A First Urological Approach to the Genitourinary Manifestations of Multiple Chemical Sensitivity. Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is a complex disease with multiorgan manifestations, some of which are still poorly understood, such as genitourinary manifestations. The objective of this article is to review these genitourinary manifestations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective descriptive study on the genitourinary manifestations described in patients with multiple chemical sensitivity is performed, based on a systematic review of the literature between February 1956 and December 2020, consulting the Medline/PubMed database and the Google search engine. Descriptive statistics of the variables studied were performed with frequency and percentage for qualitative variables and median and range (minimum-maximum value) for quantitative variables. RESULTS: We reviewed the originals or abstracts of 3450 articles on MCS, including 461 on symptoms (13.3%) and selecting 40 (1.1%) that referred to genitourinary pathologies or symptoms and corresponded to 19 reviews, 14 articles on case reports (11 clinical cases and 3 series), 5 books with case reports, 1 consensus document and 1 update. The number of patients with MCS studied in these 40 articles was 4556 of whom 303 presented genitourinary symptoms (6.6%), and corresponded to 277 women (91.4%) and 27 men (8.6%) with a mean age of 39.4 years, range (7-82 years). There were 119 different genitourinary symptoms or pathologies with 170 citations which in frequency were 77 for gynecological symptoms (45.3%) in 28 publications (70%), 62 for urological symptoms (36.5%) in 29 publications (72.5%), 18 for sexological symptoms (10.6%) in 8 publications (20%) and 13 for andrological symptoms (7.6%) in 5 publications (12.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Genitourinary manifestations of MCS are rare and predominantly in women. They constitute a genitourinary syndrome including gynecological, urological, sexological and andrological symptoms. Until today there has been no study of these symptoms in the medical literature.

Fosfomycin: 50 Years of A Great Discovery (1969-2019).

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Fosfomycin has been with us for more than 50 years; however the history of its discovery is largely unknown. The objective of this article is to recover and make known its lost history. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective review study on the history of the discovery of fosfomycin based on articles and documents located in Medline/PubMed and Google between 1945 and 2020. For the search of articles in PubMed the MeSH keywords fosfomycin OR fosfomycin history, fosfomycin discovery, Streptomyces fradiae, and in Google the free terms; fosfomycin, fosfomycin history, fosfomycin discovery, Streptomyces fradiae were used. All the papers found were reviewed and those containing any historical review of interest to this research were selected for study. RESULTS: We found 3500 articles on fosfomycin, of which 32 (0.9%) dealt with some aspect related to its discovery, and 21 corresponded to its history (0.6%), divided between 13 publications and 7 press releases, 8 to the genus Streptomyces (0.2%) and 3 to fosfomycin (0.1%). CONCLUSIONS: The story of the discovery of fosfomycin begins with the finding of the bacterium Streptomyces fradiae in a soil sample from mount Montgó between Dénia and Jávea (Alicante). There is little published literature and the existing one is mostly incomplete. Some medical publications and press releases have made it possible to recover its history.

A First Urological Approach to the Genitourinary Manifestations of Multiple Chemical Sensitivity. Systematic Review

Introduction and Objectives: Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is a complex disease with multiorgan manifestations, some of which are still poorly understood, such as genitourinary manifestations. The objective of this article is to review these genitourinary manifestations. Material and Methods: A retrospective descriptive study on the genitourinary manifestations described in patients with multiple chemical sensitivity is performed, based on a systematic review of the literature between February 1956 and December 2020, consulting the Medline/PubMed database and the Google search engine. Descriptive statistics of the variables studied were performed with frequency and percentage for qualitative variables and median and range (minimum-maximum value) for quantitative variables. Results: We reviewed the originals or abstracts of 3450 articles on MCS, including 461 on symptoms (13.3%) and selecting 40 (1.1%) that referred to genitourinary pathologies or symptoms and corresponded to 19 reviews, 14 articles on case reports (11 clinical cases and 3 series), 5 books with case reports, 1 consensus document and 1 update. The number of patients with MCS studied in these 40 articles was 4556 of whom 303 presented genitourinary symptoms (6.6%), and corresponded to 277 women (91.4%) and 27 men (8.6%) with a mean age of 39.4 years, range (7-82 years). There were 119 different genitourinary symptoms or pathologies with 170 citations which in frequency were 77 for gynecological symptoms (45.3%) in 28 publications (70%), 62 for urological symptoms (36.5%) in 29 publications (72.5%), 18 for sexological symptoms (10.6%) in 8 publications (20%) and 13 for andrological symptoms (7.6%) in 5 publications (12.5%). Conclusions: Genitourinary manifestations of MCS are rare and predominantly in women (AU)

Post-Finasteride Syndrome. Literature Review.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Post-finasteride syndrome (PFS) is a little known adverse effect of 5α-reductase inhibitor (5-ARI) drugs used in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and androgenetic alopecia. Five articles on the syndrome have been published in Spain, although no review has been published.The objectives of this article are to review the world literature, including the Spanish literature. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective review on post-finasteride syndrome was performed between 2011 and 2020. The search for information in PubMed/Medline was performed using the English terms "post-finasteride, post-finasteride syndrome" and in Google with the Spanish "post-finasteride, síndrome post-finasteride". The results of the variables studied were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: A total of 64 worldwide articles on post-finasteride syndrome were found, discarding 24 (37.5%) that did not deal with the symptoms of the syndrome, and 40 articles (62.5%) by 37 authors were included for study, corresponding to 29 publications on case series (72.5%) and 11 reviews (27.5%). Of the 40 articles, 37 referred to male post-finasteride syndrome (92.5%) and 3 to female (7.5%), the number of patients studied in the review was 87,887 corresponding to 87,224 men (99.2%) and 663 women (0.7%), with the number of articles on general symptoms being 23 (57.5%), male sexual symptoms 20 (50%) and female sexual symptoms 1 (2.5%). The articles came from 14 specialties, with Dermatology 14 publications (35%), Urology-Andrology 7 (17.5%) and Pharmacology 6 (15%). The countries with the highest number of publications were the USA 15 (37.5%), Italy 7 (17.5%) and Spain 5 (12.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Finasteride is rarely associated with sexual and systemic adverse effects that constitute the so-called post-finasteride syndrome. There are still few studies on this syndrome in the world. This is the first review of this syndrome in Spain.

[Penile strangulation by rings. review of the spanish series and contribution of 2 cases.] / Estrangulación de pene por anillos. revisión de la serie española y aportación de 2 casos.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Penile strangulation is a rare urological emergencyin our country, although not in others. Since the firstSpanish publication in 1952, 21 publications havebeen reported that have never been reviewed. The objectives of this article are to review theSpanish series and provide 2 new cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective studyof penile ring strangulation in Spain between 1952and 2019 is carried out and 2 cases are contributed.The search for articles in Medline was done withdifferent key words in English: penile incarceration,penile strangulation, constriction penis, metallic ringsand Spanish and in Google with the Spanish ones: estrangulaciónde pene. The data of the variables studiedwere analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: We found 21 Spanish articles on penilestrangulation by rings. These included 25 patientswith a mean age of 45.4 years (range 24-82). Ringswere metallic in 21 patients (84%), non-metallic in 3(12%) and data were unavailable in 1 (4%). The purposeof the ring was to prolong sexual activity in 36%,masturbation in 12%, due to psychiatric disease 12%,alcoholism 8%, accident and incontinence 8%, andthis data was not available in 24%. Strangulation evolutiontime ranged from 2 hours to 14 days (averageof 51 hours). The ring was cut with shears in 34.7%and with saws in 17.3%. The urologist did not need tocollaborate in 68% of cases. The cities with the mostrecorded cases were Barcelona with 5 (20%) andGranada with 4 (16%). CONCLUSIONS: Penile strangulation is a seriousurological emergency. The metal ring section requiresprecision instruments. The collaboration oftraumatologists and firemen can be of great help. Itwould be advisable to have the Dremel Saw availablein hospitals.

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: La estrangulaciónde pene es una urgencia urológica pocofrecuente en nuestro país, aunque no en otros. Desdela primera publicación española en 1952 se han reportado21 publicaciones que nunca han sido revisadas.Los objetivos de este artículo son revisar la serieespañola y aportar 2 nuevos casos.MATERIAL Y METODOS: Se realiza un estudio retrospectivosobre estrangulación de pene por anillosen España entre 1952 y 2019 y se aportan 2 casos.La búsqueda de artículos en Medline se realizócon diferentes palabras clave en inglés: penile incarceration,penile strangulation, constriction penis,metallic rings and spanish y en Google con lascastellanas: estrangulación de pene. Los datos de lasvariables estudiadas se analizaron utilizando estadísticasdescriptivas. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 21 artículos españolessobre estrangulación de pene por anillos. Estosincluían 25 pacientes con una edad media de 45,4años (rango 24-82). Los anillos eran metálicos en 21pacientes (84%), no metálicos en 3 (12%) y el dato noestaba disponible en 1 (4%). La finalidad del anillo fueprolongar actividad sexual en el 36%, masturbaciónen 12%, por enfermedad psiquiátrica 12%, alcoholismo8%, accidente e incontinencia 8%, y no constaeste dato en el 24%. El tiempo de evolución de la estrangulaciónosciló entre 2 horas y 14 días (media de51 horas). El corte del anillo se realizó con cizalla enel 34,7% y con sierra en el 17,3%. El urólogo no precisocolaboración en el 68% de casos. Las ciudades conmás casos registrados fueron Barcelona con 5 (20%) yGranada con 4 (16%).CONCLUSIONES: La estrangulación de pene es unaurgencia urológica grave. La sección de anillos metálicosprecisa instrumentos de precisión. La colaboraciónde traumatólogos y bomberos puede ser de granayuda. Sería aconsejable disponer en los hospitales dela sierra de Dremel.

Estrangulación de pene por anillos. Revisión de la serie española y aportación de 2 casos / Penile strangulation by rings. review of the spanish series and contribution of 2 cases

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: La estrangulación de pene es una urgencia urológica pocofrecuente en nuestro país, aunque no en otros. Desdela primera publicación española en 1952 se han reportado 21 publicaciones que nunca han sido revisadas.Los objetivos de este artículo son revisar la serieespañola y aportar 2 nuevos casos.MATERIAL Y METODOS: Se realiza un estudio retrospectivo sobre estrangulación de pene por anillosen España entre 1952 y 2019 y se aportan 2 casos.La búsqueda de artículos en Medline se realizócon diferentes palabras clave en inglés: penile incarceration, penile strangulation, constriction penis, metallic rings and spanish y en Google con lascastellanas: estrangulación de pene. Los datos de lasvariables estudiadas se analizaron utilizando estadísticas descriptivas. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 21 artículos españoles sobre estrangulación de pene por anillos. Estosincluían 25 pacientes con una edad media de 45,4años (rango 24-82). Los anillos eran metálicos en 21pacientes (84%), no metálicos en 3 (12%) y el dato noestaba disponible en 1 (4%). La finalidad del anillo fueprolongar actividad sexual en el 36%, masturbaciónen 12%, por enfermedad psiquiátrica 12%, alcoholismo 8%, accidente e incontinencia 8%, y no constaeste dato en el 24%. El tiempo de evolución de la estrangulación osciló entre 2 horas y 14 días (media de51 horas). El corte del anillo se realizó con cizalla enel 34,7% y con sierra en el 17,3%. El urólogo no preciso colaboración en el 68% de casos. Las ciudades conmás casos registrados fueron Barcelona con 5 (20%) yGranada con 4 (16%).CONCLUSIONES: La estrangulación de pene es unaurgencia urológica grave. La sección de anillos metálicos precisa instrumentos de precisión. La colaboración de traumatólogos y bomberos puede ser de granayuda. Sería aconsejable disponer en los hospitales dela sierra de Dremel. (AU)

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:Penile strangulation is a rare urological emergencyin our country, although not in others. Since the firstSpanish publication in 1952, 21 publications havebeen reported that have never been reviewed. The objectives of this article are to review theSpanish series and provide 2 new cases.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective studyof penile ring strangulation in Spain between 1952and 2019 is carried out and 2 cases are contributed.The search for articles in Medline was done withdifferent key words in English: penile incarceration,penile strangulation, constriction penis, metallic ringsand Spanish and in Google with the Spanish ones: estrangulación de pene. The data of the variables studiedwere analyzed using descriptive statistics.RESULTS: We found 21 Spanish articles on penilestrangulation by rings. These included 25 patientswith a mean age of 45.4 years (range 24-82). Ringswere metallic in 21 patients (84%), non-metallic in 3(12%) and data were unavailable in 1 (4%). The purpose of the ring was to prolong sexual activity in 36%,masturbation in 12%, due to psychiatric disease 12%,alcoholism 8%, accident and incontinence 8%, andthis data was not available in 24%. Strangulation evolution time ranged from 2 hours to 14 days (averageof 51 hours). The ring was cut with shears in 34.7%and with saws in 17.3%. The urologist did not need tocollaborate in 68% of cases. The cities with the mostrecorded cases were Barcelona with 5 (20%) andGranada with 4 (16%).CONCLUSIONS: Penile strangulation is a seriousurological emergency. The metal ring section requires precision instruments. The collaboration oftraumatologists and firemen can be of great help. Itwould be advisable to have the Dremel Saw availablein hospitals. (AU)

[Multiple chemical sensitivity and recurrent lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Contribution with an illustrative urological case.] / Sensibilidad química múltiple y síntomas recurrentes del tracto urinario inferior (STUI). Contribución con caso urológico ilustrativo.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is a disease due to a disproportionate systemic response to chemical agents presentin the environment. ts urinary manifestations are rare and poorly understood. We present a case with recurrent lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and review these symptoms in Spanish and foreign publications. CLINICAL CASE: A 30-year-old woman was referred for study of recurrent lower urinary tract symptoms of 17 years of evolution, triggered by food, perfumes, cleaning products, cosmetics and bleach. Repeated analytical, radiological and functional tests were normal. We suspected that she might suffer from MCS and advised a study in Preventive Medicine. The patient consulted an Environmental Medicine Center, and was diagnosed as having gradeIII-IV/IV MCS. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first case of MCS diagnosed from urinary clinical manifestations. Among the causes of LUTS we should also think of MCS.

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: La sensibilidad química múltiple (SQM) es una enfermedad debida a una respuesta sistémica desproporcionada a los agentes químicos presentes en el medio ambiente. Sus manifestaciones urinarias son raras y poco conocidas. Presentamos un caso que cursó con síntomas recurrentes del tracto urinario inferior (STUI) y revisamos estos síntomas en publicaciones españolas y extranjeras.CASO CLÍNICO: Mujer de 30 años remitida para estudio de síntomas recurrentes del tracto urinario inferior de 17 años de evolución, desencadenados por alimentos, perfumes, productos de limpieza, cosméticos y lejía. Repetidas pruebas analíticas, radiológicas y funcionales fueron normales. Sospechamos que podía padecer SQM, aconsejando estudio en Medicina Preventiva. La paciente consultó en un Centro de Medicina Ambiental, diagnosticándole SQM grado III-IV/IV.CONCLUSIONES: Éste es el primer caso de SQM diagnosticado a partir de manifestaciones clínicas del tracto urinario inferior. Entre las causas de STUI deberíamos pensar también en la SQM.

[Genitourinary symptoms of multiple chemical sensitivity in spanish publications.] / Los síntomas genitourinarios de la sensibilidad química múltiple en las publicaciones españolas.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:  Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is a multi-symptomatic systemic disease whose genitourinary symptoms are poorly known. The aim of this article is to study these symptoms in Spanish publications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of descriptive type on the genitourinary symptoms of MCS is carried out in the Spanish publications between the years 2000 and 2019. The search in Medline was performed with MeSH terms "multiple chemical sensitivity Spanish" and in Google with free terms "sensibilidad química multiple España". In the publications found, only those referring to genitourinary symptoms were selected, in which year, authors, type of article (clinical case, review, casuistry), genital symptoms, urinary symptoms, specialty, hospital or centre and city were studied. The results of these variables have been analyzed with descriptive statistics. RESULTS: We found 45 Spanish publications on MCS of which 20 (44,4%) mentioned genitourinary symptoms. The 20 articles corresponded to 7 clinical cases, 6 reviews, 2 case series, 2 updates, 1 book chapter, 1 special article and 1 consensus document. We found 12 publications on female genital symptoms (60%), 12 on urinary symptoms (60%) and 4 on male genital symptoms (20%). The specialties with the highest number of publications were Family Medicine and Psychiatry with 3 (15%) and Neumology, Toxicology and Anesthesia and Resuscitation with 2 (10%). There are publications from 13 hospitals and 7 national centers, health agencies or foundations. The publications corresponded to 10 cities, the 2 with the most publications being Madrid with 6 (30%) and Barcelona with 6 (30%). CONCLUSIONS: The genitourinary symptoms of MCS are mentioned in about half of the Spanish publications. There is a clear predominance of these symptoms in women. This "genitourinary syndrome" should be taken into account in urological and gynecological patients with MCS.

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: La sensibilidad química múltiple (SQM) es una enfermedad sistémica plurisintomática cuyos síntomas genitourinarios son poco conocidos. El objetivo de este artículo es estudiar estos síntomas en las publicaciones españolas.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realiza un estudio retrospectivo de tipo descriptivo sobre los síntomas genitourinarios de la SQM en las publicaciones españolas entre los años 2000 y 2019. La búsqueda en Medline se realizó con términos MeSH "multiple chemical sensitivity Spanish" y en Google con términos libres "sensibilidad química multiple España". En las publicaciones encontradas se ha seleccionado únicamente aquellas que hacen referencia a síntomas genitourinarios, en las que se ha estudiado año, autores, tipo de artículo (caso clínico, revisión, casuística), síntomas genitales, síntomas urinarios, especialidad, hospital o centro y ciudad. Los resultados de estas variables se han analizado con estadísticas descriptivas.RESULTADOS: Se ha encontrado 45 publicaciones españolas sobre SQM de las que 20 (44,4%) hacen mención a síntomas genitourinarios. Los 20 artículos correspondían a 7 casos clínicos, 6 revisiones, 2 series de casuística, 2 actualizaciones, 1 capitulo de libro,1 articulo especial y 1 documento de consenso. Se encontraron 12 publicaciones sobre síntomas genitales femeninos (60%), 12 sobre síntomas urinarios (60%) y 4 sobre síntomas genitales masculinos (20%). Las especialidades con mayor número de publicaciones correspondían a Medicina de Familia y Psiquiatría con 3 (15%) y Neumología, Toxicología y Anestesia Reanimación con 2 (10%). Hay publicaciones de 13 hospitales y 7 centros nacionales, agencias de salud o fundaciones. Las publicaciones correspondían a 10 ciudades siendo las 2 con más publicaciones Madrid con 6 (30%) y Barcelona con 6 (30%).CONCLUSIONES: Los síntomas genitourinarios de la SQM se mencionan en cerca de la mitad de las publicaciones españolas. Existe un claro predominio de estos síntomas en la mujer. Habría que tener en cuenta este "síndrome genitourinario" en las pacientes urológicas y ginecológicas con SQM.

Los síntomas genitourinarios de la sensibilidad química múltiple en las publicaciones españolas / Genitourinary symptoms of multiple chemical sensitivity in Spanish publications

Introdcción y objetivos: La sensibilidad química múltiple (SQM) es una enfermedadsistémica plurisintomática cuyos síntomas genitourinariosson poco conocidos. El objetivo de este artículo es estudiar estos síntomas en las publicaciones españolas. Material y métodos: Se realiza un estudio retrospectivo de tipo descriptivo sobre los síntomas genitourinarios de la SQM en las publicaciones españolas entrelos años 2000 y 2019. La búsqueda en Medline serealizó con términos MeSH “multiple chemical sensitivity Spanish” y en Google con términos libres “sensibilidad química multiple España”. En las publicacionesencontradas se ha seleccionado únicamente aquellasque hacen referencia a síntomas genitourinarios, en lasque se ha estudiado año, autores, tipo de artículo (casoclínico, revisión, casuística), síntomas genitales, síntomas urinarios, especialidad, hospital o centro y ciudad.Los resultados de estas variables se han analizado conestadísticas descriptivas. Resultados: Se ha encontrado 45 publicacionesespañolas sobre SQM de las que 20 (44,4%) hacenmención a síntomas genitourinarios. Los 20 artículos correspondían a 7 casos clínicos, 6 revisiones, 2 seriesde casuística, 2 actualizaciones, 1 capitulo de libro,1 articulo especial y 1 documento de consenso. Seencontraron 12 publicaciones sobre síntomas genitalesfemeninos (60%), 12 sobre síntomas urinarios (60%) y 4sobre síntomas genitales masculinos (20%). Las especialidades con mayor número de publicaciones correspon-dían a Medicina de Familia y Psiquiatría con 3 (15%) yNeumología, Toxicología y Anestesia Reanimación con2 (10%). Hay publicaciones de 13 hospitales y 7 centros nacionales, agencias de salud o fundaciones. Laspublicaciones correspondían a 10 ciudades siendo las2 con más publicaciones Madrid con 6 (30%) y Barcelona con 6 (30%).CONCLUSIONES: Los síntomas genitourinarios de laSQM se mencionan en cerca de la mitad de las publicaciones españolas...AU)

Intrduction y objetives: Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is a multi-symptomatic systemic disease whose genitourinary symptoms arepoorly known. The aim of this article is to study thesesymptoms in Spanish publications. Material and methods: years 2000 and 2019. The search in Medline was performed with MeSH terms “multiple chemical sensitivitySpanish” and in Google with free terms “sensibilidadquímica multiple España”. In the publications found,only those referring to genitourinary symptoms were selected, in which year, authors, type of article (clinicalcase, review, casuistry), genital symptoms, urinary symptoms, specialty, hospital or centre and city were studied. The results of these variables have been analyzed withdescriptive statistics.Results: We found 45 Spanish publications on MCSof which 20 (44,4%) mentioned genitourinary symptoms. The 20 articles corresponded to 7 clinical cases,6 reviews, 2 case series, 2 updates, 1 book chapter,1 special article and 1 consensus document. We found12 publications on female genital symptoms (60%), 12on urinary symptoms (60%) and 4 on male genital symptoms (20%). The specialties with the highest number ofpublications were Family Medicine and Psychiatry with3 (15%) and Neumology, Toxicology and Anesthesiaand Resuscitation with 2 (10%). There are publicationsfrom 13 hospitals and 7 national centers, health agencies or foundations. The publications corresponded to10 cities, the 2 with the most publications being Madridwith 6 (30%) and Barcelona with 6 (30%).Conclusions: The genitourinary symptoms of MCSare mentioned in about half of the Spanish publications.There is a clear predominance of these symptoms inwomen. This “genitourinary syndrome” should be takeninto account in urological and gynecological patientswith MCS.(AU)

¿Es la vasculitis gangrenosa juvenil del escroto una enfermedad endémica de los países mediterráneos? Revisión de las publicaciones mundiales y descripción de un nuevo caso / Is juvenile gangrenous vasculitis of the scrotum a endemic disease in Mediterranean countries? Review of the world publications and description of a new case

Introcucción y objetivos: La vasculitis gangrenosa juvenil del escroto fue descrita porel dermatólogo gerundense Joaquín Piñol Aguadé en1973.Los objetivos de este artículo son realizar una revisiónde las publicaciones mundiales y aportar un caso clínico de esta enfermedad a caballo entre urológica y/odermatológica.Material y método: Se realiza una revisión sobrela vasculitis gangrenosa juvenil del escroto entre 1973y 2019 y se aporta un nuevo caso clínico. La identificación de artículos en Medline se llevó a cabo con érminos MeSH en inglés “juvenile gangrenous vasculitisscrotum” y en Google con “vasculitis gangrenosa juvenildel escroto”. En los artículos se ha estudiado 10 variables clínico-epidemiológicas: año, fuente, autores, nº decasos, edad, faringoamigdalitis previa, biopsia de lalesión, tratamiento, días hasta curación, ciudad y país.Los resultados de las variables se analizaron con estadísticas descriptivas. Se describe un nuevo caso clínico.Resultados: Hemos encontrado 26 referencias mundiales que correspondían a 24 publicaciones y 2 comunicaciones a congresos con un total de 29 pacientes. La edad media de los pacientes fue 23,6 años.Los tratamientos empleados fueron exéresis de la lesión(23%), cefalosporinas y/o corticoides i.v (15,3%), tetraciclinas, ciprofloxacino o amoxicilina-clavulánico orales(15,3%), cura local y corticoides orales (11,5%) y mupirocina o tetraciclinas tópicas (7,6%). La curación seprodujo en una media de 21 días. Las ciudades conmás casos aportados fueron Barcelona con 11 (37,9%)y Pontevedra con 2 (6,8%). Por países España aporta22 casos (75,8%) y Chile, Argentina, Portugal, Italia,Túnez, Turquía, Gran Bretaña los 7 casos restantes(24,1%).Conclusiones: La vasculitis gangrenosa juvenil delescroto es una entidad benigna de curso autolimitado.El proceso viene precedido de faringoamigdalitis encerca de la mitad de los pacientes. Los resultados del...(AU)

Introduction and Objectives:Juvenile gangrenous vasculitis of the scrotum was described by the Girona dermatologist Joaquín Piñol Aguadé in 1973. The objectives of this article are to review the worldpublications and provide a clinical case of this diseasebetween urological and/or dermatological.Material and methods: A review of juvenile gangrenous vasculitis of the scrotum between 1973 and 2019is carried out and a new clinical case is contributed.The identification of articles in Medline was carried outwith MeSH terms “juvenile gangrenous vasculitis scrotum” and in Google with “juvenile gangrenous vasculitisscrotum”. Ten clinical-epidemiological variables werestudied in the articles: year, source, authors, number ofcases, age, previous pharyngo-tonsillitis, biopsy of thelesion, treatment, days to healing, city and country. Theresults of the variables were analyzed with descriptivestatistics. A new clinical case is described.Results: We found 26 world references, 18 of themSpanish, corresponding to 24 publications and 2 conference papers with a total of 29 patients. The meanage of the patients was 23.6 years. The treatments usedwere exeresis of the lesion (23%), cephalosporins and/or corticoids i.v. (15.3%), tetracyclines, ciprofloxacin ororal amoxicillin-clavulanate (15.3%), local cure and oralcorticoids (11.5%) and mupirocin or topical tetracyclines(7.6%). Healing took place in an average of 21 days.The cities with the most cases reported were Barcelona with 11 (37.9%) and Pontevedra with 2 (6.8%). Bycountry, Spain contributed 22 cases (75.8%) and Chile,Argentina, Portugal, Italy, Tunisia, Turkey and Great Britain the remaining 7 cases (24.1%).Conclusions: Juvenile gangrenous vasculitis of thescrotum is a benign entity with a self-limiting course. Theprocess is preceded by pharyngo-tonsillitis in about half...(AU)

[Is juvenile gangrenous vasculitis of the scrotum an endemic disease of mediterranean countries? Review of global publications and description of a new case.] / ¿Es la vasculitis gangrenosa juvenil del escroto una enfermedad endémica de los países mediterráneos? Revisión de las publicaciones mundiales y descripción de un nuevo caso.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Juvenile gangrenous vasculitis of the scrotum was described by the Girona dermatologist Joaquín Piñol Aguadéin 1973. The objectives of this article are to review the world publications and provide a clinical case of this disease between urological and/or dermatological. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A review of juvenile gangrenous vasculitis of the scrotum between 1973 and 2019 is carried out and a new clinical case is contributed. The identification of articles in Medline was carried outwith MeSH terms "juvenile gangrenous vasculitis scrotum" and in Google with "juvenile gangrenous vasculitisscrotum". Ten clinical-epidemiological variables were studied in the articles: year, source, authors, number of cases, age, previous pharyngo-tonsillitis, biopsy of the lesion, treatment, days to healing, city and country. The results of the variables were analyzed with descriptive statistics. A new clinical case is described. RESULTS: We found 26 world references, 18 of them Spanish, corresponding to 24 publications and 2 conference papers with a total of 29 patients. The meanage of the patients was 23.6 years. The treatments used were exeresis of the lesion (23%), cephalosporins and/or corticoids i.v. (15.3%), tetracyclines, ciprofloxacin or oral amoxicillin-clavulanate (15.3%), local cure and oral corticoids (11.5%) and mupirocin or topical tetracyclines (7.6%). Healing took place in an average of 21 days. The cities with the most cases reported were Barcelona with 11 (37.9%) and Pontevedra with 2 (6.8%). By country, Spain contributed 22 cases (75.8%) and Chile, Argentina, Portugal, Italy, Tunisia, Turkey and Great Britainthe remaining 7 cases (24.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Juvenile gangrenous vasculitis of the scrotum is a benign entity with a self-limiting course. The process is preceded by pharyngo-tonsillitis in about half of the patients. The results of the study confirm the endemic nature of the disease in Mediterranean countries, including Spain.

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: La vasculitis gangrenosa juvenil del escroto fue descrita por el dermatólogo gerundense Joaquín Piñol Aguadé en1973. Los objetivos de este artículo son realizar una revisión de las publicaciones mundiales y aportar un caso clínico de esta enfermedad a caballo entre urológica y/o dermatológica.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realiza una revisión sobre la vasculitis gangrenosa juvenil del escroto entre 1973 y 2019 y se aporta un nuevo caso clínico. La identificación de artículos en Medline se llevó a cabo con términos MeSH en inglés "juvenile gangrenous vasculitis scrotum" y en Google con "vasculitis gangrenosa juvenil del escroto". En los artículos se ha estudiado 10 variables clínico-epidemiológicas: año, fuente, autores, nº decasos, edad, faringoamigdalitis previa, biopsia de la lesión, tratamiento, días hasta curación, ciudad y país. Los resultados de las variables se analizaron con estadísticas descriptivas. Se describe un nuevo caso clínico.RESULTADOS: Hemos encontrado 26 referencias mundiales que correspondían a 24 publicaciones y 2 comunicaciones a congresos con un total de 29 pacientes. La edad media de los pacientes fue 23,6 años. Los tratamientos empleados fueron exéresis de la lesión (23%), cefalosporinas y/o corticoides i.v (15,3%), tetraciclinas, ciprofloxacino o amoxicilina-clavulánico orales (15,3%), cura local y corticoides orales (11,5%) y mupirocinao tetraciclinas tópicas (7,6%). La curación se produjo en una media de 21 días. Las ciudades con más casos aportados fueron Barcelona con 11 (37,9%) y Pontevedra con 2 (6,8%). Por países España aporta 22 casos (75,8%) y Chile, Argentina, Portugal, Italia, Túnez, Turquía, Gran Bretaña los 7 casos restantes (24,1%).CONCLUSIONES: La vasculitis gangrenosa juvenil del escroto es una entidad benigna de curso autolimitado. El proceso viene precedido de faringoamigdalitis en cerca de la mitad de los pacientes. Los resultados del trabajo confirman el carácter endémico de la enfermedad en los países mediterráneos entre los que destaca España.

[Tract infections by the genus Raoultella. Literature review and contribution of 1 case of Raoultella ornithinolytica.] / Infecciones urinarias por el género Raoultella. Revisión de la literatura y aportación de 1 caso por Raoultella ornithinolytica.

OBJECTIVES:  Emerging urinary infections by rare germs are a public health problem. The objectives of this article are to review urinary tract infections caused by an emerging genus of bacteria called Raoultella and to report a case of asymptomatic urinary tract infection by Raoultella ornithinolytica. MATERIALS AND METHODS:  A review of publications on urinary tract infections caused by the genus Raoultella between 2009 and 2018 is carried out and a case of asymptomatic urinary tract infection by Raoultella ornithinolytica is reported. The search of articles in Medline/ Pubmed and Google was performed with the keywords: Raoultella, Raoultella ornithinolytica, urinary tract infection. Twelve variables were studied: year of publication, authors, specialty, type of infection, number of cases, sex, age, immunosuppression, oncological patient, urological instrumentation, urological surgery and neurogenic bladder. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. A new case is described. RESULTS:  24 publications were found with 120 cases of urinary infections of the genus Raoultella between 2009 and 2018, corresponding to Raoultella ornithinolytica 40.8%, Raoultella planticola 28.3%, Raoultella terrigena 30.8% and Raoultella electrica 0%. The series included 43 men (35.8%), 53 women (44.1%) and 24 patients with this data not provided (20%). The minimum age was 14 days, the maximum was 97 years and the average age was 56.6. The types of infection detected were: uncomplicated UTI 94.1%, UTI in newborn 1.6%, acute prostatitis 0.8%, chronic prostatitis 0.8%, giant kidney cyst infection 0.8%, calculous pyelonephritis 0.8% and recurrent cystitis 0.8%. CONCLUSIONS:  Urinary tract infections by species of the genus Raoultella occur in immunocompromised, oncological, instrumented or basic urological patients. The species Raoultella ornithinolytica described in 2011 is an emerging germ in urinary infections. This contribution is the second Spanish publication and twelfth worldwide of urinary infection by Raoultella ornithinolytica.

OBJETIVO:  Las infecciones urinarias emergentes por gérmenes raros son un problema de salud pública. Los objetivos de este artículo son realizar una revisión sobre infecciones urinarias causadas por un género emergente de bacterias denominado Raoultella y comunicar un caso de infección urinaria asintomática por Raoultella ornithinolytica.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realiza una revisión de las publicaciones sobre infecciones urinarias producidas por el género Raoultella entre 2009 y 2018 y se aporta un caso de infección urinaria asintomática por Raoultella ornithinolytica. La búsqueda de artículos en Medline/Pubmed y Google se realizó con las palabras clave en inglés: Raoultella, Raoultella ornithinolytica, urinary tract infection. Se estudiaron 12 variables: año publicación, autores, especialidad, tipo infección, nº casos, sexo, edad, inmunodepresión, paciente oncológico, instrumentación urológica, cirugía urológica y vejiga neurógena. Los resultados se analizaron utilizando estadísticas descriptivas. Se describe un nuevo caso. RESULTADOS:  Se hallaron 24 publicaciones con 120 casos de infecciones urinarias por el género Raoultella entre 2009 y 2018 que correspondían a Raoultella ornithinolytica 40,8%, Raoultella planticola 28,3%, Raoultella terrigena 30,8% y Raoultella electrica 0%. En la serie había 43 hombres (35,8%), 53 mujeres (44,1%) y 24 pacientes con este dato no facilitado (20%). La edad mínima fue de 14 días, la máxima de 97 años y la edad media de 56,6. Los tipos de infección detectados fueron: ITU no complicada 94,1%, ITU en recién nacido 1,6%, prostatitis aguda 0,8%, prostatitis crónica 0,8%, infección quiste renal gigante 0,8%, pielonefritis calculosa 0,8% y cistitis recurrente 0,8%. CONCLUSIONES:  Las infecciones urinarias por especies del género Raoultella ocurren en pacientes inmunodeprimidos, oncológicos, sometidos a instrumentación o con patologías urológicas de base. La especie Raoultella ornithinolytica descrita en 2011 es un germen emergente en infecciones urinarias. Esta aportación es la segunda publicación española y duodécima mundial de infección urinaria por Raoultella ornithinolytica.

Infecciones urinarias por el género raoultella. Revisión de la literatura y aportación de 1 caso por raoultella ornithinolytica / Urinary tract infections by the genus Raoultella. Review of the literature and contribution of 1 case due to raoultella ornithinolytica

OBJETIVO: Las infecciones urinarias emergentes por gérmenes raros son un problema de saludpública. Los objetivos de este artículo son realizar una revisión sobre infecciones urinarias causadas por un género emergente de bacterias denominado Raoultella y comunicar un caso de infección urinaria asintomática porRaoultella ornithinolytica. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realiza una revisión de las publicaciones sobre infecciones urinarias producidas por el género Raoultella entre 2009 y 2018 y se aporta un caso de infección urinaria asintomática por Raoultella ornithinolytica. La búsqueda de artículos en Medline/Pubmed y Google se realizó con las palabras clave en inglés: Raoultella, Raoultella ornithinolytica, urinary tract infection. Se estudiaron 12 variables: año publicación, autores, especialidad, tipo infección, nºcasos, sexo, edad, inmunodepresión, paciente oncológico, instrumentación urológica, cirugía urológica y vejiga neurógena. Los resultados se analizaron utilizando estadísticas descriptivas. Se describe un nuevo caso. RESULTADOS: Se hallaron 24 publicaciones con 120 casos de infecciones urinarias por el género Raoultella entre 2009 y 2018 que correspondían a Raoultella ornithinolytica 40,8%, Raoultella planticola 28,3%, Raoultella terrigena 30,8% y Raoultella electrica 0%. En la serie había 43 hombres (35,8%), 53 mujeres (44,1%) y 24 pacientes con este dato no facilitado (20%). La edad mínima fue de 14 días, la máxima de 97 años y la edad media de 56,6. Los tipos de infección detectados fueron: ITU no complicada 94,1%, ITU en reciénnacido 1,6%, prostatitis aguda 0,8%, prostatitis crónica 0,8%, infección quiste renal gigante 0,8%, pielonefritis calculosa 0,8% y cistitis recurrente 0,8%.(AU)

OBJECTIVES: Emerging urinary infections by rare germs are a public health problem. The objectives of this article are to review urinary tract infections caused by an emerging genus of bacteria called Raoultella and to report a case of asymptomatic urinary tract infection by Raoultella ornithinolytica. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A review of publications on urinary tract infections caused by the genus Raoultella between 2009 and 2018 is carried out and a case of asymptomatic urinary tract infection by Raoultella ornithinolytica is reported. The search of articles in Medline/Pubmed and Google was performed with the keywords: Raoultella, Raoultella ornithinolytica, urinary tract infection. Twelve variables were studied: year of publication, authors, specialty, type of infection, number of cases, sex, age, immunosuppression, oncological patient, urological instrumentation, urological surgery and neurogenic bladder. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. A new case is described. RESULTS: 24 publications were found with 120 cases of urinary infections of the genus Raoultella between 2009 and 2018, corresponding to Raoultella ornithinolytica 40.8%, Raoultella planticola 28.3%, Raoultella terrigena 30.8% and Raoultella electrica 0%. The series included 43 men (35.8%), 53 women (44.1%) and 24 patients with this data not provided (20%). %). The minimum age was 14 days, the maximum was 97 years and the average age was 56.6. The types of infection detected were: uncomplicated UTI 94.1%, UTI in newborn 1.6%, acute prostatitis 0.8%, chronic prostatitis 0.8%, giant kidney cyst infection 0.8%, calculous pyelonephritis 0.8% and recurrent cystitis 0.8%.(AU)

[Video game cable in urethral meatus with ball retained in bladder. First case in the world.] / Cable de videojuego en meato uretral con ovillo retenido en vejiga. Primer caso mundial.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Urethral-vesical and bladder foreign bodies by electric cables are the most uncommon. The objectives of this article are to present the first worldwide case of urethro-vesical foreign body by the cable of a video game and to review the 5 Spanish publications. CLINICAL CASE: 14-year-old male attending the emergency department for urethral cable retention, urethralgia, hypogastric pain and malodorous urine incontinence. Simple abdominal radiography showed a ball of retained cable in the bladder coming out through the meatus. He was operated on by performing a cystotomy. He was discharged 24 hours later. CONCLUSIONS: Urethral and bladder foreign bodies by electric wire are a rare pathology. They can be due to different motivations. The treatment consists of the extraction of the cable, which can be carried out by endoscopic or open surgery depending on the size and morphology of the cable. It is advisable to study the mental state of these patients.

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: Los cuerpos extraños uretro-vesicales y vesicales por cables eléctricos son los más infrecuentes. Los objetivos de este artículo son presentar el primer caso mundial de cuerpo extraño uretro-vesical por el cable de un videojuego y revisar las 5 publicaciones españolas.CASO CLÍNICO: Varón de 14 años que acudió a urgencias por cable retenido en uretra, uretralgia, dolor hipogástrico e incontinencia de orina maloliente. La radiografía simple de abdomen mostró un ovillo de cable retenido en vejiga que salía por meato. Fue intervenido practicándose cistotomía. Fue dado de alta 24 horas después. CONCLUSIONES: Los cuerpos extraños uretrales y vesicales por cable eléctrico son una patología poco frecuente. Pueden obedecer a diversas motivaciones. El tratamiento consiste en la extracción del cable, pudiendo ser llevado a cabo mediante cirugía endoscópica o abierta según el tamaño y morfología del cable. Es aconsejable estudiar el estado mental de estos pacientes.

Cable de videojuego en meato uretral con ovillo retenido en vejiga. Primer caso mundial / Video game cable in urethral meatus with ball retained in bladder. First case in the world

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: Los cuerpos extraños uretro-vesicales y vesicales por cables eléctricos son los más infrecuentes. Los objetivos de este artículo son presentar el primer caso mundial de cuerpo extraño uretro-vesical por el cable de un videojuego y revisar las 5 publicaciones españolas. CASO CLÍNICO: Varón de 14 años que acudió a urgencias por cable retenido en uretra, uretralgia, dolor hipogástrico e incontinencia de orina maloliente. La radiografía simple de abdomen mostró un ovillo de cable retenido en vejiga que salía por meato. Fue intervenido practicándose cistotomía. Fue dado de alta 24 horas después. CONCLUSIONES: Los cuerpos extraños uretrales y vesicales por cable eléctrico son una patología poco frecuente. Pueden obedecer a diversas motivaciones. El tratamiento consiste en la extracción del cable, pudiendo ser llevado a cabo mediante cirugía endoscópica o abierta según el tamaño y morfología del cable. Es aconsejable estudiar el estado mental de estos pacientes

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Urethral-vesical and bladder foreign bodies by electric cables are the most uncommon. The objectives of this article are to present the first worldwide case of urethro-vesical foreign body by the cable of a video game and to review the 5 Spanish publications. CLINICAL CASE: 14-year-old male attending the emergency department for urethral cable retention, urethralgia, hypogastric pain and malodorous urine incontinence. Simple abdominal radiography showed a ball of retained cable in the bladder coming out through the meatus. He was operated on by performing a cystotomy. He was discharged 24 hours later. CONCLUSIONS: Urethral and bladder foreign bodies by electric wire are a rare pathology. They can be due to different motivations. The treatment consists of the extraction of the cable, which can be carried out by endoscopic or open surgery depending on the size and morphology of the cable. It is advisable to study the mental state of these patients

[Suprapubic cystostomy catheter knotting. Presentation of the first national case and review of the literature].

OBJECTIVE: This study presents the first Spanish case of a spontaneous knot in the catheter of a suprapubic cystostomy and review the national and international literature. METHODS: The case of an 87-year-old patient who was diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the prostate is presented. A suprapubic vesical puncture for urinary retention was urgently performed in this patient because of the impossibility of urethral catheterisation. A spontaneous knot in the catheter was detected upon removal; the tightened knot could be removed by gentle and sustained traction without surgery. RESULTS: Knotting or calcification of the catheter was suspected when the catheter remained anchored in the bladder during a removal attempt 5 days after initial catheterisation. Plain pelvis x-ray was taken, but no calcification or knots were observed because the catheter was radiolucent. An ultrasound would have offered more information, but it was not requested. Gentle and sustained traction of the catheter reduced the knot size and allowed catheter removal without complications. Worldwide cases and national publications were reviewed. CONCLUSION: The formation of spontaneous or manipulation-induced knots in urinary cystostomy catheters is an extremely rare complication. The presented case is the first Spanish case of catheter knotting; it is only the 17th reported case worldwide.

Nudo en catéter de cistostomía suprapúbica. Presentación del primer caso nacional y revisión de la literatura / Suprapubic cystostomy catheter knotting. Presentation of the fist national case and review of the literature

OBJETIVO: Presentar el primer caso español de nudo espontáneo en un catéter de cistostomía suprapúbica y revisar la literatura nacional e internacional. MÉTODOS: Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 87 años, diagnosticado de adenocarcinoma de próstata, al que se le colocó de urgencia una punción vesical suprapúbica por retención urinaria ante la imposibilidad de sondaje uretral, produciéndose un nudo espontáneo en el catéter, detectado a su retirada, que se resolvió mediante tracción suave y sostenida del catéter, sin requerir cirugía. RESULTADOS: Se sospechó anudamiento o calcificación del catéter al intentar retirarlo a los 5 días de su colocación y permanecer éste anclado en la vejiga. Se realizó radiografía simple de pelvis no evidenciando calcificación ni nudo, al ser el catéter radiotransparente. La ecografía habría aportado más información pero no se solicitó. La tracción suave y mantenida del catéter apretó el nudo y permitió su retirada sin complicaciones. Revisamos los casos nacionales sobre nudos en catéteres urinarios y los casos mundiales publicados sobre nudos en catéteres de cistostomía suprapúbica. CONCLUSIÓN: La formación de nudos espontáneos en catéteres urinarios de cistostomía es una complicación extremadamente rara, pero mecánicamente posible. Nuestro caso, tras revisar la literatura es el primer caso español y el 17 mundial publicado(AU)

OBJECTIVE: This study presents the first Spanish case of a spontaneous knot in the catheter of a suprapubic cystostomy and review the national and international literature. METHODS: The case of an 87-year-old patient who was diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the prostate is presented. A suprapubic vesical puncture for urinary retention was urgently performed in this patient because of the impossibility of urethral catheterisation. A spontaneous knot in the catheter was detected upon removal; the tightened knot could be removed by gentle and sustained traction without surgery. RESULTS: Knotting or calcification of the catheter was suspected when the catheter remained anchored in the bladder during a removal attempt 5 days after initial catheterisation. Plain pelvis x-ray was taken, but no calcification or knots were observed because the catheter was radiolucent. An ultrasound would have offered more information, but it was not requested. Gentle and sustained traction of the catheter reduced the knot size and allowed catheter removal without complications. Worldwide cases and national publications were reviewed. CONCLUSION: The formation of spontaneous or manipulation-induced knots in urinary cystostomy catheters is an extremely rare complication. The presented case is the first Spanish case of catheter knotting; it is only the 17th reported case worldwide(AU)

Young male patient with bilateral synchronous testicular germ cell tumour. Considerations for partial orchiectomy.

Bilateral synchronous testicular cancer is a rare disease and is usually associated with similar histological findings in each testicle. The standard therapy of bilateral testis cancer is generally considered to be inguinal orchiectomy. We present a case of synchronous bilateral testicular germ cell tumour, with different histology, initially treated with testis-sparing surgery. After pathology review, the margin of the partial orchiectomy was considered affected, and an inguinal orchiectomy was planned. Options for testis-sparing surgery are discussed.

[Male urethral stenosis: review of complications]. / Revisión de las complicaciones de la estenosis uretral masculina.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate a historical series of urethral stenosis retrospectively. To study the urinary, genital and systemic complications. To study risk factors for the development of such complications and, based on them, identify groups of patients more susceptible to complications with the aim to establish prophylactic, therapeutic or follow-up actions. METHODS: We studied 175 male patients with urethral stenosis, which constitute the historical series of male urethral stenosis treated in the Hospital General Universitario in Alicante from 1977 to 1987 (11 years). Statistical treatment: clinical protocol for data collection. Codification of variables. Descriptive statistics for all variables. Percentage description of qualitative variables. Data processing by the basic SPSS + statistical software and the Harvard Graphics graphical software ran in an IBM PS/2 computer. The level of statistical significance for comparisons between variables was established in p < 0.05. RESULTS: 155/175 patients presented complications (88.57%). The number of complications overall was 795. Complication sites in order of frequency were: 628 (78.99%) urinary tract, 111 (13.96%) genital system, 44 (5.53%) systemic and 12 (1.50%) abdominal wall hernias. The most frequent complications were: acute urinary retention 100 patients, bladder obstructive uropathy 84, urinary tract infection 63, ejaculation disorders 50, stenosis recurrence 47, and 30 with various degrees of renal failure. Most complications were reversible after resolution of the stenosis, although 3 patients had non reversible deterioration of their renal function and 4 unilateral postobstructive renal atrophy 3 patients died as a consequence of such complications (two cases of septicemia and one postoperative pulmonary embolism. Prophylaxis is the best treatment for these complications, eradicating urinary tract infection if present, and treating stenosis itself. Nevertheless, the treatment of complications required 132 medical treatments, 16 suprapubic bladder punctions, 94 surgical treatments, 5 extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsies, 2 mechanical lithotripsies, and 1 hemodialysis in a patient with end stage renal disease (single kidney with ureteritis secondary to tuberculosis). Risk factors for the development of complications are among others: age > 70 years (retired), history of sexually transmitted diseases, urinary tract infection, previous urethral surgery for recurrent stenosis, and post void residual urine. CONCLUSIONS: Complications of urethral stenosis are very frequent in this series. Currently, in comparison with past times, these complications can be prevented, since its diagnostic is very simple by ultrasound. Many of these complications are reversible if obstruction and infection are corrected. Based on these results we have identified several groups of patients with higher risk of complications. Global studies of this issue are necessary, both national and international.