[Analysis of cervical HPV infection in HIV positive Chinese women].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate prevalence HPV infections in cervix among HIV-infected Chinese women. METHODS: From September 2009 to May 2011, 293 women with positive HIV underwent cervical cancer screening as study group matched with 200 women with negative HIV as control group. Questionnaires including demographic information and HIV associated information were collected, Pap smear and 23 subtype of HPV were performed in those women. The women with positive HPV were followed up per 6 months, and the period of following up were more than 12 months. Binary logistic analysis was used for high risk factors of HPV persistent infection. RESULTS: Prevalent HPV infection was 44.4% (130/293) in study group and 20.0% (40/200) in control group, respectively, which reached statistical difference (P < 0.05). The most common genotype of HPV was HPV 16, which prevalence was 13.7% (40/293) in study group and 7.0% (14/200) in control group. The other HPV subtype prevalence was HPV-58, HPV-52, HPV-43 and HPV-18, which was 9.2% (27/293), 8.2% (24/293), 8.2% (24/293), 6.8% (20/293) in study group and 3.0% (6/200), 2.5% (5/200), 1.5% (3/200), 2.5% (5/200) in control group. At time point of 12 months following up, the persistent prevalence of HPV was 47.5% (48/101) in study group and 21.1% (8/38) in control group, which reached statistical difference (P < 0.05). Multiple HPV infections (OR = 6.4, 95%CI: 1.6 - 25.6), abnormal cytology (OR = 18.1, 95%CI: 4.5 - 76.9) and lower CD(4) T cell count (compared with CD(4) > 3.5 × 10(8)/L, if 2.0 × 10(8) ≤ CD(4) ≤ 3.5 × 10(8), OR = 8.1, 95%CI: 1.3 - 56.3; if CD(4) < 2.0 × 10(8)/L, OR = 9.1, 95%CI: 1.8 - 46.9) were independently associated with HPV persistence among HIV-positive subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence and persistence of HPV infections were more common among HIV-positive Chinese women than those in HIV-negative Chinese women. Improving immune function, decreasing multiple HPV infections, treating abnormal cervical cytology could decrease prevalence of HPV infection.

Epidemiologic risk profile of human papillomavirus infections in human immunodeficiency virus-positive Chinese women.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive women in China. To this end, we enrolled 200 HIV-positive and 182 HIV-negative women in this cross-sectional cohort study. The following sampling methods were used: (i) structured interview, (ii) CD4 cell counts, and (iii) cervical specimens. HPV genotype (total 23 types) was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction assay. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent causative factors for HPV infection. The prevalence of HPV infection was 3-fold higher in the HIV-positive women than in the HIV-negative women. The overall prevalences of HPV infection, high risk (HR)-HPV infection, and multiple HPV infections in the HIV-positive women were 36.5%, 33.5%, and 13.0%, respectively, and the corresponding values in HIV-negative women were 12.1%, 10.4%, and 6.0%, respectively (P < 0.05). The types of HR-HPVs were similar in the HIV-positive and HIV-negative women (HPV-16, -52, -58, and -18), and the prevalences of infections by these viruses were 1.5- to 3-fold higher in the HIV-positive group than in the HIV-negative group. HR-HPV infection among the HIV-positive women was associated with three factors: low CD4 count (OR for 200 ≤ CD4 ≤ 350 and CD4 < 200/µL were 2.11 and 3.13, respectively), HIV infection through sexual contact (OR, 7.90; 95% CI, 2.38-14.60), and having HIV-positive sexual partners (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.03-3.95). We found that the prevalence of HPV infection among the HIV-positive Chinese women was higher than that among the HIV-negative women; moreover, among the HIV-positive women, factors associated with HIV infection were risk factors for HR-HPV infection.

Cancer in cohort of HIV-infected population: prevalence and clinical characteristics.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence and survival time of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related malignancies among HIV-infected population. METHODS: A clinical database search, chart review and verification with health records were undertaken for all AIDS-defining cancers diagnosed in Zhongnan Hospital Wuhan University, Hubei Province, China. Kaplan-Meier method was used to evaluate survival time in HIV-infected patients with cancer. RESULTS: A total of 3,554 patients with 11,072 person-years of HIV follow-up care were reviewed from January 2004 to December 2008. Sixty-three cancer cases were identified. The median ages of HIV-positive cancer cases were 42.4 ± 8.8 years, CD4 count were 220.9 ± 142.3/µl. The common cancers were non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL, 28.6%), cervical cancer (22.2%), liver cancer (17.5%). Statistically significantly elevated SIRs were observed in NHL (SIR in all = 34.5, 95% CI 11.7-89.9, SIR in males = 45.3, 95% CI 24.7-138.9, females = 12.2, 95% CI 3.9-38.2), invasive cervical cancer (SIR = 68.1, 95% CI 19.2-84.5), liver cancer (SIR = 6.0, 95% CI 2.6-12.2), nasopharyngeal cancer (SIR = 6.2, 95% CI 1.5-44.9), bladder cancer (SIR = 4.9, 95% CI 0.9-22.9), esophageal cancer (SIR = 3.1, 95% CI 0.7-14.3), and stomach cancer (SIR = 2.6, 95% CI 0.6-11.6). All cancers combined showed a statistically significantly elevated SIR of 4.1 (95% CI 2.5-4.6), SIR for all cancers was much higher in female (SIR = 4.8, 95% CI 3.2-7.3) than in male (SIR = 3.1, 95% CI 2.1-4.3). Among HIV-positive patients with cancer, the median survival time was 14.5 ± 3.8 months in NHL group, 28.9 ± 3.6 months in cervix group, 5.1 ± 1.1 months in liver group, and 26.7 ± 6.7 months in other groups. The median survival time in HIV-infected group (23.1 ± 3.5 months) was shorter than that in non-HIV-infected group (43.0 ± 5.1 months), (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: NHL, cervical cancers and liver cancer are common cancers among HIV-infected individuals in Hubei, China. Most malignant diseases that arise in the setting of HIV infection tend to occur at a more advanced stage with shorter survival time.

[Nevirapine related hepatotoxicity: the prevalence and risk factors in a cohort of ART naive Han Chinese with AIDS].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence of hepatotoxicity in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients on combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART) containing nevirapine (NVP) and to assess the risk factors and its impact on cART. METHODS: 330 AIDS patients from March 2003 to June 2008 at local county were enrolled and a retrospective study using Kaplan-meier survival and Multivariate logistic regression modeling was conducted. RESULTS: 267 out of 330 patients received NVP based cART and 63 cases received EFV-based cART. The deference of prevalences of hepatotoxicity between the two groups is statistically significant (Chi2 = 6.691, P = 0.01). 133 out of 267 (49.8%) patients on NVP based cART had at least one episode of ALT elevation during a median 21 months (interquartile ranges, IQR 6, 37) follow-up time, amounts for 28.5 cases per 100 person-years. Baseline ALT elevation (OR = 14.368, P = 0.017)and HCV co-infection (OR = 3.009, P = 0.000) were risk factors for cART related hepatotoxicity, while greatly increased CD4+ T(CD4) cell count was protective against hepatotoxicity development (OR = 0.996, P = 0.000). Patients co-infected with HCV received NVP-based cART had the higher probability of hepatotoxicity than those without HCV co-infection (Log rank: Chi2 = 16.764, P = 0.000). 23 out of the 133 subjects (17.3%) with NVP related hepatotoxicity discontinued cART temporarily or shifted NVP to efavirenz. CONCLUSION: NVP related hepatotoxicity was common among ARV naive HIV infected subjects in our cohort. Baseline ALT elevation and HCV co-infection were associated statistically with the development of hepatotoxicity. Hepatotoxicity led to discontinuing cART temporarily or switching to other regimens in some subjects. It suggested that NVP should be used with caution in patients co-infected with HCV among whom anti-HCV therapy before cART initiation may contribute to minimizing the probability of NVP associated hepatotoxicity.

[Near infrared determination of dry hay quality in oats].

In the present paper, the analysis of the content of CP, NDF and ADF in the whole dry hay of oats was carried out by using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) technique, and in combination with the partial least square (PLS) regression algorithm the calibration analysis was performed at the same time. The results showed that the calibration models developed by the spectral data pretreatment of the second derivative + Norris smoothing, the multivariate scattering correction + second derivative + Norris smoothing, and the multivariate scattering correction were the best for CP, NDF and ADF with the same spectral regions (9668-4518, 9550-5543, 8943-4042 cm(-1)). All these models yielded coefficients of determination of calibration (r2 cal) for CP and NDF that are both higher than 0.95, and each error lower than 3%, approached the chemical analysis precision. Moreover, the values of (RPD) of CP and NDF were both higher than 3.0. The results of these studies indicate that the contents of CP and NDF can be used to measure various samples in screening and evaluating quality constituents of dry hay in oats. While the effect of ADF modelling was poorer, the coefficients of determination of calibration (r2 cal) and cross validation (r2 CV)for ADF were 0.9120, 0.8553 respectively. The root mean square error of calibration, root mean square error of cross validation, and root mean square error of prediction ( RMSEE, RMSECV and RMSEP) for ADF were 2.33%, 2.62% and 1.91% respectively, and the precision is near the precision of the chemical analysis. The models of ADF can be used to measure various samples in screening and evaluating quality constituents of dry hay of oats also. This study has proved that NIRS technique can be applied to detect the contents of CP, NDF and ADF in the whole dry hay of oats.

[Evaluation of fermentation character of alfalfa silage through near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS)].

It is very important to evaluate the fermentation character of alfalfa silage using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy technology (NIRS) for animal production, including the content of NH3-N, lactic acid, acetic acid and butyric acid in silage. In order to evaluate the feasibility of using NIRS to analyze the formation character of alfalfa silage, the near infrared reflectance spectroscopy models were built for NH3-N, lactic acid, zcetic acid and butyric acid in this experiment. Partial least square regression (PLS), Fourier transform technology and sample preparation with liquid nitrogen technology were used to optimize the model. The analyzed samples were obtained with different cultivars, maturity, cuttings and ensiling method. The determination of cross validation was between 0.6024 and 0.9497. The standard errors of cross validation were between 5.59 x 10(-1) and 3.78 g x kg(-1) fresh weight. The validation samples were used to test the performance of the models. The correlation coefficients between the chemical value and the NIRS value were between 0.8826 and 0.9853, and the root mean square errors of prediction were between 5.71 x 10(-1) and 3.15 g x kg(-1) fresh weight. The results showed the NIRS could evaluate the fermentation of the fresh forage.

[Evaluation of fresh sample of alfalfa silage through near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS)].

It is very important to evaluate the fresh sample of alfalfa silage using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy technology (NIRS) for animal production. The nutrient content of forage means the contents of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in the forage. Because of the high moisture content, it is difficult to make uniform samples for fresh forage and to get useful information from the spectrum. Therefore, it is hard to use NIRS analysis. In order to evaluate the feasibility of using NIRS to analyse the fresh alfalfa silage, the DM, CP, NDF and ADF contents of fresh alfalfa silage were evaluated by the near infrared reflectance spectroscopy model in this experiment using partial least square regression (PLS), Fourier transform technology and sample preparation with liquid nitrogen technology. The analysis samples were obtained through different cultivars, maturity, cuttings and ensiling method. The cross validation was determined between 0.884 6-0. 989 8. The standard error of cross validation was between 3.9 and 9.7 g x kg(-1) fresh weight. Fifty samples were used to test the performance of the models. The coefficients of correlation between the chemical value and the NIRS value are between 0.939 7 and 0.994 9, and the root mean square errors of prediction are between 1.9 and 8.3 g x kg(-1) fresh weight. The results showed that NIRS could be used to evaluate the nutrition of fresh forage.