Leiomyosarcomas affecting main vessels in the lower extremities. / Leiomiosarcomas de grandes vasos en las extremidades inferiores.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of bloc resection and vascular reconstruction of leiomyosarcomas with involvement of main vessels in the lower extremities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From January 1983 to December 2016, 42 patients with leiomyosarcomas were diagnosed. Six of these leiomyosarcomas affected main vessels of the lower extremities (called vascular). Epidemiological data, imaging studies, surgery performed, adjuvant treatments, complications, as well as recurrences and mortality were retrospectively recorded. RESULTS: All the patients were affected by high-grade leiomyosarcomas (ii-iii FNCLCC classification), with a larger tumour average diameter of 9.1cm(6-15) and a mean follow-up of 23 months (7-36). The average age was 64 years (29-84). The first symptom was a palpable tumour in 4 of them. The other 2 cases debuted with thromboembolic phenomena. In 5 cases the origin was the femoral vessels, while one case was at the popliteal level. Although all cases preserved the limb, in 3 cases (50%) they presented pulmonary dissemination,2 cases (33%) hepatic dissemination and one case had local recurrence. Two cases died at the end of the study and there was one case of loss to follow-up. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Vascular leiomyosarcomas are highly aggressive tumours with a low survival rate at 5 years. In our study, 50% of the patients remain in complete remission with a mean follow-up of 23 months. Their onset frequently associates the presence of tumour mass with thrombotic phenomena (33% of our cases). Tumour resection surgery usually compromises the main vascular structures, which implies resection and vascular reconstructive techniques to salvage the limb.

Rotura tardía de un aneurisma de aorta abdominal infrarrenal por migración de la endoprótesis / Late rupture of an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm due to migration of the stent

Introducción. Desde que Parodi colocó la primera endoprótesis (EP) en 1991, la terapéutica endovascular ha tenido una evolución creciente y su utilización forma parte de la práctica quirúrgica diaria. Con el paso del tiempo han surgido nuevas complicaciones cuya resolución no siempre está consensuada. Caso clínico. Varón de 74 años con alto riesgo quirúrgico que fue tratado con una EP de tipo Vanguard bifurcada por un aneurisma de aorta abdominal. El postoperatorio cursó sin complicaciones. En la radiografía de abdomen a los seis meses se observó una rotura de la sutura proximal; la tomografía computarizada (TC) no informó de complicaciones. A los dos años, la TC mostraba una fuga de contraste en las ramas, aunque se mantenía el diámetro del saco. Medio año después, el tamaño del aneurisma había crecido 1 cm. La angiografía por sustracción digital mostró una fuga de tipo II que requirió la embolización con coils. En los controles posteriores, la TC demostró la disminución del aneurisma y las radiografías evidenciaron una progresiva angulación y elongación de la EP. A los seis años y medio de la colocación de la EP, el paciente acudió a urgencias por un dolor lumbar e hipertensión. En la TC de urgencias se observaba una migración de la EP con extravasación de contraste en el saco sin sangrado retroperitoneal. El paciente fue intervenido y se encontró una extracción de la EP dificultosa. Finalmente falleció por shock hemorrágico

Introduction. Since the first stent was placed by Parodi in 1991, endovascular therapy has continued to develop and grow and it is now commonly used in daily surgical practice. As time goes by new complications have arisen and specialists do not always agree on how to resolve them. Case report. Our study involved the case of a 74-years-old male with a high surgical risk who was treated for an abdominal aortic aneurysm by means of a bifurcated Vanguard-type stent. No complications occurred during the post-operative period. An X-ray of the abdomen taken at six months revealed breakage of the proximal suture; a computerised tomography (CT) scan did not show any complications. At two years, the CT showed a contrast leak in the branches, although the diameter of the sac was preserved. Half a year later, the aneurysm had grown 1 cm. Digital subtraction angiography showed a type II leak that required coil embolisation. In later revisions, the CT scan showed that the aneurysm had got smaller and x-rays evidenced a progressive kinking and lengthening of the stent. Six and a half years after placement of the stent, the patient visited the emergency department because of lower back pain and high blood pressure. The emergency CT scan revealed migration of the stent with contrast extravasation in the sac and no retroperitoneal bleeding. The patient was submitted to a surgical intervention and extraction of the stent was found to be a complicated procedure. The patient finally died due to haemorrhagic shock

Tratamiento endovascular de la patología aórtica excepcional / Endovascular treatment of exceptional aortic pathologies

Objetivo. Realizar una revisión de la literatura referente al tratamiento de la ruptura de la aorta torácica de etiología no traumática y la valoración de los resultados del tratamiento endovascular. Desarrollo. La ruptura de la aorta, independientemente de su localización, es una patología extremadamente grave. La ruptura aórtica se asocia con el hematoma mediastínico, el hemotórax y la fístula aortobronquial o aortoesofágica. La cirugía abierta continúa teniendo una mortalidad significativamente elevada y posiblemente no asumible, por lo que la conducta actual, cuando las condiciones anatómicas lo permiten, suele ser decantarse por el tratamiento endovascular; sin embargo, el beneficio de el tratamiento endovascular urgente permanece incierto. Las endoprótesis aórticas se han usado para tratar los aneurismas de aorta torácica en pacientes de alto riesgo, incluidos aquellos que presentaban una fístula aortobronquial o aortoesofágica. Conclusiones. Si no se trata, la ruptura de la aorta torácica es una situación mortal, los resultados de la cirugía abierta son desalentadores y la morbilidad de los supervivientes elevada. A pesar de que la terapia endovascular consigue una reducción significativa de la morbimortalidad, la información actual se basa en series cortas o casos aislados, por lo que es necesario completar los registros actuales para poder confirmar las expectativas generadas

Aim. To review the literature concerning the treatment of rupture of the thoracic aorta due to non-traumatic causes and to evaluate the outcomes of endovascular treatment. Development. Rupture of the aorta, regardless of where it happens, is an extremely severe condition. Aortic rupture is associated with mediastinal haematoma, haemothorax and aortobronchial or aortoesophageal fistula. Open surgery continues to have a significantly, and possibly unacceptably, high mortality rate and therefore the current behaviour (anatomical conditions allowing) is usually to opt for endovascular treatment. The benefits of urgent endovascular treatment, however, remain uncertain. Aortic stents have been used to treat thoracic aortic aneurysms in high risk patients, including those who have an aortobronchial or an aortoesophageal fistula. Conclusions. If left untreated, rupture of the thoracic aorta is a fatal situation, outcomes of open surgery are disappointing and morbidity among survivors is high. Despite the fact that endovascular therapy achieves a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality rates, the information currently available is based on short series or isolated cases, and therefore present records must be completed in order to confirm the expectations that have been generated