowers N = 1,224 and the highest number of exclusive species occurred in the leaf litter (27). Frankliniella rodeos Moulton, 1933, Frankliniella gemina Bagnall, 1919 and Smicrothrips particula Hood, 1952 comprise 49.4% of the total sampled. Regarding T2, we obtained the highest abundance (N = 935) and highest species richness (S = 43). The composition of the faunas in each kind of environment proved very particular.

Species composition and structure of Thysanoptera communities in different microhabitats at the Parque Estadual de Itapuã, Viamão, RS / Estrutura e composição de espécies de comunidades de Thysanoptera em diferentes micro-hábitats no Parque Estadual de Itapuã, Viamão, RS

Although thrips are known as inhabitants of flowers, they are also abundant and diverse in other microhabitats. There is an information gap concerning them, especially related to the native fauna in southern Brazil. The structure and composition of the thysanopteran community in different microhabitats was studied at the "Parque Estadual de Itapuã" (30° 22' S 51° 02' W), RS, southern Brazil. Between June 1999 and May 2001, branches (n = 1,274), flowers (n = 774), grass tussocks (n = 596) and leaf litter (n = 603) were sampled systematically in 20 points of four trails (T1 - Pedreira beach, T2 - Araçá beach, T3 - Lagoinha, and T4 - Grota hill). We found 2,197 adult thrips determined in 73 species in 41 genera, of which 37 could be nominated. Four families are represented, Thripidae, Phlaeothripidae, Heterothripidae and Merothripidae, with the first the most abundant (N = 1,599) and with the highest species richness (S = 32). The highest thrips abundance occurred in flowers N = 1,224 and the highest number of exclusive species occurred in the leaf litter (27). Frankliniella rodeos Moulton, 1933, Frankliniella gemina Bagnall, 1919 and Smicrothrips particula Hood, 1952 comprise 49.4 percent of the total sampled. Regarding T2, we obtained the highest abundance (N = 935) and highest species richness (S = 43). The composition of the faunas in each kind of environment proved very particular.

Embora os tripes sejam conhecidos como habitantes de flores, também são abundantes e diversos em outros micro-hábitats. Há uma lacuna de informações neste sentido, especialmente sobre a fauna nativa no Sul do Brasil. Entre junho de 1999 a maio de 2001, ramos (n = 1.274), flores (n = 774), touceiras de gramíneas (n = 596) e folhedo (n = 603) foram amostrados sistematicamente em 20 pontos de quatro trilhas (T1 - Praia da Pedreira, T2 - Praia do Araçá, T3 - Lagoinha, e T4 - Morro da Grota). Resultaram 2.197 tripes adultos determinados em 73 espécies de 41 gêneros, das quais 37 puderam ser nominadas. Quatro famílias estão representadas, Thripidae, Phlaeothripidae, Heterothripidae e Merothripidae, sendo a primeira mais abundante (N = 1.599) com a maior riqueza de espécies (S = 32). A maior abundância de tripes ocorreu nas flores (N = 1.224) e o maior número de espécies exclusivas ocorreu no folhedo (27). Frankliniella rodeos Moulton, 1933, Frankliniella gemina Bagnall, 1919 and Smicrothrips particula Hood, 1952 compõem 49,4 por cento do total da amostra. Na T2 foi obtida maior abundância (N = 935) e maior riqueza de espécies (S = 43). A composição das faunas de cada tipo de ambiente revelou-se muito particular.

Seasonal abundance and mortality of Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in a hibernation refuge.

Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) is an important pest affecting irrigated rice in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It hibernates during the coldest months of the year in refuges such as bamboo litter. This study examined O. poecilus hibernation to determine the causes of mortality during this period. The study was conducted in a 140 m(2) bamboo plantation located in a rice-growing area in Eldorado do Sul County (30 degrees 02 S and 51 degrees 23 W), RS. During June 2000 to April 2002, 63 samples of litter were taken in weekly or fortnightly intervals, and the number of bugs recorded in the laboratory. The arrival at the hibernation site (bamboo litter) began in the first fortnight of March, and was completed in the beginning of May. O. poecilus left this refuge from middle October to the end of December. Parasitism by tachinid flies and Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. fungus were the most important mortality factors.

Dispersal of the egg parasitoid Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in tobacco crops.

A mass marking-recapture experiment was carried out to study the dispersal of Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in tobacco crops. Parasitoids emerged in the laboratory were marked with dye powder. Six separate field trials were conducted in Jan/Feb 2002 involving the simultaneous release of marked parasitoids. Dispersal was determined by the recapture of individuals in sets of sticky and Moericke traps arranged in three concentric circles arranged at 1.4 m intervals from the central point of release. Traps were checked 4, 8, 24, 28, 32 and 48 h after parasitoid release and weather data were recorded at 2-h intervals from 9 to 17 h at the site. Of the 699 marked parasitoids released, 91 were recaptured (13.02%). Fewer females were recaptured in the late afternoon, suggesting they are less active than males after dusk. G. gallardoi recaptures were not associated with average wind direction in any trials. After eight hours of release, recaptures occurred mostly in the traps farthest from the release point, suggesting that the experimental area was small in relation to the dispersal capacity of the parasitoid. Fitting a 4-h-after-release density-distance curve to a geometric model and considering a daily activity of 12 h, the female dispersal capacity was estimated to be at least 7.6 m/day. The values reported here must be considered as indicative of the potential for active dispersal under the particular experimental conditions of these trials. It is possible that G. gallardoi may disperse downwind much farther than the distance recorded in this study.

Reproductive parameters and longevity of Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) parasitizing Spartocera dentiventris (Berg) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) eggs.

The fecundity, daily progeny and longevity of Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hym.; Scelionidae) were determined under laboratory conditions, using Spartocera dentiventris (Berg) (Hem.; Coreidae) eggs as host. Nineteen G. gallardoi females and 34 males were reared at 25 +/- 1 degrees C, with a 12 h photophase, fed on a 10% aqueous honey solution and provided with 25-30 S. dentiventris eggs daily. The average pre-oviposition period was 1.3 +/- 0.35 days, although some females began laying from the day of emergence. On average, oviposition lasted for 10.1 +/- 1.74 days, reaching a peak on the second day, with 67.5 +/- 11.29 eggs laid. The post-oviposition period was short (2.4 +/- 0.48 days). G. gallardoi females lived significantly longer than males: 13.7 +/- 1.94 and 10.6 +/- 1.78 days, respectively. The overall sex ratio was 0.79. The results reported here on the reproductive capability of the species suggest it may have a good potential as an agent for the control of S. dentiventris.

Seasonal abundance and mortality of Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in a hibernation refuge

Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) é praga importante do arroz irrigado no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Este inseto hiberna durante os meses mais frios em refúgios como o folhedo de bambu. Este estudo objetivou elucidar a hibernação de O. poecilus e determinar as causas de mortalidade durante este período. O estudo foi realizado em um bambuzal com cerca de 140 m2, situado em área orizícola, em Eldorado do Sul (30° 02’ S e 51° 23’ W), RS. De junho/2000 à abril/2002, foram realizadas 63 amostragens de folhedo, em intervalos semanais ou quinzenais e o número de percevejos registrado em laboratório. A entrada no refúgio de hibernação (folhedo de bambu) iniciou na primeira semana de março, completando-se no início de maio. O. poecilus abandonou o refúgio da metade de outubro até o final de dezembro. O parasitismo por mosca (taquinídeos) e o fungo Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. foram os principais fatores de mortalidade.

Dispersal of the egg parasitoid Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in tobacco crops

Um experimento de marcação e recaptura foi desenvolvido para estudar a dispersão de Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) em cultivo de fumo. Parasitóides emergidos em laboratório foram marcados com pó de corante. Em seis ocasiões distintas, de janeiro a fevereiro de 2002, foram feitos experimentos de campo nos quais parasitóides marcados foram liberados ao mesmo tempo. A dispersão foi determinada pela recaptura de indivíduos em grupos de armadilhas (adesivas e de bandeja com água) dispostas em três círculos concêntricos com intervalos de 1,4 m a partir do ponto central de liberação. As armadilhas foram monitoradas 4, 8, 24, 28, 32 e 48 h após a liberação dos parasitóides e dados climáticos foram obtidos a cada duas horas, das 9 h às 17 h, na área experimental. De 699 parasitóides marcados liberados, 91 foram recapturados (13,02%). Fêmeas foram menos recapturadas ao final da tarde, sugerindo que elas são menos ativas que os machos no período crepuscular. A recaptura de G. gallardoi não foi associada à direção média do vento em todas as ocasiões de liberação. Após oito horas das liberações, a maioria das recapturas ocorreram em armadilhas localizadas mais distantes do ponto de liberação, sugerindo que a área experimental foi pequena em relação à capacidade de dispersão do parasitóide. A partir do ajuste da curva de densidade média de recapturas nas diferentes distâncias aferida 4 h após as liberações ao modelo geométrico e considerando uma atividade diária de 12 h, foi estimada uma capacidade de dispersão para fêmeas de no mínimo 7,62 m/dia. Os valores aqui apresentados devem ser considerados como um indicativo do potencial para a dispersão ativa nas condições particulares do experimento. É possível que G. gallardoi, com a ajuda do vento, possa dispersar distâncias muito maiores do que a registrada neste estudo.

Reproductive parameters and longevity of Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) parasitizing Spartocera dentiventris (Berg) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) eggs

A fecundidade, a produção diária de prole e a longevidade de Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hym.; Scelionidae) foram determinadas em condições de laboratório, utilizando-se ovos de Spartocera dentiventris (Berg) (Hem.; Coreidae) como hospedeiro. Dezenove fêmeas e 34 machos de G. gallardoi foram acompanhados ao longo de sua vida a 25 ± 1 ºC, com fotofase de 12 h, recebendo solução aquosa de mel a 10% como alimento e grupos de 25 a 30 ovos de S. dentiventris para serem parasitados. O período médio de pré-oviposição foi 1,3 ± 0,35 dias, sendo que fêmeas foram capazes de ovipositar já no dia de sua emergência. Foi observado um período médio de oviposição de 10,1 ± 1,74 dias, com o pico de oviposição no segundo dia, sendo depositados ao longo dos dias uma média de 67,5 ± 11,29 ovos. O período de pós-oviposição foi curto (2,4 ± 0,48 dias). Fêmeas de G. gallardoi foram significativamente mais longevas que os machos, vivendo, respectivamente, 13,7 ± 1,94 e 10,6 ± 1,78 dias. A razão sexual total observada foi de 0,79. Os resultados aqui registrados sobre a capacidade reprodutiva da espécie sugerem que esta apresenta um bom potencial como um agente para o controle de S. dentiventris.

Dispersal of the egg parasitoid Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in tobacco crops

A mass marking-recapture experiment was carried out to study the dispersal of Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in tobacco crops. Parasitoids emerged in the laboratory were marked with dye powder. Six separate field trials were conducted in Jan/Feb 2002 involving the simultaneous release of marked parasitoids. Dispersal was determined by the recapture of individuals in sets of sticky and Moericke traps arranged in three concentric circles arranged at 1.4 m intervals from the central point of release. Traps were checked 4, 8, 24, 28, 32 and 48 h after parasitoid release and weather data were recorded at 2-h intervals from 9 to 17 h at the site. Of the 699 marked parasitoids released, 91 were recaptured (13.02%). Fewer females were recaptured in the late afternoon, suggesting they are less active than males after dusk. G. gallardoi recaptures were not associated with average wind direction in any trials. After eight hours of release, recaptures occurred mostly in the traps farthest from the release point, suggesting that the experimental area was small in relation to the dispersal capacity of the parasitoid. Fitting a 4-h-after-release density-distance curve to a geometric model and considering a daily activity of 12 h, the female dispersal capacity was estimated to be at least 7.6 m/day. The values reported here must be considered as indicative of the potential for active dispersal under the particular experimental conditions of these trials. It is possible that G. gallardoi may disperse downwind much farther than the distance recorded in this study.

Um experimento de marcação e recaptura foi desenvolvido para estudar a dispersão de Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) em cultivo de fumo. Parasitóides emergidos em laboratório foram marcados com pó de corante. Em seis ocasiões distintas, de janeiro a fevereiro de 2002, foram feitos experimentos de campo nos quais parasitóides marcados foram liberados ao mesmo tempo. A dispersão foi determinada pela recaptura de indivíduos em grupos de armadilhas (adesivas e de bandeja com água) dispostas em três círculos concêntricos com intervalos de 1,4 m a partir do ponto central de liberação. As armadilhas foram monitoradas 4, 8, 24, 28, 32 e 48 h após a liberação dos parasitóides e dados climáticos foram obtidos a cada duas horas, das 9 h às 17 h, na área experimental. De 699 parasitóides marcados liberados, 91 foram recapturados (13,02%). Fêmeas foram menos recapturadas ao final da tarde, sugerindo que elas são menos ativas que os machos no período crepuscular. A recaptura de G. gallardoi não foi associada à direção média do vento em todas as ocasiões de liberação. Após oito horas das liberações, a maioria das recapturas ocorreram em armadilhas localizadas mais distantes do ponto de liberação, sugerindo que a área experimental foi pequena em relação à capacidade de dispersão do parasitóide. A partir do ajuste da curva de densidade média de recapturas nas diferentes distâncias aferida 4 h após as liberações ao modelo geométrico e considerando uma atividade diária de 12 h, foi estimada uma capacidade de dispersão para fêmeas de no mínimo 7,62 m/dia. Os valores aqui apresentados devem ser considerados como um indicativo do potencial para a dispersão ativa nas condições particulares do experimento. É possível que G. gallardoi, com a ajuda do vento, possa dispersar distâncias muito maiores do que a registrada neste estudo.

Reproductive parameters and longevity of Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) parasitizing Spartocera dentiventris (Berg) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) eggs

The fecundity, daily progeny and longevity of Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hym.; Scelionidae) were determined under laboratory conditions, using Spartocera dentiventris (Berg) (Hem.; Coreidae) eggs as host. Nineteen G. gallardoi females and 34 males were reared at 25 ± 1 °C, with a 12 h photophase, fed on a 10% aqueous honey solution and provided with 25-30 S. dentiventris eggs daily. The average pre-oviposition period was 1.3 ± 0.35 days, although some females began laying from the day of emergence. On average, oviposition lasted for 10.1 ± 1.74 days, reaching a peak on the second day, with 67.5 ± 11.29 eggs laid. The post-oviposition period was short (2.4 ± 0.48 days). G. gallardoi females lived significantly longer than males: 13.7 ± 1.94 and 10.6 ± 1.78 days, respectively. The overall sex ratio was 0.79. The results reported here on the reproductive capability of the species suggest it may have a good potential as an agent for the control of S. dentiventris.

A fecundidade, a produção diária de prole e a longevidade de Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hym.; Scelionidae) foram determinadas em condições de laboratório, utilizando-se ovos de Spartocera dentiventris (Berg) (Hem.; Coreidae) como hospedeiro. Dezenove fêmeas e 34 machos de G. gallardoi foram acompanhados ao longo de sua vida a 25 ± 1 °C, com fotofase de 12 h, recebendo solução aquosa de mel a 10% como alimento e grupos de 25 a 30 ovos de S. dentiventris para serem parasitados. O período médio de pré-oviposição foi 1,3 ± 0,35 dias, sendo que fêmeas foram capazes de ovipositar já no dia de sua emergência. Foi observado um período médio de oviposição de 10,1 ± 1,74 dias, com o pico de oviposição no segundo dia, sendo depositados ao longo dos dias uma média de 67,5 ± 11,29 ovos. O período de pós-oviposição foi curto (2,4 ± 0,48 dias). Fêmeas de G. gallardoi foram significativamente mais longevas que os machos, vivendo, respectivamente, 13,7 ± 1,94 e 10,6 ± 1,78 dias. A razão sexual total observada foi de 0,79. Os resultados aqui registrados sobre a capacidade reprodutiva da espécie sugerem que esta apresenta um bom potencial como um agente para o controle de S. dentiventris.

Seasonal abundance and mortality of Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in a hibernation refuge

Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) is an important pest affecting irrigated rice in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It hibernates during the coldest months of the year in refuges such as bamboo litter. This study examined O. poecilus hibernation to determine the causes of mortality during this period. The study was conducted in a 140 m² bamboo plantation located in a rice-growing area in Eldorado do Sul County (30° 02’ S and 51° 23’ W), RS. During June 2000 to April 2002, 63 samples of litter were taken in weekly or fortnightly intervals, and the number of bugs recorded in the laboratory. The arrival at the hibernation site (bamboo litter) began in the first fortnight of March, and was completed in the beginning of May. O. poecilus left this refuge from middle October to the end of December. Parasitism by tachinid flies and Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. fungus were the most important mortality factors.

Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) é praga importante do arroz irrigado no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Este inseto hiberna durante os meses mais frios em refúgios como o folhedo de bambu. Este estudo objetivou elucidar a hibernação de O. poecilus e determinar as causas de mortalidade durante este período. O estudo foi realizado em um bambuzal com cerca de 140 m², situado em área orizícola, em Eldorado do Sul (30° 02’ S e 51° 23’ W), RS. De junho/2000 à abril/2002, foram realizadas 63 amostragens de folhedo, em intervalos semanais ou quinzenais e o número de percevejos registrado em laboratório. A entrada no refúgio de hibernação (folhedo de bambu) iniciou na primeira semana de março, completando-se no início de maio. O. poecilus abandonou o refúgio da metade de outubro até o final de dezembro. O parasitismo por mosca (taquinídeos) e o fungo Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. foram os principais fatores de mortalidade.

Effect of temperature on the development and viability of Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) parasitizing Spartocera dentiventris (Berg) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) eggs.

The development and viability of Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hym.: Scelionidae) in Spartocera dentiventris (Berg) (Hem.: Coreidae) eggs were studied under four temperatures: 15, 20, 25, and 30 +/- 1 degree C, with a 12-h photophase. No parasitoid developed at 15 degrees C. Otherwise, viability reached 98.8% without varying significantly over the temperature range tested. The duration of development for males and females was inversely proportional to the temperature increase, varying respectively from 46.2 +/- 0.13 and 47.1 +/- 0.11 days (20 degrees C) to 13.3 +/- 0.07 and 13.4 +/- 0.06 days (30 degrees C). Males developed faster than females. The values estimated for the lowest thermic thresholds of development and the thermic constants were 15.5 degrees C and 185.19 DD for males and 15.6 degrees C and 192.31 DD for females, respectively. Given the average weather conditions in Porto Alegre, RS (30 degrees 01' S and 51 degrees 13' W), Brazil, G. gallardoi could annually produce 8.54 and 8.07 generations of males and females, respectively. The low rates of parasitism observed in the field during the first generation of its host may be due to the small number of G. gallardoi generations in this period.

Effect of temperature on the development and viability of Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) parasitizing Spartocera dentiventris (Berg) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) eggs

Foram avaliados o desenvolvimento e a viabilidade de Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hym.: Scelionidae) em ovos de Spartocera dentiventris (Berg) (Hem.: Coreidae) sob 4 temperaturas constantes: 15, 20, 25 e 30 ± 1ºC e fotofase de 12 h. Nenhum parasitóide desenvolveu-se à 15ºC. A viabilidade dos parasitóides na faixa de 20 a 30ºC não diferiu significativamente, alcançando 98,8%. O tempo de desenvolvimento ovo-adulto de machos e fêmeas foi inversamente proporcional ao aumento da temperatura, variando, respectivamente, de 46,2 ± 0,13 e 47,1 ± 0,11 dias (20ºC) a 13,3 ± 0,07 e 13,4 ± 0,06 dias (30ºC). Os machos apresentaram período médio de desenvolvimento significativamente mais curto que as fêmeas. Os valores estimados para o limite térmico inferior de desenvolvimento e para a constante térmica foram 15,5ºC e 185,19 GD para machos e 15,6ºC e 192,31 GD para fêmeas. Dadas as médias climáticas de Porto Alegre (30º01'S e 51º13'O), RS, Brasil, G. gallardoi poderia apresentar 8,54 e 8,07 gerações anuais de machos e fêmeas, respectivamente. Sugere-se que as baixas taxas de parasitismo observadas em campo na primeira geração do percevejo resultem do número reduzido de gerações do parasitóide nesse período.

Characterization of the imaginal reproductive diapause of Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

The state of development of the internal reproductive organs of male and female Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) as well as the body fat amount in the abdominal cavity during hibernation, of individuals sampled in bamboo litter in Eldorado do Sul (30º02'S and 51º23'W), RS, Brazil was investigated. Females and males showed the abdominal cavity filled with body fat in the beginning of the hibernation phase. The decrease in fat reserve level occurred from August on for males and from October on for females. Ovaries and testis doubled in length and tripled in width from immature to the reproductive phase. Male sexual maturation occurred in the hibernation sites while for females it occurred later on outside of the sites. Reproductive organ immaturity and abdominal body fat hypertrophy characterized the diapause of O. poecilus.

Oviposition behaviour of Gryon gallardoi (Hym.; Scelionidae) on eggs of Spartocera dentiventris (Hem.; Coreidae).

The oviposition behaviour of Gryon gallardoi (Hymenoptera; Scelionidae) on Spartocera dentiventris (Hemiptera; Coreidae) host eggs was investigated in the laboratory. Masses of 12 non-parasitized freshly laid (less than 24 h old) eggs were exposed to 2-5 days old mated females with previous oviposition experience (n = 10). Behaviour was observed for 2 h under the stereomicroscope. The eggs were Then kept individually at 25 degrees +/- 1 degree C/12 h photophase till hatching. The mean number of parasitized eggs was 7.8 +/- 0.81 (mean +/- SE). Five distinct kinds of behaviour were observed: drumming with antennae on the eggs, ovipositor insertion, egg marking, walking and resting. On average, ovipositor insertion was not followed by marking 4.3 +/- 0.76 times per female. In nearly all of these events, parasitism was unsuccessful. Walking and resting were observed less frequently than the other behaviours (1.6 +/- 0.56 and 2.1 +/- 0.48 times/female, respectively). Superparasitism occurred on average 3.6 +/- 0.88 times per egg mass, with 2.7 +/- 0.57 eggs being superparasitized. Among these, on average 87.4 +/- 5.37% led to successful development of an adult parasitoid. The average time spent on the each kind of oviposition behaviour was 1.5 +/- 0.57 min for drumming, 3.9 +/- 0.56 min for ovipositor insertion and 0.4 +/- 0.06 min for marking. There was no significant variation on the duration of each behaviour as the parasitoid progressed in parasitizing an egg mass. Ovipositor insertion almost always (87.58%) occurred in the longitudinal extremities of the egg. In average 31.1 +/- 7.21% of the individual emerging per egg mass were males, the larger proportion of males originating from the 2nd oviposition. The results show a range of oviposition behaviours common to the Scelionidae family. Egg marking behaviour was a good indicator of the effective oviposition by females. Superparasitism is only partially avoided, but its occurrence does not imply a failure of parasitoid emergence. The sex ratio is skewed towards females, and most males come from the first ovipositions.

Oviposition behaviour of Gryon gallardoi (Hym. Scelionidae) on eggs of Spartocera dentiventris (Hem. Coreidae)

The oviposition behaviour of Gryon gallardoi (Hymenoptera; Scelionidae) on Spartocera dentiventris (Hemiptera; Coreidae) host eggs was investigated in the laboratory. Masses of 12 non-parasitized freshly laid (less than 24 h old) eggs were exposed to 2-5 days old mated females with previous oviposition experience (n = 10). Behaviour was observed for 2 h under the stereomicroscope. The eggs were Then kept individually at 25 + or -1C/12 h photophase till hatching. The mean number of parasitized eggs was 7.8 + or - 0.81 (IMG01 + or - SE). Five distinct kinds of behaviour were observed: drumming with antennae on the eggs, ovipositor insertion, egg marking, walking and resting. On average, ovipositor insertion was not followed by marking 4.3 + or -imes per female. In nearly all of these events, parasitism was unsuccessful. Walking and resting were observed less frequently than the other behaviours (1.6 + or - 0.56 and 2.1 + or 0.48 times/female, respectively). Superparasitism occurred on average 3.6 + or - 0.88 times per egg mass, with 2.7 + or - 0.57 eggs being superparasitized. Among these, on average 87.4 + or - 5.37 percent led to successful development of an adult parasitoid. The average time spent on the each kind of oviposition behaviour was 1.5 + or - 0.57 min for drumming, 3.9 + or - 0.56 min for ovipositor insertion and 0.4 + or - 0.06 min for marking. There was no significant variation on the duration of each behaviour as the parasitoid progressed in parasitizing an egg mass. Ovipositor insertion almost always (87.58 percent) occurred in the longitudinal extremities of the egg. In average 31.1 + or - 7.21 percent of the individual emerging per egg mass were males, the larger proportion of males originating from the 2nd oviposition. The results show a range of oviposition behaviours common to the Scelionidae family. Egg marking behaviour was a good indicator of the effective oviposition by females. Superparasitism is only partially avoided, but its occurrence does not imply a failure of parasitoid emergence. The sex ratio is skewed towards females, and most males come from the first ovipositions

Characterization of the imaginal reproductive diapause of Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).

The state of development of the internal reproductive organs of male and female Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) as well as the body fat amount in the abdominal cavity during hibernation, of individuals sampled in bamboo litter in Eldorado do Sul (30 masculine 02'S and 51 degrees 23'W), RS, Brazil was investigated. Females and males showed the abdominal cavity filled with body fat in the beginning of the hibernation phase. The decrease in fat reserve level occurred from August on for males and from October on for females. Ovaries and testis doubled in length and tripled in width from immature to the reproductive phase. Male sexual maturation occurred in the hibernation sites while for females it occurred later on outside of the sites. Reproductive organ immaturity and abdominal body fat hypertrophy characterized the diapause of O. poecilus.

Natural enemies of the gall-maker Eugeniamyia dispar (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae): predatory ants and parasitoids.

Natural enemies of the gall maker Eugeniamyia dispar (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) were studied on the urban area of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil from October 1993 to March 1996. Galls and associated arthropods were followed weekly in the field on individual host plants (Eugenia uniflora, Myrtaceae) and also in the laboratory. Three species of ants attacked the galls, the most common being Pseudomyrmex sp. A proportion of galls was parasitised by Rileya sp. (Eurytomidae). The adults of this solitary ectoparasitoid were also attacked by the ants and fell prey to spider webs.

Life history of the gall-maker Eugeniamyia dispar Maia, Mendonça-Jr. & Romanowski, 1996 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae).

The development of the galls of the midge Eugeniamyia dispar Maia, Mendonça-Jr. & Romanowski, 1996 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) was monitored weekly on its host plant, Eugenia uniflora (Myrtaceae). The work was carried out in the urban area of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, from October 1993 to September 1995. Galls were collected from the field and raised in the laboratory to obtain adults. The females oviposit on young leaves of the host plant, with the first instar larvae inducing the gall, which is unilocular. The last instar larvae drop to the soil to pupate and later emerge as adults. The galls occur from late August to early June, when young leaves of the host can be found, with populations peaking during the summer. So far this species is only known from the two southernmost states of Brazil (RS and SC).