Cerebellar parcellation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The cerebellum is involved in cognitive processing and emotion control. Cerebellar alterations could explain symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). In addition, literature suggests that lithium might influence cerebellar anatomy. Our aim was to study cerebellar anatomy in SZ and BD, and investigate the effect of lithium. METHODS: Participants from 7 centers worldwide underwent a 3T MRI. We included 182 patients with SZ, 144 patients with BD, and 322 controls. We automatically segmented the cerebellum using the CERES pipeline. All outputs were visually inspected. RESULTS: Patients with SZ showed a smaller global cerebellar gray matter volume compared to controls, with most of the changes located to the cognitive part of the cerebellum (Crus II and lobule VIIb). This decrease was present in the subgroup of patients with recent-onset SZ. We did not find any alterations in the cerebellum in patients with BD. However, patients medicated with lithium had a larger size of the anterior cerebellum, compared to patients not treated with lithium. CONCLUSION: Our multicenter study supports a distinct pattern of cerebellar alterations in SZ and BD.

Prisoner rehabilitation through animal-assisted activities in Argentina: the Huellas de Esperanza Prison Dog Programme. / Resocialización de personas privadas de libertad a través de actividades con animales en Argentina: el programa «Huellas de Esperanza¼.

One of the most traumatic events that a person can ever experience in their lifetime is being detained. The prison dog programmes are the most successful prison rehabilitation programmes in the United States of America and consist of detainees training service dogs for other people to assist with different types of disability. It is a typical win-win system: inmates win as they connect with their deepest feelings of affection and solidarity while acquiring a concrete skill for their future release; people with disabilities win because they receive a dog to support their day-to-day activities; the dogs win (especially adopted street dogs) because their lot in life is improved; institutions win because they are enabled to meet their objective more fully; and society wins because they gain a concrete tool to aid the social rehabilitation of detainees. This article describes the operation and achievements of Huellas de Esperanza (Traces of Hope), the Argentine prison dog programme, which has been implemented by the Federal Penitentiary Service since 2010 using State resources. A total of 85 inmates have participated in the programme, which has delivered more than a dozen assistance dogs to people with disabilities and many more dogs to elderly people to provide them with affection and companionship. The article also describes the programme methodology and the way it has decreased prison unrest and led to a low reoffending rate among programme participants.

La privation de liberté est l'une des situations les plus traumatisantes qu'un être humain puisse connaître au cours de son existence. De tous les programmes de réhabilitation appliqués dans les prisons aux États-Unis d'Amérique, Prison Dog Programme est celui qui donne les meilleurs résultats ; il consiste à confier aux détenus la tâche de dresser des chiens en vue d'en faire des chiens aidants qui rendront des services à d'autres personnes atteintes de divers types de handicap. Il s'agit d'un système typiquement « gagnant-gagnant ¼ : le détenu est gagnant, car il renoue avec des sentiments positifs d'affection et de solidarité, tout en recevant un outil concret pour sa vie future une fois libéré ; la personne handicapée est gagnante, car elle reçoit un chien qui l'aidera à vivre au quotidien ; le chien est gagnant, surtout s'il était un chien errant avant d'être adopté, car il accède à une vie meilleure ; enfin, les institutions sont gagnantes car leurs objectifs sont mieux remplis, de même que la société, qui grâce à cet outil concret facilite, la réinsertion sociale des personnes privées de liberté. Les auteurs décrivent le fonctionnement et les réussites de la version argentine de ce programme, intitulée « Traces d'espérance ¼ (Huellas de Esperanza). Le programme a été mis en place par le système pénitentiaire fédéral en 2010 et doté de véritables ressources étatiques; au total, 86 détenus en ont bénéficié et plus d'une douzaine de chiens aidants ont été remis à des personnes handicapées, en plus du grand nombre de chiens dressés et remis à des centres de gériatrie pour apporter un réconfort aux pensionnaires. Les auteurs expliquent la méthodologie suivie, ainsi que la réduction des conflits en milieu carcéral et le faible taux de récidives parmi les ex-détenus ayant participé au programme.

Una de las situaciones más traumáticas que puede atravesar un ser humano a lo largo de su existencia es la privación de su libertad. Los Prison Dog Programmes son los sistemas de rehabilitación carcelaria más exitosos de EE.UU., y consisten en el adiestramiento de perros por parte de personas privadas de la libertad, que los preparan como perros de servicio para apoyo de distintos tipos de discapacidad en otras personas. El sistema es un típico win-win-win: gana el interno conectándose con sus mejores sentimientos de afecto y solidaridad al tiempo que recibe una herramienta concreta para su futuro en libertad; gana la persona con discapacidad que recibe un perro como apoyo para su desempeño cotidiano; gana el perro, sobre todo si se trata de perros vagabundos adoptados que obtienen un destino mejor; ganan las instituciones, que cumplen mejor su objetivo, y gana la sociedad, que facilita, con una herramienta concreta, la reinserción social de las personas privadas de libertad. El presente trabajo describe la operatoria y logros de Huellas de Esperanza, la versión argentina de este Programa, que se desarrolla en el Servicio Penitenciario Federal desde 2010 con recursos estatales genuinos; por este programa han pasado más de 85 internos y ha permitido entregar más de una docena de perros de asistencia a personas con discapacidad y muchos perros a geriátricos para compañía afectiva. Se describe también la metodología y la disminución de la conflictividad intracarcelaria, así como la escasa reiteración de sus participantes.

Evaluation of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy as a method for the rapid and direct determination of sodium in cheese.

Cheese manufacturers indirectly determine Na in cheese by analysis of Cl using the Volhard method, assuming that all Cl came from NaCl. This method overestimates the actual Na content in cheeses when Na replacers (e.g., KCl) are used. A direct and rapid method for Na detection is needed. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), a mineral analysis technique used in the mining industry, was investigated as an alternative method of Na detection in cheese. An XRF method for the detection of Na in cheese was developed and compared with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES; the reference method for Na in cheese) and Cl analyzer. Sodium quantification was performed by multi-point calibration with cheese standards spiked with NaCl ranging from 0 to 4% Na (wt/wt). The Na concentration of each of the cheese standards (discs: 30mm×7mm) was quantified by the 3 methods. A single laboratory method validation was performed; linearity, precision, limit of detection, and limit of quantification were determined. An additional calibration graph was created using cheese standards made from natural or process cheeses manufactured with different ratios of Na:K. Both Na and K calibration curves were linear for the cheese standards. Sodium was quantified in a variety of commercial cheese samples. The Na data obtained by XRF were in agreement with those from ICP-OES and Cl analyzer for most commercial natural cheeses. The XRF method did not accurately determine Na concentration for several process cheese samples, compared with ICP-OES, likely due to the use of unknown types of Na-based emulsifying salts (ES). When a calibration curve was created for process cheese with the specific types of ES used for this cheese, Na content was successfully predicted in the samples. For natural cheeses, the limit of detection and limit of quantification for Na that can be determined with an acceptable level of repeatability, precision, and trueness was 82 and 246mg/100g of cheese, respectively. Calibration graphs should be created with standards that reflect the concentration range, ratio, and salt type present in the cheeses. This XRF method can be successfully used for the rapid and direct measurement of Na content in a wide variety of natural cheeses. Commercial process cheese manufacturers use proprietary blends of ES. We did find that the XRF technique worked for process cheese when the calibration graphs were created with the specific types of ES actually used.

Effect of weaning system on milk composition and distribution of milk fat within the udder of East Friesian dairy ewes.

We investigated whether the inhibition of milk ejection during and/or between machine milkings is responsible for the low milk fat observed in commercial milk obtained from dairy ewes managed with a mixed system (MIX) of partial daily suckling (10 h) and once daily machine milking (after 14 h of udder filling). East Friesian crossbred dairy ewes were randomly allocated postpartum to the MIX system (n = 9) or to exclusive twice-daily machine milking (DY1, n = 8). Following wk 4, MIX ewes were permanently weaned from their lambs and milked twice daily. All ewes were injected with saline, oxytocin, or an oxytocin-receptor antagonist prior to three morning milkings during wk 2,4, and 6 of lactation to study cisternal and alveolar milk distribution. Overall milk yield (cisternal + alveolar) for MIX ewes was 42% greater than for DY1 ewes during wk 2 and 4, which demonstrates the beneficial effect of lamb suckling on milk production of dairy ewes. However, during normal machine milking, only the cisternal fraction was obtained from MIX ewes, confirming that milk ejection did not occur for as long as these ewes remained in partial daily contact with their lambs. Although the volume of milk stored within the cistern, and its concentration of milk protein was similar for the two weaning systems, milk of MIX ewes was significantly inferior in cisternal milk fat concentration and yield compared to DY1 ewes. This provides evidence that not only is there inhibition of milk ejection during machine milking of MIX ewes, there is additional inhibition of transfer of milk fat, but not milk protein, from the alveoli to the cistern during the evening when MIX ewes a reseparated from their lambs. Following weaning of MIX ewes, the majority of lactation traits studied were similar compared to DY1 ewes.

Cookies enriched with psyllium or oat bran lower plasma LDL cholesterol in normal and hypercholesterolemic men from Northern Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Psyllium and oat bran have been shown to lower plasma LDL cholesterol levels in different populations. Hypercholesterolemia is prevalent in the Northern part of Mexico and might be associated to dietary habits and sedentary lifestyle. METHODS: Sedentary normal (cholesterol<200 mg/dL) (n=36) and hypercholesterolemic (cholesterol>220 mg/dL) (n=30) men from the Northern part of Mexico aged 20 to 45 years of age participated in an 8-week study to determine the effects of dietary soluble fiber, either psyllium or oat bran, in lowering plasma LDL cholesterol in this population. Fiber was administered by feeding the subjects an amount of cookies (100 g) equivalent to 1.3 or 2.6 g/day of soluble fiber from psyllium or oat bran, respectively. Subjects were randomly allocated to three groups: a control group consuming cookies with wheat bran, a known source of fiber with no cholesterol lowering effects, psyllium, or oat bran. RESULTS: Food frequency questionnaires indicated that subjects from the three groups had similar intakes of foods classified as hypercholesterolemic (p>0.05). Plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations were reduced by an average of 22.6 and 26% in the psyllium and oat bran groups (p<0.001) while a non-significant reduction of 8.4% was observed in the hypercholesterolemic individuals from the control group. No effects on plasma HDL or triglycerides levels were observed among the three dietary treatments except for hypercholesterolemic individuals supplemented with oat bran where a 28% reduction in plasma triglycerides was observed after 8 weeks (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that psyllium and oat bran are efficacious in lowering plasma LDL cholesterol in both normal and hypercholesterolemic individuals from this population.

[The construction and validation of a questionnaire on the satisfaction of primary health care users]. / Construcción y validación de una encuesta de satisfacción de usuarios de atención primaria.

The questionnaire was developed after establishing the domains that might be measured with it and selecting 16 items. During June and September 1987 it was administered to 163 patients, selected by quota sampling, who belonged to two health centers and two outpatient clinics from the city of Almería. With the obtained data several parts of the questionnaire were validated: stability, homogeneity, distorting variables and constructed validity. There were significant differences (analysis of variance) between the satisfaction of the users of health centers and outpatient clinics (p = 0.042) (higher satisfaction in health centers). There were not marked differences between the users of both health centers (p = 0.144) and between both outpatient clinics (p = 0.66). The measurement of satisfaction is a valuable instrument for the investigation and administration of health services and a good indicator of the quality of care.